直接引语和间接引语用法大全

直接引语和间接引语（Direct Speech and indirect Speech)

直接引述别人的原话，叫直接引语。用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语一般前后要加引号，间接引语不用引号。

例如：Mr Black said, “I'm busy” 布莱克先生说：“我很忙”（直接引语）

Mr Black said that he was busy. 布莱克先生说他很忙。（间接引语）John said, "I'm going to London with my father."

约翰说："我要和父亲到伦敦去。"（引号内是直接引语）

John said that he was going to London with his father.

约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语）

1 陈述句直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导（that在口语中或不引起歧义时常省略），从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应变化。在这一方面，汉语和英语有许多相似之处，因此，在做直接引语和间接引语转换练习时，要特别注意句子的意义。

不能省略that的情况

1.1）会产生歧义（Linda said disappointedly that when she arrived at the station, the train had already left.琳达很失望地说，她到达车站时火车已经开走了。（如不用that，when状语从句既可以理解为修饰said, 又可以理解为修饰had left）

1.2）当引述动词后面不止跟一个that引导的从句时，第二个that不能省略。

He said (that) he was leaving for Europe the next week and that he would stay there for half a year. 他说他下周要到欧洲去并在那里呆半年。（第二个that不能省略）

直接引语变间接引语有着时态，人称，时间状语，地点状语的变化。间接引语为that引导的宾语从句（口语中that可以省略），主句的引述动词主要有say ,tell, repeat, explain, think等。

He said , "You are younger than I."-'He said (that ) I was younger than him.

从句的谓语动词可用直接引语中的said, 也可用told来代替，注意，可以说said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接说told that, 如：

He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.” ——>He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.

He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday.”——>

He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.（不可说told that）此外主句中的谓语还常有：

repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think等，又如：

He said，“I'm late because of the heavy traffic.”——> He explained to us that he was late because of the heavy traffic.

如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。

The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.”——>

The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon. 1）人称的变化

顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化,如：

She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.

“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：

He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。

“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第

三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：

Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。

变时态：

a) He said, “I like it very much.”他说：“我非常喜欢它。”

He said that he liked it very much.他说他非常喜欢它。

b) He saidto me, “I've left my book in your room.” 他对我说：“我把书放在你的房间里了。”

He told me that he had left his book in my room.他告诉我他把书放在我的房间里了。

She asked Jack，"Where have you been?"

She asked Jack where he had been．

She said, "I am very happy to help you."→She said that she was very happy to help you.

a）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如：

He said，“I am very sorry.” ——>He said that he was very sorry.

b）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如：

“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.——>

My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.

c）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如：She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.” ——>

She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.

d）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如：

He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?”→He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.

总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。

2）时态的变化如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持

直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，直接引语变间接引语时，间接引语中的动词

时态按下列变化(现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的

时态。)：

直接引语→间接引语

一般现在时→一般过去时

一般将来时→过去将来时

一般过去时→过去完成时

现在进行时→过去进行时

现在完成时→过去完成时

过去进行时→过去进行时或过去完成进行时

过去完成时→过去完成时

现在完成进行时→过去完成进行时

将来进行时→过去将来进行时

例句直接引语→间接引语

一般现在时→一般过去时

He said, “I'm afraid I can't finish this work.”

He said that he was afraid he couldn't finish that work.

现在进行时→过去进行时

He said, “I'm using theknife.”

He said that he was using the knife.

现在完成时→过去完成时

She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”

She said that she had not heard from him since May.

一般过去时→过去完成

He said, “I came to help you.”

He said that he had come to help me.

过去完成时不变

He said, “I had finished my homework before supper.”

He said that he had finished his homework before supper.

3)指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化：

指示代词的变化

a) this→that 这个→那个

She said, “Iwill come this morning."

She said that she would go that morning.

b) these→those 这些→那些

He said, "These books are mine."

He said that those books were his.

时间状语的变化

a) now→then 现在→那时

He said, "It is nine 0'clock now."

He said that it was nine 0'clock then.

b) today→that day 今天→那天

He said, "I haven't seen her today."

He said that he hadn't seen her that day.

c) yesterday→the day before 昨天→前一天

she said, "I went there yesterday."

She said that she had gone there the day before.

d) tomorrow→the next(following) day 明天→第二天

she said, "I'll go there tomorrow."

She said that she would go there the next (following) day.

地点状语的变化

here→there 这里→那里 come→go 来→去bring→take

He asked me，“How can I get here?"

He asked me how he could get there.

注：直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况

1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候.如：

He always says, “I am tired out.” ——>He always says that he is tired out.

如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作，在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改

为一般过去时。如：

The girl said, "I get up at six every morning."→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning

如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去

时。如：

He said, "I'm a boy, not a girl."→He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.

