大学英语四级分类模拟题409

大学英语四级分类模拟题409

Reading Comprehension

Section A

Gender equality is a well-defined by-product of human development. It always 1 to how to focus attention on women empowerment. Meanwhile women

empowerment confronts challenges 2 in translating the responsibilities

to gender equality into action. Gender discrimination is the prime 3 of endemic (地方性的) poverty leading to skyrocketing HIV prevalence. With

a 4 to making gender equality a reality as a core commitment, women empowerment has to be the stepping stone to sustainable development.

HIV/AIDS epidemic is 5 in Africa and mounting all over the world mostly due to gender discrimination, stigmatization (偏见) and unsafe sex practice. To make the spread of epidemic flagged (使衰退), widening gender gaps must be 6 . Nowadays young women and girls are at a much higher risk than men. According to the findings of surveys and case studies conducted in Africa, adolescent girls are 5-6 times more likely to be 7 by HIV virus than boys.

According to the social development specialist and AIDS researcher Mohammad Khairul Alam, "It should be realized that there is no alternative to develop and enhance life skills of 8 girls and women to cope with

epidemic. They may be assisted on the 9 levels to become engaged in grooming their confidence and organized. At the same time, their voices should be allowed to be heard loud and clear. Thus the collective effort of women is born with the sense or purpose that they will be stirred up to share perceptions improving their 10 to reproductive health related information and services."

A. abandoned I. inclines

B. access J. infected

C. breaking K. raging

D. combated L. source

E. competitively M. various

F. conservative N. view

G. constantly O. vulnerable

H. happens

Section B

How to Build Team Spirit

A. It is a well-known fact that an organisation can achieve a greater success if a few people get united and work towards a goal together. An ordinary team can perform better provided they are motivated. There are many instances, where a team approach has succeeded better compared to an organisation which is riddled with politics and managers who only think about themselves.

B. In fact this is a basic problem among many people as they always tend

to develop "Frog Syndrome." The frog syndrome does not allow other colleagues to go up the ladder, which leads the organisation to become an ordinary organisation. Today the biggest problem many companies are facing is how to develop team spirit among people. This is a very crucial point for the organisation to make difference in today's highly competitive environment. How can we develop such things today? Of course, there are many ways which are given below.

C. The role of manager is to ensure that the people become cohesive (有凝聚力的) and feel proud to be the members of the team. It is quite possible provided the manager himself is a team leader. He has to set the right target, create enthusiasm among the people, develop a positive attitude among the people and motivate them at the right time. If done, it is nothing that succeeds like success.

D. Right team spirit brings within the organisation a vibrant feeling to an insider as well as outsider. There is always willingness to walk an extra mile among people to achieve the set objective. This leads to more congenial (令人愉快的) atmosphere within the organisation. How many companies have succeeded in doing the same? Does it bring smile to an ordinary person working in the organisation? If yes, that organisation really can survive for a longer time.

E. A happy employee always tends to achieve better. Many companies tend to take care of external customer but tend to forget the internal customers. Hence, companies should do retrospective (回顾的) analysis on satisfaction level of the internal employee. But how many companies bother to do that?

A real smile can help the organisation to achieve better sales because SMILE = Sell More in Less Effort. How many people can bring smile on the face of a person? Therefore, there are few organisations which excel. However, this is possible provided the manager becomes a mentor.

F. People always look towards a manager as mentor who can correct, guide and give constructive criticism. Manager should go where the colleagues working under him require him to go. He should help his colleagues during the need of the hour. Can a manager develop himself to be a mentor so that people can rely on his advice? A manager, if redevelop himself as a mentor, can definitely bring the team spirit among the people. But how many managers can be a mentor? Many times a manager himself is a grumbler (爱发牢骚的人) and creates a polluted environment within the organisation as his personality may not be fit to do a particular job. Therefore, a manager should analyse his own personality along with his colleagues' and ensure that his personality along with his colleagues' personality be suited to do the particular job. Application of sales grid (方格) approaches will definitely help him to understand his own personality as well as his colleagues'. This analysis can help to take corrective action and will create greater sense of responsibility and motivation among the people. We must motivate ourselves to motivate others.

G. This is possible provided a manager make the job more challenging. In fact during a survey conducted by the author in India, the No. 1 motivator factor is job enrichment. How many managers try to create innovations in their job functions of their colleagues and associates? How many managers remove the fear of instability? How many managers ask themselves what new things they or their teams have done? If this is done regularly, the demotivation does not arise. Ordinary people can perform extraordinary things provided they bring the motivation and team spirit among the people. This is quite possible and a manager has a role to play. He should be proactive (主动的) in building team spirit and take action.

