汉英翻译

汉英翻译

正确确立单句的主干：

1主语的确立：

英语主语的严格性，只能由名词（或）代词，例如We can solve the problem. This problem can be solved in many ways.）或具有名词语法功能的语言单位（如动词不定式、动名词、名词性从句>一般指主语从句，例如To solve this problem needs patience. Working ingeniously >adj.有独创性的，具有创造才能的adv. working ingeniously有才能地，巧干> may help you learn English well. It is not known yet whether they will return today.）来充当。

2．直接用原文的主语

1) 如果不适当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。

Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.

2) 如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。

If vocabulary is the “building materials”for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts”of writings.

3．替换主语以符合英语表达

1) ①鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，②他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨，③这是殖民地半殖民地人民最可宝贵的性格。

Lu Hsun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy－拍马屁，奉承or obsequiousness－谄媚; this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial people.

原文由意义上相互联系，结构上却相互独立的三个小句组成复句。主语分别为名词“骨头”、代词“他”和“这”。译者将①②合为一个分句，改原来作定语的“鲁迅”为主语，同时舍弃了“骨头是最硬的”这个在汉语中比喻人的品格“刚正不阿”的形象，以 a man of unyielding integrity 这一意译的方式取而代之；“性格”（this quality）一词原在句③充当谓语的述宾结构中的宾语，现改作主语，译文曲尽原意，语言自然。如若搬照原文的主语，死译硬译，则成为典型的中式英语。试比较一下译文：

Lu Hsun’s bones were the hardest; he was free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness; this is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial people.

2) 胎又瘪了。

We’ve got another flat tire.

The tire turns flat again?

3) 人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。

It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints. (刘鹗《老残游记》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

试比较一下译文(不好):

We can’t judge people from their appearance, just as we can’t measure the ocean by pints.

4．找出译文中合适的主语

1) 在历史上，由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。

The constant change of the course of the Changjiang River in history helped form a great many

lakes in the areas around Wuhan-a city in central China.

Because of the constant change of the course of the Changjiang River in history, there have formed>vi.形成a great many lakes (“there be”, “a great many lakes”) in the areas around Wuhan-a city in central China.

2) 健康不佳就无法有效工作。（表示条件的主语用抽象的英语名词短语表达）

Poor health may cause one’s inefficiency at work.

One’s poor health will incapacitate>使不能胜任him for efficient work (from efficient work). You cannot work efficiently if you are in poor health. >口语体

3) 北京地区由于近些年加强了植树造林，在一些地方飞来了稀有的鸟类。

The expansion of woods in some places around Beijing these years attracts quite a few rare birds. Quite a few rare birds come to settle down in some places around Beijing thanks to the expansion of woods there these years.

4) 世纪交替，千年更迭，人类社会的发展正在揭开新的篇章。

The turn of the century has opened a new chapter in the development of human society.

5) 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。

The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.

At the turn of the century, China is most active in its diplomatic activities.

5．主语的客观性

1) 你做这事不费吹灰之力。

It is very easy for you to do such a thing.

2) 决定把这问题提到下次会上讨论。

It was decided to bring the matter up at the next meeting.

3) 这时我激动得说不出话来。

Words fail me here.

I am too excited/stirred/agitated to utter any words.

(前一表示激动人心的那种，后两个表示焦躁，不安产生的激动等)

6．英语多用被动式

1) 成都新改建的府南河两岸将修建许多草坪和居民大楼。

Plenty of lawns and apartment houses will be built along both the banks of the newly-renovated Funan River.

2) 公共场所禁止吸烟。

Smoking is forbidden in public places.

3) 这件事至今还没有得出正确的结论。

So far no correct conclusion has been drawn on the matter.

4) 有明显的迹象表明，一些古老的传统和价值观不再为年轻人所珍藏。

Obvious signs show that some old traditions and values are not cherished by youth any more.

5) 收音机的成本降低了80％。

The cost of radio sets was reduced by 80%.

6) 可以预见，在一个不太长的时间内，中国必在科学技术方面赶上世界最先进的国家。

It can be predicted that China will certainly catch up with the most advanced nations in the world in science and technology in not too long a time.

