最新人教版选修6《非可再生资源合理开发利用对策》教案

最新人教版选修6《非可再生资源合理开发利用对策》教案
最新人教版选修6《非可再生资源合理开发利用对策》教案

最新人教版选修6《非可再生资源合理开发利用对策》教案课时安排:2课时

教学目的:

1.结合实例,理解非可再生资源的特点。

2.知道主要化石燃料的分布概况。

3.结合实例,理解化石燃料在开发与利用中的环境问题。

4.结合实例,说明合理开发与利用化石燃料的主要措施。

5.了解发展多元化结构的能源系统的重要意义,以及主要可再生能源的优势和不足。

教学重难点:

重点:

1.理解化石燃料在开发与利用中的环境问题。

2.合理开发与利用化石燃料的主要措施。

3.主要可再生能源的优势和不足。

难点:

发展多元化结构的能源系统的重要意义

教具准备:多媒体课件

教学方法:讲授法、案例分析法、探究教学法等

教学过程:

第一课时

漫画导入:图中的能源,属于非可再生资源有那些?

非可再生资源(如化石燃料、金属矿产、非金属矿产等)是在一定条件下经过漫长的地质年代形成的,用一点,少一点,目前人类正面临一些非可再生资源濒临耗竭的问题,对于化石燃料的合理开发利用已引起世界各国的普遍关注,如何才能解决其开发与消费中所产生的多种环境问题呢?

一、化石燃料的合理开发与利用

(一)化石燃料的基本概念

主要指煤炭、石油、天然气、油页岩等矿物燃料。它们是重要的非可再生资源,也是人类目前主要利用的能源。石油是地质时期的低等生物(如浮游生物)大量沉积在湖泊或海洋中变成有机质,通过复杂的地质作用(如地壳变动等)富集起来的

煤炭是千百万年来植物在地面上堆积而成的一层极厚的黑色的腐植质,由于地壳的变动不断地埋入地下,长期与空气隔绝,并在高温高压下,经过一系列复杂的物理化学变化等因素, 天然气系古生物遗骸长期沉积地下,经慢慢转化及变质裂解而产生之气态碳氢化合物,具可燃性,多在油田开采原油时伴随而出

有一种石头叫油页岩,它同石油一样,是由生物的残体混同泥沙变成的,所以可以用来炼

,是一国发展的最重要战略资源之一。

2.能源工业对于经济与社会的可持续发展以及民生保障都极为重要。保障能源供应、确保经济安全以及解决能源消费中出现的环境问题,已受到世界各国的共同关注。

3.是世界第二大能源消费国和第三大能源生产国,能源问题是我国21世纪进行现代化建设必须解决的重大问题。

(二)化石燃料的分布

总特征:各种化石燃料在地球上分布很不均衡。

2. 其优劣评价指标:等级和品质

(1)等级:指含碳量、燃烧热量及挥发分含量;

(2)品质:由硫、灰分、其他有害物的含量决定。

3.那一类煤的质量差?污染大?

通常以无烟煤质量最优,褐煤最差。燃烧优质煤,单位质量提供的热量高,释放污染少。燃烧质量差的煤,释放污染大。

4.思考大气污染的主要来源是什么?

从而让学生认识到能源生产和消费是大气污染的主要来源。

我国经济发达的广大南方地区石油资源少,煤炭资源也少,但能源的需求量很大,能源的生产和消费之间矛盾突出。再加上世界能源发展的总趋势是使用高效清洁的能源,而天然气是目前最清洁的高效矿物能源之一,其开采、运输、利用过程中对环境造成的不良影响小,这是我国实施“西气东输”工程的两个主要原因。

(三)化石燃料的消耗与前景

1.全世界每年都要消耗大量的能源,发达国家与发展家能源消耗水平差异很大。发达国家能源消耗普遍较高,发展家能源消耗普遍较低。

例如,占世界人口5%的美国,能源消耗却占世界的25%:而占世界人口15%的印度,只消耗世界能源的1.5%。

2.能源资源丰富多样,但是由于人口众多,目前人均能源资源相对不足。

人均煤炭探明储量,只相当于世界平均水平的50%,人均石油可采储量仅为世界平均值的10%。能源消耗总量仅低于美国,居世界第二位,但人均消耗能源水平很低,还不到世界人均能耗的1/3。

3.全球能源的年消耗量仍在增长。

由于目前全世界使用的能源大部分取自煤炭、石油和天然气。这些非可再生的资源能供

,思考以下问题。

全球石油还能开采多少年

据石油专家们粗略估计,人类自1973年以来共向地球索取800亿吨石油。目前,地球上石油储量大约还有1 370亿吨。按照现在全世界每年开采30亿吨石油计算,地球上的石油还可供人类开采45—50年。但是随着新油田的发现,人类使用石油的时间可能还会延长。

1.你认为石油资源会不会耗竭?

石油资源会耗竭。因为石油资源是非可再生资源,它们的生成需要亿万年的时间并且具备一定的地质条件,就其总量来说用一点,少一点,加之人类消耗石油矿物燃料在快速增长,所以石油最终会耗竭

2.如果石油资源开采完了,会对人类活动产生哪些影响?

石油不仅是人类优质的能源,更重要的是优质的化工原料,所以石油资源耗竭会影响化学工业的发展和生产、生活所需的能源,进而影响人们正常的生产和生活。

3.你认为人们可以采取哪些措施来应对石油资源的耗竭?

