句子及句子成分

句子及句子成分

一、句子的定义

句子是包含主语和谓语部分的一组词。它有一定的语法结构和语调，用来表达一

个比较完整的独立的概念。句子开头第一个字母要大写，句子末尾要有句号、问

号或叹号。

二、句子的种类和类型

1.句子按其用途可分为四类

1）陈述句，用以陈述事实。

e.g. I don’t care what she thinks.

2)疑问句，用以提出问题。

e.g. Your friend is a doctor, isn’t he ?

When do we meet again?

3)祈使句，用以表示命令，请求等。

e.g. Have a good sleep and think it over.

4）感叹句，用以表示各种强烈的感情。

e.g. What a coincidence to meet in San Francisco!

2.句子按其结构分为四种形式

1）简单句，由一个主语部分和一个谓语部分组成。

e.g. The cause of the fire was a cigarette-end.

2)并列句，由两个或两个以上的分句组成。

结构：⑴分句+并列连词+分句

⑵分句；分句（此结构中，分号相当于并列连词，且第二个分句的第一个字母不大写。）

e.g. Cotton is falling in prices, and buyers hold of

f.

Henry prefers strawberry pie, but his wife always bakes apple pies.

3)复合句，由主句和其他从句组成。

结构：主句+从属连词-从句

从属连词-从句+主句

注：分析主从句时，应先找出主句，再判断从句类型。

e.g. He was an old man who wore thick glasses.

4）并列复合句，即含有复合句的并列句。

结构：主句+从属连词-从句+并列连词+主句+从属连词+从句.

主句+从属连词-从句+并列连词+分句.

注：此句型中，并列连词起连接作用，连接前后复句或分句，因此应分别分析前后复句。

翻译：

1) The ad. said the coat was on sale for $20, but it was actually $22.

2) I ask a man who has a wife and 3 children who did the cooking in his house and he replied that whoever came home from work first did it.

三、句子成分

（一）五种基本句型：

1）主语+谓语

2）主语+谓语+宾语

3）主语+系动词+表语

4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

5）主语+谓语+宾语+宾补

（二）句子成分：

1.主语：是一个句子所叙说的主体。主语的位置一般在句首，一般不省略。

注：祈使句无主语，但隐含一个主语you,常表两人面对面说话，已知说话对象，所以无需加主语。

找出下面句子的主语：

1) Children grow very fast.

2) Nobody knows who took the key.

3) Three plus five equals eight.

4) My brother gave me two books. The first was a novel.

5) To see is to believe.

6) Looking up all the words in the dictionary took him a lot of time.

7) The blind are well cared for in our country.

8) How to do it well is an important question.

9) What he said is quite true.

10) That the sun rises in the east is common knowledge.

注：一般情况下，主语在谓语前面，即自然语序（陈述句语序），还有一种倒装语序，即谓语在前，主语在其后。

翻译：

Hardly had they reached home when it began to snow.

2.谓语：谓语或谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词/情态动词/be+主要动词）构成。

找出下面句子的谓语：

1) What happened?

2) The plane took off at 10 o’clock.

3) We were beaten by their team.

4) You can do it if you try hard.

3.表语：说明或表述主语的身份、特征和状态的，位置在连系动词之后。

找出下列句子的表语：

1) Africa is a big continent.

2) My father became an army officer during the Anti-Japanese War.

3) Oh, it’s you.

4) Our teacher was satisfied with my work.

5) Three times five is fifteen.

6) She was the third to arrive.

7) Our chief method is to learn English through practice.

8) Their job is teaching English.

9) The patient is out of danger.

10) I must be off now.

11) What surprised us most was that he spoke Chinese so well.

4.宾语：表示动作的对象，是动作的承受着。宾语一般放在vt.或prep.之后。

找出下列句子的宾语：

1) He takes a cold bath every morning.

2) All of us like him.

3) Give me four.

4) He began to learn English a year ago.

5) Do you mind my opening the window?

6) They teach the blind to read Braille.

7) He did not know what to say.

8) I wonder if you’d like to go with us.

9) Before the sales started, I made a list of what my kids would need for the coming season.

5.宾语补足语（复合宾语的第二部分）

在宾语的后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分称为宾语补足语。

找出下列句子的宾补：

1) We made him our monitor.

2) I don’t believe the story true.

3) He found the meeting over when he arrived there.

4) You should put your things in order.

5) The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.

6) We saw the pupils playing basketball.

7) He tried to make himself understood.

6.定语：用来修饰n.或pron.的成分是定语。单词作定语时常放在它所修饰的n.之前，但修饰复合代词（即nothing, anything, everything, something等）时，放在其后。短语和从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的n.之后。

找出下列句子的定语：

1) We will build our motherland into a great modern socialist country.

2) I have something important to tell you.

3) There are few women workers in the factory.

4) The oil workers here come from Daqing.

5) We have got ten desks in the room.

6) Yesterday the scientist made a report on modern science.

7) As he has a lot of work to do, he is often the last one to leave the office after work.

8) This is the new dictionary which I bought yesterday.

9) The girl playing the violin is Li’s younger sister.

10) The dormitory built last year is for post-graduate.

7.同位语：

在一个n.或pron.后面，对前面的性质或情况作进一步说明，这样的词或结构叫做同位语。结构：n./pron.+同位语

找出下面句子里的同位语：

1) They girls may go there by bus.

2) This is Miss Green, the new English teacher.

3) We all wanted to see her.

4) You three go and look for it in your room.

5) You may leave this work to us two.

6) We are facing the question whether he has known it.

8.状语

修饰v., adj., adv., 介词短语，从句或全句的成分是状语。修饰adj.的状语常放adj.之前，修饰v.的状语常放v.之后。但有些表频率的adv.(如often, always, usually 等)作状语时，则放行为动词之前。

找出下列句子的状语：

1) He knows how to teach English properly.

2) My parents often tell us about their life in the past.

3) We have been best friends since primary school.

4) He will leave for Shanghai the day after tomorrow.

5) He came here to see his parents.

6) Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful.

7) He heard some noises when he was reading.

9.插入语

就是指插在句子中间，对句子起补充或附加的说明的成分，常用逗号与句子其他成分隔开。一般说来，插入语与句中其他部分没有语法上的联系，若将其去掉，句子结构仍然完整。

1）Most important of all, these activities have strengthened their ties with the working people.

2）We must be back before midnight；otherwise ，we’ll be locked out.

3）The boy is not foolish. On the contrary, I think he is very clever.

4）Judging from [by] his accent, he may be from the south.

5）To tell the truth, the film was a great disappointment to me.

6）He learns easily, and what’s more, he remembers what he has learnt.

Note: 1）掌握五种基本句型，记住每个句子成分的位置，造句就不会语法错误。2）读长难句时，要先找句子主干，再看修饰成分和短语（固定结构），句子意思便一目了然。

翻译：

1) He made a lot of scientific discoveries that he shared with the world, particular in the field of astronomy.

2) In 1985, there was little rainfall in Ethiopia, which led to destroyed harvests and killed cattle.

3) The severity of this catastrophe shocked Bob Geldof, an Irish musician who organized a charity concert called Live Aid to raise money for famine victims in Ethiopia.