2）当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如：

He will say, “I’ll try my best to help you.” ——>He will say that he will try his best to help me.

3）如果直接引语中有明确表示过去时间的状语（谓语动词与具体时间状语连用时），变为间

接引语时，一般过去时不改为过去完成时。直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如：

He said,“I went to college in 1994.” ——>He told us that he went to college in 1994.

He said to me, "I was born in 1973."→He told me that he was born in 1973.

4）如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引

语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：

He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."

→He told me that he had taught English since he came here.

He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.” →

He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.

5) 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：

Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。

6）当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，时态不变,如：

Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.”——>

Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.

He said, "Light travels much faster than sound."

→He said that light travels much faster than sound.

The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun."

→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.

7）当引语是谚语、格言时，如：

He said，“Practice makes perfect.” ——>He said that practice makes perfect. 8）当直接引语中有情态动词should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need时，以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如：

Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →Peter said I had better go the

9）此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定，不能机械照搬，如果当地转述(转述的地点不变时)，here不必改为there, 动词come不必改为go，如果当天转述yesterday, tomorrow, this afternoon等均不必改变。即：如果说话时间和引述时间相同（如同一天，同一月等）如：Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon.

Student : What did the teacher say, Monitor?

Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afternoon.

this/that→ these/those, now→then, today→that day, yesterday→the day before, tomorrow→the next (following ) day ,last year→the year befor e, last week(month ,etc)

→the week(month ,etc) before ,ago→before, here→there, this week(month ,etc) →that

week (month ,etc), next week (month ,etc) →the next (following ) week (month ,etc)

等。例如：

He said, "I haven't seen her today."→

He said that he hadn't seen her that day.

注意：如果转述时就在原来的地方，就在说话的当天，就不必改变指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等。

直接引语变间接引语的句式变化：

1．陈述句：间接引语用that连接或that连接词省略。

2．一般疑问句：间接引语用if或whether, said改为asked,句子用陈述语序。

3．特殊疑问句：间接引语用原来的特殊疑问词引导，句子用陈述句语序。

4．语法知识归纳

直接引语的祈使句变间接引语的方法：

要将祈使句动词原形变为带“to”的不定式，并且在不定式的前面根据意思加上tell，a sk，order等词，如果是否定式，不定式前面加"not"。

"Open the window," the teacher said to the boy．

The teacher told the boy to open the window．

"Tell him to come in," the boss said to the secretary．

The boss told the secretary to tell him to come in．

"Don't leave the door open," he said．

He told us not to leave the door open.

2. 直接引语是一般(选择/反意)疑问句

直接引语如果是疑问句，变成间接引语后，叫做间接问句。引述的动词常用ask, inquire, w

onder, want to know等。间接问句的词序一般都用正常词序，句末不用问号，用句号。

1). 直接引语是疑问句时, 间接引语用连词whether或if引导，原主句中谓语动词said要

改为asked（me/him/us等），间接引语为陈述语序：主句的谓语动词say 改为ask,或改为w

onder, do not know, want to know, be not sure, be puzzled等。

He asked me, "Do you like playing football?"→

He asked me if/whether I liked playing football.

一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为由连词whether或if 引导的宾语从句。

She said, "Do you often come here to read newspapers?"

→She asked me if (或whether)I often went there to read newspapers.

She asked me , "You have seen the film, haven't you?"

→She asked me whether(或if )I had seen the film.

He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”——>

He asked（me）whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.

He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you?”——>

He asked whether I was interested in English.

注意：大多数情况下，if和whether 可以互换，但后有or not,或在动词不定式前，或放在介

词后作连接词时，一般只用whether。例如：

She asked me whether he could do it or not.

He hesitated about whether to drive or take the train.

（2）直接引语为选择疑问句，间接引语用whether…or…表达，而不用if…or…，也不用

either…or。选择疑问句变为whether….or 宾语从句

I asked him, "Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?"

→I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.

He asked,“Do you speak English or French?”→He asked me whether I spoke English or French.

3. 直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时，由相应的疑问词who, whom, whose, how, when,

why, where 等引导。主句的谓语动词用ask（sb.）来表达，语序改为陈述句语序。特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。例如：

He asked，“What's your name?”——> He asked（me）what my name was.

My sister asked me, "How do you like the film?"→My sister asked me how I liked the film.

He asked , "Where do you live?"→He asked me where I lived.

4. 直接引语是祈使句，(直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等)

sb (not) to do sth."句型)。变成间接引语时，用带to的不定式表达（把动词原形变成动词不定式），并在动词不定前加tell, ask, order 等的宾语。间接引语为不定式，作ask , tell, beg, order, warn, advise等动词的宾语补足语（don't 变为not ）。谓语动词常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request等。如ask sb. to do，（由肯定祈使句变成）ask sb. not to do（由否定祈使句转变），并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。例如：

He said，“Be seated, please.”——> He asked us to be seated.

