高考英语全国卷中细节概括题和细节推断题

湖南省郴州市第二中学杨兵林（英语QQ415648152群管理员）高考英语全国卷中，除在专门考查考生寻读(scanning)能力的信息类文本中考查直接信息题外，其他细节题一般要求考生进行同义转换，即选出与文中信息点的意思相同但表达方式不同的选项。但是，有的细节题并不只是要求考生进行简单的转换，而是要求考生对两个或多个信息点进行概括或进行推断，才可选出正确选项。

一、细节概括题

有时仅将同一句话中的两个具体信息点概括起来，用一个抽象的词来代替。

例1

(2016年全国Ⅲ卷) Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored (监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people' s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.

32. What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?

A. News reports.

B. Research papers.

C. Private e-mails.

D. Daily conversations.

解析：由第一段第二句Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers可知，“那些经典规则适用于晚上的广播和早报。”其中，“晚上的广播和早报(the evening broadcasts and the morning papers)”概括地说，就是“新闻媒体”，其内容都是“新闻报道(News reports)”，故选A项。

选项B“研究论文”，选项C“私人邮件”，选项D“日常交谈”均与此段内容无关，属无中生有。只是命题人利用了该段出现的researchers让选项B有一定迷感性，利用文中的people’s e-mails 让选项C具有迷感性。也可以说是断章取义，仅借用原文中的一两个单词来表达与原文不同的意思。

有时会要求考生将几句话或一个段话中的多个信息点进行概括。

有时会要求考生将几句话或一个段话中的多个信息点进行概括。

例2

(2017年全国Ⅲ卷)

The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations—major food sources (来源) for the wolf—grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In

the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park' s red foxes, and completely drove away the park' s beavers.

30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?

A. Damage to local ecology.

B. A decline in the park' s income.

C. Preservation of vegetation.

D. An increase in the variety of animals.

解析：第一句告诉我们本段的主旨是谈灰狼消失所带来的意想不到的后果。什么后果？“鹿和

麋鹿的数量——灰狼的主要食物——迅速增加。这些动物吃掉大量的植被，这就减少了园内植物的多样性。没有了灰狼，山狗也迅速增加，它们又吃掉大部分的红狐，也把海狸全部赶走了。”概括起来，就是“破坏了当地的生态”，故选A项。

选项B“公园的收入减少了”，在文中没有相关信息支撑，属无中生有。

选项C“植被保护”，与文中所述事实恰恰相反。属是非颠倒。

选项D“动物种类的增加”，而文中只是说没有了灰狼后，鹿和山狗的数量增加，而不是动物种类增加，属张冠李戴。

例3

(2016年全国Ⅲ卷)

“I don' t make them up,” she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years. “I don' t have to.”

Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty' s people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that, at 78, her left ear has now given out. Sometimes, sitting on a bus or a train, she hears only a fragment (片断) of a particularly interesting story.

27. What can we learn about the characters in Welty' s fiction?

A. They live in big cities.

B. They are mostly women.

C. They come from real life.

D. They are pleasure seekers.

解析：由该篇倒数第二段(上面的第一段)所述，就她在大约50年来的小说里的人物，她说“我

没有虚构他们(I don' t make them up)”“我也不必虚构(I don' t have to)。”那么，这些人物来自哪里呢？

最后一段中Welty' s people come from…from…from…具体讲述了她故事中人物的来历。她的人物来自于跟老朋友闲聊，来自于走街串巷，来自于在公交车上无意中所听到。因此，可概括为“现实生活”，故选C项。

选项A“他们生活在大城市”，选项B“他们大多是妇女”，选项D“他们是快乐的追寻者”在文中都找不到信息支撑，均属无中生有。

二、细节判断题