H. There are certain people who because of the past experience can destroy

the team spirit. Therefore, it is suggested that managers should identify "this grumbler" at right time and take corrective measures immediately. The cancerous cell should not be allowed to develop or proliferate (扩散). A proper counseling can help the manager to correct the situation. He should not develop a dual personality. For example, in the office the tap is leaking, however, he does not bother as he feels that it is the job of administration but when he goes home he makes sure that the leakage of the tap is corrected. The dichotomy (分裂) behavior of the person cannot help him to develop team spirit. The manager should develop fatherhood of a spastic (痉挛的) child who is very caring, understanding his child. He has to therefore correct him, mend him with hope that the future will be bright.

I. Managers must educate a colleague while working. A study among the field force revealed that the field representatives like to have a leader who is good at product knowledge and selling skills. During the visit of a leader if he ensures that he gives one or two new points to his colleagues, then the interaction between the two becomes more fruitful. Fox example, if a zonal manager visits his team, he may take up the product training in the conference or during the field work followed by a written test of the same subject. This concept was tried by the author in one of his client's companies wherein he noticed that the representative never used to respect his senior because of his lack of knowledge on the product. This process of inculcating (教授) the habit of interactions between the two brought a better team spirit and respect for each other. This activity resulted into higher productivity of the area.

11、 If the manager develops himself as a team leader, it may increase the possibility of people feeling proud to be members of the team.

12、 Companies devote themselves to making their employees happy because this can help them achieve better sales performance in less effort.

13、 Managers shall identify people who destroy the team spirit and correct the situation by proper counseling.

14、 It is difficult for many managers to become a mentor who can offer reliable advice to their colleagues at the right time.

15、 According to a study, field representatives would like their manager having a good command of product knowledge and selling skills.

16、 The analysis of a manager's personality and his colleagues' may make people more responsible and motivated.

17、 Sometimes the managers in some companies hinder the way of other colleagues' career development.

18、 A survey shows the most effective motivator factor is job enrichment.

19、 A manager should not develop a dual personality because it is not good for the development of team spirit.

20、 Right team spirit can create a relaxing atmosphere within the company, which will benefit the company in a long run.

Section C

Passage One

Future historians will be in a unique position when they come to record the history of our own times. They will hardly know which facts to select from the great mass of evidence that steadily accumulates. What's more, they will not have to rely solely on the written words. Films, gramophone (留声机) records and magnetic tapes will provide them with a puzzling amount of

information. They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action. But the historian attempting to reconstruct the distant past is always faced with a difficult task. He has to deduce what he can from the few scanty clues available. Even seemingly insignificant remains can shed interesting light on the history of early man.

Up to now, historians have assumed that calendars came into being with the advent (来临) of agriculture, for then man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons. Recent scientific evidence seems to indicate that this assumption is incorrect.

Historians have long been puzzled by dots, lines and symbols which have been engraved on walls, bones, and the ivory teeth of mammoths (猛犸象). The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting and fishing during the last Ice Age, which began about 35,000 B.C. and ended about 10,000 B.C. By correlating markings made in various parts of the world, historians have been able to read this difficult code. They have found that it is connected with the passage of days and phases of the moon. It is, in fact, a primitive type of calendar. It has long been known that the hunting scenes depicted on walls were not simply a form of artistic expression. They had a definite meaning, for they were as near as early man could get to writing. It is possible that there is a definite relation between these paintings and the markings that sometimes accompany them. It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20,000 years earlier than has been supposed.

21、 Compared with the historians investigating the distant past, future historians ______.

A. have to depend only on the written words to get related information

B. may feel more puzzled facing so much information

C. have more evidence and resources to get related information

D. may have difficulty in collecting related information

22、 Why did historians assume calendars came into being with the emergence of agriculture?

A. The markings the nomads used to record dates had close relationship with agriculture.

B. The codes depicted on the nomads' walls were all about agriculture.

C. Man needed to understand something about seasons when developing agriculture.

D. The passage of days and the phases of the moon were recorded according to agriculture seasons.

23、 How have historians been able to read the markings made by nomads?

A. By correlating paintings that accompany them.

B. By studying the dots, lines and symbols made by nomads.

C. By deducing what they can only from markings of the same place.

D. By connecting them with other markings in various parts of the world.

24、 What is the scientific research result that has recently come to light?