The captain ordered, "Be quiet."→The captain ordered us to be quiet.

注意：此种情况的否定句，在动词不定式前加not。

My teacher asked me, "Don't laugh."→My teacher asked me not to laugh.

The teacher said to the boy, "Open the window."→The teacher told the boy to open the window.

His father said to him , "Don't leave the door open."→His father told him not to leave the door open.

[注意]

（1）有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest ,insist, offer等动词加以转述。例如：

He said, “Let's have a rest.”——> He suggested our having a rest.

He said, “Let me help you.”——> He offered to help me.

He said, "Let's go to the theatre."

→He suggested (our )going to the theatre.或He suggested that we(should) go to the theatre.

(2) "Would you mind opening the window?" he asked.→He asked me to open the window.

"Why don't you take a walk after supper?" he asked .→he advised me to take a walk after supper.

"Shall we listen to the music?" he asked.→He suggested listening to the music.

（3）当直接引语形式上是疑问句，有表示请求，建议意义时，可用ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise sb. to do sth. 等形式转述。如：

“Would you mind opening the door?” he asked. ——>He asked me to open the door.

“Why not going out for a walk?” he asked us. ——>

He advised us to go out for a walk. 或He suggested we go out for a walk.

祈使句表示请求时，常把直接引语的动词say变成ask, beg, request, urge等动词。

She said to me, "Please wait till I return, will you?" 她说：“请你一直等到我回来，好吗？”

She begged me to wait till she returned. 她请求我一直要等到她回来。

祈使句表示命令时，要把直接引语的动词say变成command, order, tell等动词，被转述的部分改为动词不定式。否定祈使句改为not to do结构。

"Stay where you are," she said. 她说：“呆在原地。”

She told me to stay where I was. 她告诉我呆在原地。

"Don’t smoke in the room," he said. 他说：“别在房间里抽烟。”

He told me not to smoke in the room. 她叫我别在房间里抽烟。

（4）以Let’s开头的祈使的句，通常将引述动词改为“suggest +动句词（或从句）”，然后再接that从句。

John said to Bill, "Let’s go hiking tomorrow." 约翰对比尔说，“我们明天去徒步旅行吧。”

John suggested to Bill that they (should) go hiking the next day. 约翰向比尔提议第二天去徒步旅行。

5.直接引语是感叹句时，间接引语可用what 或how 引导，也可以用that 引导。还可以根据句子表达的不同感情选用适当的动词和状语来转换。

She said, "What a lovely day it is !"

→She said what a lovely day it was .或She said that it was a lovely day.

He said, "What a beautiful view it is!" 他说：“多么漂亮的景色！”

He said that it was a very beautiful view. 他说景色非常漂亮。

6、并列句和复合句的间接引语

当转述的内容为并列句或复合句，或有两种以上的句子时，应根据不同的句式来选择不同的引述动词和连接词。

He said, "I told her to wait, but she went away." 他说：“我告诉她等一下，但她还是走了。

He said (that) he had told her to wait but that she went away. 他说他已经告诉她等一下，但她还是走了。

She said, "It is cold here. Is the window shut?" 她说：“这儿很冷。窗户关了吗？”She said that it was cold there and asked if the window was shut. 她说那儿很冷，并问窗户是否关了。

Fenwick said to me, "Go and see Robin. He will tell you everything you want to know." 芬威克对我说：“去看看罗宾吧，他会告诉你想要知道的事情。”

Fenwick advised me to go and see Robin, and said that he would tell me everything I wanted to know. 芬威克建议我去看罗宾，因为他会告诉我想要知道的事情。

7、一些注意事项

(1)直接引语是客观事实、普遍真理等，变成间接引语时，时态不变。例如：

They told their son,"The earth goes round the sun."→

They told their son that the earth goes round the sun.

(2)直接引语变间接引语时，指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。如：this/that→ these/those, now→then, today→that day, yesterday→the day before, last year→the year before, ago→before, here→there等。例如：

注意：如果转述时就在原来的地方，就在说话的当天，就不必改变指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等。

(3)间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序，即主、谓、宾的顺序。例如：

He asked Lucy, "Where did you go?"→He asked Lucy where she went.

Tom said, "What do you want, Ann?"→Tom asked Ann what she wanted.

直接引语转换成间接引语

1.标点：冒号、引号去掉；感叹号、问号改成句号。

2.感叹词（啊、呢、呀、吧、嗨、唉、呦......）去掉,表示程度的词（多、真、太）可改成（很、十分、非常）等

3.人称的变化：

（1）引号里的人称：第一人称（我、我们）改成第三人称（他、她、它、他们、她们、它们）第三人称（人物姓名）不变第二人称：

a.有说话对象名称时改成说话对象的名称

She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.