英语六级考试历年阅读试题译文(

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洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.360docs.net/doc/089544704.html,/ielts/xd.html（报名网址）1999年6月六级试题译文

Passage One

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我们有时认为惟有人类易受忧虑伤害，但紧张情绪似乎也影响了低级动物的免疫系统。例如，在一次实验中，丹佛大学的行为免疫学家马克·朗顿斯拉格对24只老鼠进行了轻微的电击。一半老鼠能通过转动笼子里的一个轮子切断电源，而另一半却不能。朗顿斯拉格将两组老鼠配成对，每次一只老鼠转动轮子，它就能保护自己和无能为力的伙伴免遭电击。朗顿斯拉发现，无能为力的老鼠免疫反应降至正常以下，但那些能够切断电流的老鼠却没有。他认为，他所证明的是缺乏控制事件的能力会削弱免疫系统，而非经历本身。

其他研究者也同意他的看法。杜克大学医学院的心理学家琼·伟斯已经证明：被允许控制不快刺激的动物不出现睡眠障碍，大脑化学成分也不发生变化，这些正是老鼠紧张的典型表现。但是，如果动物遭遇过不能控制的情况，以后它们面对能控制的事件时行为就会被动。这些发现加强了心理学家的猜疑，无助的经验或感知是压抑情绪中最有害的因素之一。

心情改变免疫反应最令人惊讶的例子之一是偶尔发现的。1975年，罗切斯特大学医学院的心理学家罗伯特·阿德通过同时给老鼠喂糖精和注射抑制免疫系统的药使其胃部不适，使老鼠形成条件反射避开糖精。因为把糖精和胃痛联系起来，老鼠很快就学会避开糖精。为消除对糖精的厌恶，阿德再次给这些老鼠喂糖精，但这次没给药;他惊讶地发现一些老鼠死了，这些老鼠在以前形成条件反射期间吃的糖精最多。他只能这样推测：他成功地使老鼠形成条件反射，现在仅用削弱其免疫系统的糖精就足以使其致死。

Passage Two

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破坏自然资源和污染食物的事不断发生，这主要是因为对那些不顾后果肆意破坏环境的人难以追究法律责任。通过立法、经济刺激和善意劝说等防止污染的努力遇到诉讼、个人和企业的否认及旷日持久的拖延——不仅在接受责任方面，更重要的是在有关其处理方面。

看来只有当政府决定采取税收优惠或牺牲生产时，才会主动改变。保护人类的伟大宝库是一项最重要的责任，企业和我们对此的共识何在?如果有环境卫生专业人员到第一线来领导解决环境问题的时刻，这时刻便是现在。

人们正在要求我们，实际上，公众正在命令我们采取积极行动。作为环保专业人员，我们的责任是要改变现状。是的，生态学家、环境保护活动家和资源保护者起沟通刺激人们思想、促进行为变化的作用。然而，正是我们这些人领取了报酬来决定发展、改善和执行环境保护标准，我建议、我们必须负起领导责任。

我们必须认识到环境健康问题并不局限于城市以内、县界、州界甚至联邦边界。在方法上我们再不能目光狭隘了。我们必须从各方面看待问题，以作出客观的决策。我们必须清楚地表达我们的观点，以防媒体曲解和公众迷惑。

我认为，目前我们有三方面任务。第一，我们必须继续主张高质量的生活，这一点人们自己可以做到。第二，我们必须调查，并搞清环境和健康之间的关系。第三，我们必须能够以公民能理解的形式传播技术信息。如果我们能在这个10

年内完成这三个目标，也许我们最终能使环境停止恶化，而不仅仅是控制它。那时，我们就能把治理污染的钱真正用于预防，而不是用于补救。

Passage Three

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在学生数量大幅度增加的重压下，英国的大学呻吟着警告：免费教育的传统正处于危险之中。大学威胁说，如果政府不采取行动改善其经济状况，放弃削减公共开支的计划，他们将向学生收学费以弥补学校收入的不足。