A. Nomads traveled widely in various parts of the world.

B. Calendars came into being earlier than we used to assume.

C. Nomads carved the bones and teeth of the animals they killed.

D. The markings nomads carved on walls had a definite meaning.

25、 What do we learn about the paintings found on the walls?

A. They have a definite relation with the markings.

B. They contain no more meanings except their artistic merits.

C. They are thought to be disconnected with ancient calendars.

D. They are invariably accompanied by dots, lines and symbols. Passage Two

Increasingly lax office culture means we have not two wardrobes (衣柜)—work and play—but one. Is anything allowed at work?

When Emily Birch got dressed for work on a recent Monday morning, she didn't plug in the iron, and she didn't pull out a can of starch (淀粉类食物). She didn't even search for a lint roller. Birch, 46, hopped out of bed and donned (穿上) the first thing she could find. "An ancient old tie-dyed T-shirt and a pair of army shorts," she says, laughing. "I just sort of threw on clothes." Thusly prepped, she ate breakfast and went into the office—by walking into the next room.

As a Pennsylvania-based editor for a California publishing company, Birch is one of the country's growing number of telecommuters. For her, "going into work" is walking over from her bedroom into her home office, where she sometimes checks e-mail in her pajamas. "I'm spending less money on clothes, because I'm not dressing up for other people," she says.

Telecommuting is changing our culture—and so are the fields we're choosing to work in. The Department of Labor calls computer-system design and related services "among the fastest growing industries in the economy", and says sectors of software engineering and data systems are the most likely to surge over the next years—jobs you can do from anywhere, no-suit-required. Sartorial strictures have been loosening for decades. The start-up ethos (风气) of the 1990s dotcom boom meant jeans and T-shirts took the place of cuff links and pocket squares. Suits, and being a suit, were out of style. And as tech companies like Apple, Google, and Microsoft helped create a nation of mobile workers, each company helped entrench the notion that looking smart isn't as material as being smart. Google cofounder Sergey Brin, for example, describes his company's dress code as that of an "untidy student", and Google's relaxed attitude toward dress and hours (as well as its friendliness toward working remotely) is part of its allure for employees. Those same lax standards have seeped into other sectors: Centuries-old American companies like Ford, Procter & Gamble, and General Motors have allowed their employees in most departments to dress casually.

26、 What is the current trend at work discussed in the passage?

A. Flexible working hours. C. Working remotely.

B. Dressing casually. D. Relaxed attitude towards work.

27、 What does the author say about Birch?

A. She opens her own company at home.

B. She lives in California now.

C. She does her work at home.

D. She doesn't like dressing up for other people.

28、 What do we learn about telecommuting from the passage?

A. It influences the field we choose to work in.

B. It is the fastest growing industry in the developed world.

C. It will be the most potential industry over the next five years.

D. It leads to the change of our work culture.

29、 What's the view of the Department of Labor on sectors of software and data system?

A. They are the fastest growing industry.

B. They will develop steadily over the next years.

C. They will see a sudden great increase in the next years.

D. They provide jobs that require employees to wear suits.

30、 What do we learn from the last paragraph?

A. Lax office culture has just started.

B. Some companies think good looking doesn't mean anything.

C. Google's relaxed attitude mainly aims to attract employees.

D. Old companies aren't interested in lax standards.

答案:

Reading Comprehension

Section A

1、

[解析] 本空应填动词。根据全文时态及it的提示可知，此处应填动词的第三人称单数且该词应能与to连用，从H项happens和I项inclines中选择。happen to意为“发生；碰巧”，用在此处文意不通。incline to意为“倾向于”，填入句中该句意为“它(性别平等)一直倾向于如何关注女权”，故答案为I项inclines。

2、

[解析] 本空应填副词。从E项competitively和G项constantly中选择。所填词用来修饰confronts，故答案为G项constantly(持续不断地；经常地)。competitively(有竞争力地)与confronts搭配语义不通，故排除。

3、

[解析] 本空应填名词。根据空后的leading to表示导致的结果可知，本空应填表示原因的词，故答案为L项source。

4、

[解析] 本空应填名词。本空需要根据文意来判断所填的词。根据空格所在句后半句的句意“女权只好成为可持续发展的垫脚石”可知，前半句应该表示目的，view能构成with...to结构且能表达目的含义，故答案为N项view。with a view to意为“为了，为的是”。

