论嫉妒-培根

在人类的各种情欲中，有两种最为惑人心智，这就是爱情与嫉妒。这两种感情都能激发出强烈的欲望，创造出虚幻的意象，并且足以蛊惑人的心灵——如果真有巫蛊这种事的话。

所以，我们知道在《圣经》中把“嫉妒”叫做一种“凶眼”，而占星术士则把它称做一颗“灾星”。这就是说，嫉妒能把凶险和灾难投射到它的眼光所注目的地方。不仅如上，还有人认为，嫉妒之毒眼伤人最狠之时，正是那被嫉妒之人最为春风得意之时。这一方面是由于这种情况促使嫉妒之心更加锐利；另一方面是由于在这种情况下，被嫉妒者最容易受到打击。让我们来分析一下哪些人容易嫉妒，哪些人容易招来嫉妒，以及哪种嫉妒必于公妒，公妒与私妒有何不同。

无德者必会嫉妒有道德的人。因为人的心灵如若不能从自身的优点中取得养料，就必定要找别人的缺点作为养料。而嫉妒者往往是自己既没有优点，又看不到别人的优点的，因此他只能用败坏别人幸福的办法来安慰自己。当一个人自身缺乏某种美德的时候，他就一定贬低别人的这种美德，以求实现两者的平衡。

嫉妒者必须是好打听闲话的。他们之所以特别关心别人，并非因为事情与他们的切身利害有关，而是为了通过发现别人的不愉快，来使自己得到一种赏心悦目的愉快。

其实每一个埋头深入自己事业的人，是没有功夫去嫉妒别人的。因为嫉妒是一种四处游荡的情欲，能享有他的只能是闲人。所以古话说：“多管别人闲事必定没安好心。”

一个后起之秀是招人嫉妒的，尤其要受那些贵族元老的嫉妒，因为他们之间的距离改变了。别人的上升足以造成一种错觉，使人觉得自己仿佛被降低了。

有某种难以克服的缺陷的人——如残疾人、宦官、老年人或私生子，是容易嫉妒别人的。由于自己的缺陷无法补偿，因此需要损伤别人来求得补偿。只有当这种缺陷是落在一个具有伟大品格的人身上时才不会如此。那种品格能够让一种缺陷转化为光荣。负着残疾的耻辱，去完成一件大事业，使人们更加为之惊叹。像历史上的纳西斯、阿盖西劳斯和铁木尔就曾如此①。

经历过巨大的灾祸和磨难的人，也容易产生嫉妒。因为这种人乐于把别人的失败，看作对自己过去所历痛苦的抵偿。

虚荣心甚强的人，假如他看到别人在一件事业中总是强过于他，他也会为此产生嫉妒的。所以自己很喜爱艺术的阿提安皇帝②，就非常嫉妒诗人、画家和艺术家，因为他们虽然在这些方面超过了他。

最后，在同事之间当有人被提升的时候，也容易引起嫉妒。因为如果别人由于某种优越表现而得到提升，就等于映衬出了其他人在这些方面的无能，从而刺伤了他们。同时，彼此越了解，这种嫉妒心将越强。人可以允许一个陌生人的发迹，却不能原谅一个身边人的上升。所以该隐只是由于嫉妒就杀死了他的亲兄弟亚伯③。

我们再来讨论一下哪些人能够避免嫉妒。

我们已懂得，嫉妒总是来自以自我与别人的比较，如果没有比较就没有嫉妒。所以皇帝通常是不被人嫉妒的，除非对方也是皇帝。一个有崇高美德的人，他的美德愈多，别人对他的嫉妒将愈少。因为他们的幸福来自他们的苦功。它是应得的。

所以出身于微贱的人一旦升腾必会受人嫉妒。直到人们习惯了他的这种新地位为止。而富家的一个公子也将招人嫉妒。因为他并没有付出血汗，却能坐享其成。

反之，世袭贵胄的称号却不容易被嫉妒。因为他们优越的谱系已被世人所承认。同样，一个循序渐进地高升的人，也不会招来嫉妒。因为这种人的提升被看做是自然的。

那种在饱经艰难之后才获得的幸福是不太招人嫉妒的。因为人们看到这种幸福是如此地来之

不易，以至甚至产生了同情——而同情心总是医治嫉妒的一味良药。所以老谋深算的政治家，当他们处于高高在上的地位时，总是在向人诉苦，吟唱着一首“正在活受罪”的咏叹调。其实他们未必真的如此受苦，这只是钝化别人嫉妒锋芒的一种策略。