7．There be专练

1) 好像有点不大对头。

There seems something wrong about it.

2) 古今中外，在商贸市场上历来都是大鱼吃小鱼。

There exists a law (“there be”, the logical subject to be “a law”, latent in the context) at all times and in all countries that the great fish eat up the small in the world of business.

3) 古今中外，这种情况概莫能外。

There is no exception to this in modern or ancient times, in China or elsewhere.

9．谓语的确立：谓语只能由动词（系动词或实义动词）或动词短语担当。

1）北京很好玩。

Beijing is a great city to have fun.

2）北京外来人口逐年增多。

The number of people from other places in Beijing increases year by year.

3）从北京乘火车到郑州要花十多个小时。

It takes more than ten hours to ride by train from Beijing to Zhengzhou, the capital city of Henan province near Beijing.

4）总统明天准备乘专机前往上海参观访问。

The president prepares to go to Shanghai by his special plane for a visit tomorrow.

5）晚上过来跟我们一块打保龄球如何？

Would you come to join us for playing bowling this evening?

10．注意谓语动词的选择的准确性

1）中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。

The central government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR. (refrain from doing sth> 克制自己不去干预，intervene>不干预也不想干预之意思)

2）中国经济将融入世界经济的大潮。

The economy of China will converge with that of the world. (merge into>意为消没在。。。之中，不恰当)

3）新的景点不断出现，观光人数不断增加，地区经济也有了很大发展。

The emergence of one new scenic spot after another and the influx of more and more tourists have also boosted the economy.

Differences from culture, grammar and mode of thinking:

Culture：“中国的文化是向模糊、朦胧及总体的方向走, 而西方是向准确而具体的方向走。中文的表达方式不够准确这一点, 假如在写法律是一个缺点的话, 写诗却是一个优点。”（杨振宁）

Grammar：“中国语法是软的, 富有弹性。西洋语法是硬的, 没有弹性。”（王力）

Mode of thinking: “东方人和西方人的思想方式有基本分歧。东方人重综合、重归纳、重暗示、重含蓄；西方人则重分析, 细微曲折、挖掘惟恐不尽, 描写惟恐不周。”（傅雷）

汉译英, 即从一种“重暗示、重含蓄”的语言到一种“挖掘惟恐不尽, 描写惟恐不周”语言的过渡。这种过渡必然包含措辞由简入繁的必然变化。

翻译：

从我居室的窗口望出去, 可以看到一棵高高的芙蓉树。在那烟树参差的春日里, 花红点点, 煞是迷人。它牵动我的灵感, 撩拨我的文思, 久而久之, 我竟视这位隔窗而立的“邻居”为知己了。

可是, 有一个早晨, 我推窗而望, 蓦然发现昨夜的一场风雨已将它剥蚀得面目全非。立时, 一种“繁华落尽”的悲凉掠过了我的心头，我不由感慨系之：在人生道路上磕磕碰碰, 几经周折, 几度沧桑, 又一次次地失落了许多至爱的朋友, 生命不正如这随风而逝的繁华吗？这件事过了些时日, 也就渐渐地淡忘了。一次,我下乡归来, 感觉到室内空气有些沉闷, 就不经意地打开了窗户, 顿觉眼前一亮：一树火红的三角梅映人眼帘, 它在夕阳的背景下定格。意外的惊喜使我几乎不能自制, 我诧异, 当初在落英的背后, 为什么没有发现在萌动着的不屈的生命呢？

是的, 芙蓉的最后一叶花瓣凋落了, 人们对它的嘉许也遗忘在往昔的记忆里, 可是三角梅却成长了, 那火焰般灿烂耀眼的红色向人们昭示着生命的更迭与延续。谁能说, 失去与获得不是一曲交响乐呢？

我久久地伫立在窗前, 深深感悟到生命中没有四时不变的风景, 只要心永远朝着阳光, 你就会发现, 每个早晨都会有清丽而又朦胧的憧憬在你的窗前旋转、升腾, 这个世界永远传送着希望的序曲。