5、

[解析] 本空应填现在分词。分析句子结构可知，所填词和mounting构成并列或递进关系，因此应该用现在分词形式，故从C项breaking和K项raging中选择。再根据词义可知，mount在此处意为“增长”，能与之构成并列或递进关系的应该是K项raging，在文中意为“肆虐”。

6、

[解析] 本空应填过去分词或形容词。第2段首句提到艾滋病正肆虐非洲并在全世界蔓延，这主要是由性别歧视、偏见及不安全的性行为导致的。由此可知，要抑制这一流行病的蔓延，就必须防止性别差异扩大，D项combated符合此处语义要求。

7、

[解析] 本空应填过去分词。空前的be和空后的by提示，此处应填过去分词，构成被动语态，故从A 项abandoned和J项infected中选择。by后面的词是HIV virus，故答案为J项infected(传染)。8、

[解析] 本空应填形容词。第2段最后提到青春期的女孩被传染上艾滋病的概率是男孩的5～6倍，即女孩更容易患艾滋病，所以空格处所填词应能表示女孩和妇女易受伤害的含义，故答案为O项vulnerable。

9、

[解析] 本空应填形容词。空格所在句前一句提到，女孩和妇女无法通过培养并提高生活技巧来应付这一流行病，空格所在句又提到她们可能会得到人们______层面的帮助，使她们增强信心并变得有组织性，various能和levels搭配且能使文意通顺，故答案为M项various。

10、

[解析] 本空应填名词。所填词要能和to连用，构成______to sth.的结构，故答案为B项access，

后半句意为“渴望获得更多与生殖健康相关的信息和服务”。

Section B

11、

[解析] 题目意为：如果管理者使自己成为团队领导的话，这将可能增加人们作为团队成员的自豪感。根据题目中的线索词proud to be members of the team将本题定位至C段。该段第2句中的it 指代其前一句的内容，即“确保成员有凝聚力，并且确保他们为成为团队的一员而感到自豪”，也就是说，如果管理者自己成为团队领导者的话，那么他就能做到这一点。题目是对这两句内容的同义转述。

12、

[解析] 题目意为：公司致力于使自己的员工感到快乐，因为这会使员工轻松地取得更好的销售业绩。根据题目中的线索词achieve better sales performance和in less effort将本题定位至E段。该段指出，一个快乐的员工总是能取得更好的业绩。由此推断，公司应重视让员工快乐这个问题。题目是对原文的概括推断。

13、

[解析] 题目意为：管理者应该识别出破坏团队精神的人并通过适当的协商纠正这种情况。根据题目中的线索词destroy the team spirit将本题定位至H段。该段前两句指出，有些人会破坏团队精神，因此管理者应该采取纠正措施。第4句指出，适当的开导可以帮助管理者纠正这种情况。题目是对原文的同义转述。

14、

[解析] 题目意为：要想让管理者成为导师，在适当的时机给予同事可靠建议并非易事。根据题目中的线索词mentor和advice将本题定位至F段。该段第6句提出问题：究竟有多少管理者能够成为导师呢?后一句指出，很多时候管理者本身就是一个爱发牢骚的人，即很多管理者不能作为导师。

15、

[解析] 题目意为：一项研究显示，现场代表们希望有一位精通产品知识和销售技巧的领导者。根据题目中的线索词field representatives和product knowledge and selling skills将本题定位至I段。该段第2句提到，对现场人员展开的研究显示，现场代表们希望有一位精通产品知识和销售技巧的领导者。having a good command of是对原文中is good at的同义转述。16、

[解析] 题目意为：对管理者和其同事个性的分析会使人们更有责任感和动力。根据题目中的线索词analysis和personality可将本题定位至F段。该段倒数第二句中的this analysis指代倒数第四句中的analyse his own personality along with his colleagues'。倒数第二句指出，管理者分析自己和同事的个性有助于采取纠正措施，并会激发团体内部人们更强的责任感和动力。responsible and motivated与原文中的responsibility and motivation构成同根词复现。

17、

[解析] 题目意为：某些公司的管理人员有时会阻碍其他同事的事业发展之路。根据题目中的线索词hinder和career development将本题定位至B段。该段首句中的this指代上段中提到的内容，即“有的团体内部充斥着派别之争，而且管理者只为自己着想”，第2句中指出，患“青蛙综合征”的人不允许其他同事往上爬。结合这几句可知，某些公司的管理人员通常会阻碍其他同事的发展。题目是对原文的综合概括。

18、

[解析] 题目意为：调查显示最有效的激励因素是工作充实感。根据题目中的线索词job enrichment将本题定位至G段。该段第2句指出，在印度的一项调查发现，排在第一位的激励因素是工作充实感。题目中的the most effective对应原文中的No.1。