但是，只有当这种人的负担不是自己招揽上身时，这种诉苦才会真被人同情。否则，没有比一个出于往上爬的野心，而四外招揽事做的人更招人嫉妒的了。

此外，对于一个大人物来说，如果他能利用自己的优越地位，来保护他的下属们的利益，那么这也等于是筑起了一座防止嫉妒的有效堤防。

应当注意的是，那种骄傲自大的人物是最易招来嫉妒的。这种人总想在一切方面来显示自己的优越：或者大肆铺张地炫耀，或者力图压倒一切竞争者。其实真正的聪明人倒宁可给人类的嫉妒心留下点余地，有意让别人在无关紧要的事情占占自己的上风。

然而另一方面也要看到，对于享有某种优越地位的人来说，与其狡诈地掩饰，莫如坦率诚恳地放开（只是千万不要表现出骄矜与浮夸），这样招来的嫉妒会小一些；因为对于前一种人，似乎更显示出他是没有价值因而不配享受那种幸福的，他们的作假简直就是在教唆别人来嫉妒自己了。

让我们归纳一下已经说过的吧。我们在开始时说过，嫉妒有点接近于巫术，是蛊惑人心的。那么要防止嫉妒，也就不妨采用点巫术，就是把那容易招来嫉妒的妖气转嫁到别人身上。正是由于懂得这一点，所以有许多明智的大人物，凡有抛头露面出风头的事情，都推出别人作为替身去登台表演，而自己则宁愿躲在幕后。这样一来，群众的嫉妒就落在别人身上了。事实上，愿意分演这种替人出风头角色的傻瓜天生是不会少的。

我们再来谈谈什么是公妒。

公众的嫉妒比个人的嫉妒多少有点价值。公妒对于大人物，正如古典希腊时代的流放惩罚一样，是强迫他们收敛与节制一种办法。

所谓“公妒”，其实也是一种公愤。对于一个国家是具有严重危险性的一种疾病。人民一旦对他们的执政者产生了这种公愤，那么就连最好的政策也将被视为恶臭，受到唾弃。所以丧失了民心的统治者即使在办好事，也不会得到群众的拥护。因为人民将把这更看作是一种怯懦，一种对公愤的畏惧——其结果是，你越怕它，它就越要找上门来。

这种公妒或公愤，有时只是针对某位执政才个人，而不是针对一种政治体制的。但是请记住这样一条定律：如果这种民众的公愤已扩展到几乎所有的大臣身上，那么这个国家体制就必定将面临倾覆了。

最后再做一点总结吧。在人类的一切情欲中，嫉妒之情恐怕要算作最顽强，最持久的人。所以古人曾说过：“嫉妒是不懂休息的。”同时还有人观察过，与其他感情相比，只有爱情与嫉妒是最能令人消瘦的。这是因为没有什么能比爱与妒更具有持久的消耗力。但嫉妒毕竟是一种卑劣下贱的情欲，因此它乃是一种属于恶魔的素质。《圣经》曾告诉我们，魔鬼所以要趁着黑夜到麦地里去种上稗子④，就是因为他嫉妒别人丰收呵！的确，犹如毁掉麦子一样，嫉妒这恶魔总是在暗地里，悄悄地去毁掉人间的好东西的！

培根论读书读后感

培根《论读书》读后感姓名：赵雅琴学号：2011134057 专业：2011级汉语言文学

力量之始，精神之源 ——培根《论读书》读后感有一份心情，我们从未停下脚步去追寻；有一份梦想，我们从未放下翅膀去采撷。读书之梦、之乐。关于读书，我们保存着心情，娱情，写实以记录精彩人生。 ——题记 “读书可以作为消遣，可以作为装饰，也可以增长才干。”文章一开始就指出读书的目的。“消遣、装饰、增长才干”。犹如站立在一片浩瀚大海之前，我们张开双臂，拥抱清新空气与灿烂阳光。弗朗西斯.培根，是英国文艺复兴时期最重要的散文作家，唯物主义哲学家，被马克思称为“英国唯物主义和整个现代实验科学的真正始祖。”他不但在文学，哲学上多有建树，在自然科学领域内，也取得了重大成就。他是经历过生活坎坷磨难的贵族子弟，生活的磨难使他的思想成熟，言论深邃，富含哲理。她的整个世界观是现世的而非宗教的，她崇尚理性主义，是一位经验论者和现实主义者。《论读书》是培根较为重要的作品之一，其中提出了读书的重要性等。其实一个学生似乎已然对读书这一名词并不陌生，而读书之好、之乐、之用，我们却如婴孩，仍在认识世界里处于感知阶段。怎样去读书？培根在文章中将书籍比作食品，或浅尝、或吞咽、或仔细咀嚼、或请人代读，都是较为科学且蕴含哲学意味的方式了。读书的重要性，培根则是较为重点的进行论述了。他指出：“读书可作为消遣，可作