政府对大学威胁的反应是让无党派调停人瑞·迪厄英爵士负责评估近三十年来高等教育的基本状况。

三个中学毕业生中有一个进入高等学校，数量是30年前上次调查时的5倍。

大家都认为，一个系统迅速扩充后感到紧张，需要更多的资金;但几乎没有希望从纳税人那里获得，从企业吸引更多资金的机会也不大。

多数大学认为学生应该交纳学费，这在世界上其他地方司空见惯，但在英国却会是一个巨大的变化。大学要求政府为学费提供贷款计划，现在暂时搁置了威胁行动。他们等待迪厄英的意见，希望它不会太晚——据报道有些大学已经处于财政困难之中。

本世纪快结束之时，人们正在仔细研究大学的完整观念应该是什么。专家们在考虑在多大程度上能用计算机代替教室，在谈论终生教育的必要性，并把学生当作“消费者”。

英国工业联盟——主要的企业组织——需要进一步扩大高等教育，以便帮助参与因亚洲经济迅速发展而引发的国际市场的激烈竞争。但政府对此持怀疑态度。《泰晤时报》同意政府的看法，抱怨说由于学生数量激增，封闭的导师指导制被“更典型的欧洲大学批量生产法”所代替。教育质量已受损。

Passage Four

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劳瑞·麦尔斯谋生的职业的背后有一个简单前提：如果你能嗅出它，你就能找到它。

麦尔斯是奥伯恩大学生物探测系统研究所的创建人，该所的主要任务研制高级的探测装置——人工鼻。

目前他们研究的仅是实验室抽屉里的一堆闪光的芯片。但不久，这样的工具就会挂在警察、纵火调查员和食品安全检查员的腰带上。

他们正在研究的技术充分表明：三、五年内我们就会用上一些可工作的传感器。这样的装置可广泛用于恐怖分子感兴趣的地方。警察能查出藏在汽车里的毒品、尸体和炸弹，而食品检查员可很容易地检测出被污染的食品和水。

在公共安全和食品工业方面，这个革命性的进步影响惊人。但是，它被滥用的可能性也惊人：在不经体检——甚本人不知道的情况下，这种仪器可测定妇女是否排卵。

美国自由的传统保证之一就是不能调查每个人。但这种情况渐渐有所改变。

奥伯恩大学发明的人工生物传感器的工作完全不同于我们见过的任何东西。例如，气味扫描仪是一台有很多芯片的桌面仪，对蒸发到空中的特殊化学物质很敏感。当空气被吸入仪器，化学物质随之通过传感器的表面，使通过传感器的电流发生变化。这些电流变化被录入计算机，计算机就根据电子信号辨别出气味来。

麦尔斯说，他们希望在一个指甲大小的芯片上安装数千个气味感受器，造出足以与狗鼻子几乎一样敏感的传感器。

Part IV Cloze

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在作长途旅行时，多数人抱怨乘坐喷气飞机会带来时差反应。时差反应使商人工作效率降低，容易出差错。时差反应实际上是因“体内生物钟”紊乱造成的。“体内生物钟”是一个小小的脑细胞束，控制着生理的记时功能。“体内生物钟”习惯于规则的白昼和黑夜和节奏，因此当人们处于一个新时区时，白昼和黑夜出现在“错误的”时间内，“体内生物钟”就失去了平衡。时差反应的症状通常持续数日，这时体内的生物钟在慢慢地适应新的时区。

现在，一个新的抗时差系统出现了，该系统基于经过验证的广泛开拓性的科学研究。马丁·穆尔-艾得搏士设计了一种实用的方法：通过控制强光照射，来使体内生物钟很快地适应新时区。新时区的转变很容易就完成了，消除了时差所带来的许多反应。

成功地实现时差转变取决于了解寻求或避免强光的准确时间。在错误的时间进行光照可能会导致时差反应更严重。光照时间表是否合适很大程度上取决于具体的旅行计划。

需要参照具体的飞行路线和个人睡眠习惯等数据来设计旅途指南，以说明接受强烈光照的准确时间。

当指南要求接受光照时，你必须尽可能地呆在室外。如果这时是黑夜，或天气不好，或正在飞机上，你可用一种特殊的光照设备来提供必要的光照刺激，在该光线下你可以读书、看电视或工作等。

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