19、

[解析] 题目意为：管理者不应该发展双重人格，因为它不利于发展团队精神。根据题目中的线索词dual personality将本题定位至H段。该段第5句指出，他不应该发展成一个具有双重人格的人。

这句中的he指代the manager。下一句对这种双重人格进行解释。倒数第三句指出，这种分裂行为不利于培养团队精神。题目是对原文的综合概括。

20、

[解析] 题目意为：正确的团队精神能在公司内部创造令人愉快的氛围，这将有助于该公司的长期发展。根据题目中的线索词right team spirit将本题定位至D段。该段指出，良好的团队精神能创造令人愉快的氛围，这将有助于团队的长期生存。题目是对该段的综合概述。

Section C

Passage One

21、C

[解析] 第1段第2～4句提到，未来的历史学家几乎不知道从逐渐积累起来的大量证据里选取哪些；而且，他们也不必完全依赖文字材料，电影、唱片、磁带都能提供大量的信息。由本段倒数第二句可知，研究早期历史的历史学家只有少量的线索可以使用，由此可推知C符合文意，故为答案。A表述有误。未来的历史学家虽然会因为庞大的资料而感到迷惑，但并不是说与研究早期历史的历史学家相比，未来的历史学家会更迷惑，故B错误。D在文中并未提及。

22、C

[解析] 第2段第1句提到，历史学家认为历法是伴随着农业的兴起而出现的，因为当时人类真正需要了解有关李节的知识，C是对原文的同义转述，故为答案。

23、D

[解析] 第3段第3句提到，通过将世界各地的这种标记联系到一起，历史学家弄懂了这些难解的代码。D是对原文的同义转述，故为答案。

24、B

[解析] 第2段提到，最近的科学证据似乎表明，这个假设是不正确的。故下文指出了最近科学研究得出的结果。文章最后一句说，人类致力于探索季节变化比我们之前认为的要早两万年。故答案为B。A和D不是最近的研究成果，C与原文不符。

25、A

[解析] 第3段倒数第二句提到，标记和壁画之间可能存在特定关系，标记有时伴随壁画出现。故答案为A。根据倒数第三、四句可知，游牧人的绘画不只具有艺术价值，还有其他特定涵义，故排除B；倒数第一、二句指出，这些画与标记很可能与季节的研究密切相关，故排除C；D中的invariably 和倒数第二句中的sometimes相矛盾。

Passage Two

26、B

[解析] 第1段提到，宽松的办公室文化意味着我们不再需要两个衣柜——一个放工作穿的正装，一个放休闲装，而只需要一个。下文则具体介绍宽松的着装要求。由此可知，工作时着装随意已成为一种潮流，故答案为B。

27、C

[解析] 第3段首句提到，柏奇是加利福尼亚州一家出版公司的编辑，却在宾夕法尼亚州办公。故A 和B错误。第2句指出，对她来说，“去上班”就是从卧室走到家庭办公室，即她在家办公，故答案为C。本段末尾提到她不用为了别人穿衣打扮，而非她不喜欢为别人打扮自己，故D错误。

28、D

[解析] 第4段首句提到，远程办公改变了我们的(工作)文化，D是对该句的同义转述，故为答案。A 为强干扰项，根据第4段首句破折号后的内容可知，我们选择工作的领域应该和远程办公一样正在改变着我们的文化，A将因果关系弄反了，故排除。其他两项都与远程办公的信息无关。

29、C

[解析] 第4段第2句提到，劳工部称，计算机系统设计和相关的服务是“经济增长最快的产业之一”，

并且软件工程和数据系统行业在未来数年最有可能急速上升。故答案为C。A与原文不符。B中的steadily和原文中的surge相矛盾。由原文可知，软件工程和数据系统行业的工作不需要穿正装，故D错误。

30、B

[解析] 最后一段提到，诸如苹果、谷歌等科技公司更加肯定了这样的观点：外表漂亮并不代表有才华，也就是说这些公司认为外表并不代表什么，故答案为B。本段首句提到几十年来，对服装的限制一直在放宽，也就是说宽松的办公文化不是最近新兴起的，故A错误。本段倒数第二句提到，谷歌对待着装和工作时间的宽松态度是它吸引员工的法宝之一，而非主要是为了吸引员工，故C错误。本段末尾提到一些百年的老公司也逐渐采用了这种宽松的办公标准，故D错误。