为装饰，可增长才干。”实际静心、专心，莫不是如此！我们的世界里，书书本本并不是什么难见之物，似乎它们已是如同空气分子一般的存在。而我们，是不是有一份心情，一份追求去对待阅读呢？高尔基曾说过：“书籍是人类进步的阶梯”，林语堂也曾发文特指出阅读的好处，其实文人是应该最了解读书的好处的罢。“知识就是力量”“知识改变命运”等等关于知识，关于教育的口号，亦已显出读书作用了。或许，我们读书，是为了它的作用，而更多的，这是一份关于人生漫步的幽静小道，不是么？生命之源，源于力量；力量之起，起于精神；精神之始，始于我们思想文化内涵，而读书则真如一片浩瀚之海，拥有无尽的能量了。

《培根随笔》好句摘抄及部分赏析、读后感

《培根随笔》好句摘抄及部分赏析、读后感.txt让人想念而死，是谋杀的至高境界，就连法医也鉴定不出死因。。。。。。论求知求知可以作为消遣，可以作为装饰，也可以增长才干。当你孤独寂寞时，阅读可以消遣。当你高谈阔论时，知识可供装饰。当你处世行事时，正确运用知识意味着力量。懂得事物因果的人是幸福的。有实际经验的人虽能够办理个别性的事务，但若要综观整体，运筹全局，却唯有掌握知识方能办到。求知太慢会弛惰，为装潢而求知是自欺欺人，完全照书本条条办事会变成偏执的书呆子。求知可以改进人和天性，而实验又可以改进知识本身。人的天性犹如野生的花草，求知学习好比修剪移栽。实习尝试则可检验修正知识本身的真伪。狡诈者轻鄙学问，愚鲁者羡慕学问，唯聪明者善于运用学问。知识本身并没有告诉人怎样运用它，运用的方法乃在书本之外。这是一门技艺。不经实验就不能学到。不可专为挑剔辩驳去读书，但也不可轻易相信书本。求知的目的不是为了吹嘘炫耀，而应该是为了寻找真理，启迪智慧。有的知识只须浅尝，有的知识只要粗知。只有少数专门知识需要深入钻研，仔细揣摩。所以，有的书只要读其中一部分，有的书只须知其中梗概即可，而对于少数好书，则要精读，细读，反复地读。有的书可以请人代读，然后看他的笔记摘要就行了。但这只限于质量粗劣的书。否则一本好书将象已被蒸馏过的水，变得淡而无味了！读书使人的头脑充实，讨论使人明辩是非，作笔记则能使知识精确。因此，如果一个人还原做笔记，他的记忆力就必须强而可靠。如果一个人只愿孤独探索，他的头脑就必须格外锐利。如果有人不读书又想冒充博学多知，他就必定很狡黠，才能掩饰他的无知。读史使人明智，读诗使人聪慧，演算使人精密，哲理使人深刻，伦理学使人有修养，逻辑修辞使人善辩。总之，“知识能塑造人的性格”。

培根论读书赏析

T o B e a Full Man from Reading We all know that study can cultivate a man and even make a full man. A full man should have a positive view of world, life and value, which is usually based on a balanced knowledge system. And how can we obtain this necessary knowledge Of Studies is the answer to this question. In Bacon's essay Of Studies, reading piirposes and functions are discussed in detail. Bacon also analyzes the different attitudes to reading and introduces various methods of reading. Above all. Bacon tells us how to be a full man from reading. In the very beginning, Bacon points out that reading can serve for delight, for ornament. and for ability. We can see that reading has three functions. It delights you; it beautifies you; and it strengthens your ability. The author also says that their chief use for delight is in private life and retiring. That is to say, when you stay aione, book is your best com panion which eases loneliness and brings happiness. If you are really absorbed in the book, you may not feel lonely. *Tor ornament, is in discourse』When communicating or negotiating with others, knowledge learned from books can make you decent and educated. In other words. reading beautifies you in that occasion. "And for ability, is in the judgment and disposition/* Faced with affairs, an expert man can judge of particulars one by one. But to general people. he should act decisively. It means he can hold the whole situation and think out a plan. Where does this kind of ability come from Reading. If you read all kinds of books, you are able to taste what might not happen to you in real life, and then ask yourself what you would do in that situation. Reading helps you make fewer mistakes. For that, you can learn mistake exam pies from books so that you may make no mistakes when you are in the same situation. According to the essay, reading perfects peopk's nature. Tlie gold have no foot red, the person has no perfect person. Defects can be made up and reading is a superexceHent methods. Natural abilities are like natural plants that need pruning by study, Reading ten thousand books is like traveling ten thousand miles. You can accumulate knowledge little by little and one day you may find yourself wiser than others. This wisdom is not born with you but acquired after years' effort. "Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested?*

培根美文《论读书》原文及三种译文鉴赏

培根美文《论读书》原文及三种译文鉴赏阅读是我们获取知识的重要手段，下面是培根着名的关于读书的一篇美文——论读书，并奉上另外两个版本的译文。对于好的书，可以多加研读，对于普通书籍，知其大意即可，就像在快速阅读中，阅读是弹性的，你可以选择对内容把握程度的深浅。“有些书可以浅尝辄止，有些书可以生吞，而有少数书应该细嚼慢咽，融会贯通”—— 谈读书 ——王佐良译读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。有一技之长鄙读书，无知者慕读书，唯明智之士用读书，然读书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而五味矣。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，论理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩：凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演算须全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辨异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。【原文】音频 Of Studies ——Francis Bacon

培根论读书原文及翻译赏析

Studies serve for delight, for , and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert and execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best form those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is ; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning (pruning) by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use;

论读书两种译文翻译赏析

《论读书》翻译赏析班级：姓名: 学号：

Of Studies by Francis Bacon Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. T hey perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning, by study; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them bothers; but that would be only in the less important arguments and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know, that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty;

Of Study培根论读书原文+翻译

Of Study Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse;and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. 读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。 For expert and execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best form those that are learned.To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar. 练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。 They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. 读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。 Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. 有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。 Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. 读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。 Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are,like common distilled waters, flashy things. 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。 Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。 Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。

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培根《论读书》赏析

To Be a Full Man from Reading We all know that study can cultivate a man and even make a full man. A full man should have a positive view of world, life and value, which is usually based on a balanced knowledge system. And how can we obtain this necessary knowledge? Of Studies is the answer to this question. In Bacon’s essay Of Studies, reading purposes and functions are discussed in detail. Bacon also analyzes the different attitudes to reading and introduces various methods of reading. Above all, Bacon tells us how to be a full man from reading. In the very beginning, Bacon points out that reading can serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. We can see that reading has three functions. It delights you; it beautifies you; and it strengthens your ability. The author also says that their chief use for delight is in private life and retiring. That is to say, when you stay alone, book is your best companion which eases loneliness and brings happiness. If you are really absorbed in the book, you may not feel lonely. “For ornament, is in discourse.”When communicating or negotiating with others, knowledge learned from books can make you decent and educated. In other words, reading beautifies you in that occasion. “And for ability, is in the judgment and di sposition.” Faced with affairs, an expert man can judge of particulars one by one. But to general people, he should act decisively. It means he can hold the whole situation and think out a plan. Where does this kind of ability come from? Reading. If you read all kinds of books, you are able to taste what might not happen to you in real life, and then ask yourself what you would do in that situation.Reading helps you make fewer mistakes. For that, you can learn mistake examples from books so that you may make no mistakes when you are in the same situation. According to the essay, reading perfects people’s nature. The gold have no foot red, the person has no perfect person. Defects can be made up and reading is a superexcellent methods. Natural abilities are like natural plants that need pruning by study. Reading ten thousand books is like traveling ten thousand miles. You can accumulate knowledge little by little and one day you may find yourself wiser than others. This wisdom is not born with you but acquired after years’ effort. “Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.” That is to say, we should choose some book to read, but not read all the books. Some useful books should be read carefully and taken notes. Different books have different functions; the essay is telling us reading different books can bring different knowledge which

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培根谈读书阅读答案

培根谈读书阅读答案导语：狡黠者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，惟明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。下面是小编为你整理的谈读书阅读附答案，希望对你有帮助！谈读书阅读答案读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则非好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。狡黠者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，惟明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则需咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，味同嚼蜡矣。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，作文使人准确。因此不常作文者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天资聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学 ————来源网络搜集整理，仅供个人学习查参考

使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，漫步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题须全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辨异，可令读经院哲学，盖此辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。 1．给文段划分层次，并概括每层的大意。 __________________________________________________________________ ___________________ 2．作者论述了读书的重要，为什么又说“不可尽信书上所言”？ __________________________________________________________________ ___________________ 3．加黑的句子用了什么修辞方法，有什么作用？ __________________________________________________________________ ___________________ 4．画直线的句子用了什么论证方法？用自己的话概括出这句的论点来。