提高化石燃料的利用率,开发替代能源,面向可再生能源,发展新能源,日益减少石油单,延长人类使用石油的时间。

,可让学生在课下收集相关资料,以正方、反方的形,以锻炼学生的语言表达能力、逻辑思维能力和临时应变能力等。化石燃料耗竭后对人类的影响,以及人类应该采取哪些措施来应对资源的耗竭问题等,也可以组织学生展开讨论,让学生各抒己见,仁者见仁,智者见智,为培养学生的想像能力和创新能力提供足够的空间。

(四)化石燃料开发与利用中的环境问题

当今世界能源消耗中,煤炭的比重仍然较为重要,我国能源生产和消费构成中,煤炭更占有主要地位,在目前一次能源中约占70%。煤炭在开采、运输和利用过程中可能对环境造

1.采用科学方法开采化石燃料资源,提高资源的回收率,改变乱采滥挖、采富弃贫、破坏矿产资源的现象,减少生产过程中对资源的严重耗损。

2.在能源资源开发与使用中,环境保护措施要与主体工程同时设计、同时施工、同时验收、同时投入使用。要防止各种有机、无机污染物在资源开发过程中进入大气、水体、土壤,引起环境污染问题。

3.在生产中应保护耕地,合理利用土地。因开采能源而扰动、破坏土地,造成地面塌陷时,由采矿者负责进行复垦,恢复到可利用状态。

4.对化石燃料进行深加工和精加工,包括发展煤炭洗选加工,实现脱硫,推广洁净煤技术

等,减少在利用过程中对环境的不良影响。

,在化石燃料中尽可能使用天然气。

,你建议社区、学校可以采取哪些措施?

,做,对于本组题应充分发挥学生的思考潜能,展开讨论,并给予充分的评价。

P31案例7,让学生收集过去、现在、未来能源结构状况方面的资

,实施的一些主要工程等,再在此基础上分析能源结构调整的重要意义(从环境保护的角度分析)和成功的经验。

板书设计

化石燃料的合理开发与利用

一、化石燃料的合理开发与利用

(一)化石燃料的基本概念

(二)化石燃料的分布

总特征:各种化石燃料在地球上分布

很不均衡。

1.煤炭分布

2.石油和天然气的分布

(三)化石燃料的消耗与前景

(四)化石燃料开发与利用中的环境问题

(五)化石燃料合理开发与利用的主要措施

第二课时

导入:

我们上节课学习了化石燃料的合理开发与利用,在20世纪60年代以来,世界能源结构已经由石油时代逐渐过渡到包括石油、天然气、煤炭和核能、水电等多种能源互相补充、竞相发展的时代。

二、发展多元化结构的能源系统的必要性

1.从全球发展趋势看,由于人口数量增长,人均能源消费量增长,人类对能源资源的需求持续增长。

2.化石燃料的使用对环境造成不良影响,由此引发的全球环境问题日益显著。

所以,今后世界能源的总趋势是发展多元化结构的能源系统和高效、清洁的能源技术。

三、多元化结构的能源系统

从能源的分布、特点、利用等方面进行分析

(一)太阳能

1.人类利用太阳能的两种转换形式:

(1)光热转换,如太阳灶

(2)光电转换,如太阳能电池

2.特点:

(1)能量巨大

太阳每时每刻都以光和热的形式释放着巨大的能量,每秒钟辐射到达地球表面的能量,相当于600万吨标准煤所释放的能量,并且在今后几十亿年里是用之不尽的。

(2)清洁

太阳能没有污染。

(3)分散

太阳能只能在晴天获得,并且能量中大部分消耗于大气、水的循环和植物的生长,现在被人类直接利用的还很少,其最主要原因是太阳能比较分散,不如常规能源集中。

3.影响太阳能分布的因素

【投影】我国太阳总辐射量分布图。

大家是否可以总结出太阳能分布受到哪些因素影响呢?

(1)纬度因素

(2)地形因素

太阳能在地表分布分散,由于技术、资金等原因,太阳能的能量远远还没有被充分利用,这也是科学界正在研究的问题,我们学生从现在起要学好科技知识,为将来太阳能开发做出贡献,你或许能成为一个太阳能专家。

(二)风能

1.风能的特点

(1)可再生能源

风能实际上是一种间接形式的太阳能。有人估计,每年地球上风的能量相当于3 200亿吨标准煤的能量。

(2)风力、风向不稳定

风可以用来推动涡轮机转动而产生电流。在地表的盛行风带和季风气候区中,一般风向比较稳定,但风速却存在显著差异。如:我国东部季风区中冬季盛行偏北风,夏季盛行偏南风,风向虽然较稳定,但风力大小却有一级至十二级之差。由于风速稳定的地方少,风力又有季节性和短期变化,而且风力丰沛地区不一定是人口密集或经济发达区。因此,风力发电往往存在着储存和输送问题。

(3)清洁的能源

利用风力发电,成本较低,而且不会产生空气污染。

?

,应考虑建在风力较强的沿海、牧区以及偏

(三)水能

1.水能的特点

(1)世界上使用最广泛的可再生能源(目前)

(2)发电成本较低(当大坝和电厂建成后)

(3)能源清洁

(4)大坝的建设可能会对库区及其周围地区的环境带来不利的影响(图3.14)。

3.14,分析水坝建设对环境可能造成的有利影响与不良影响。

.我国水能资源的分布

我国水能资源极为丰富,可开发的水能约有3.8亿千瓦,居世界首位。但按人口平均的可开发水能资源仅为世界平均数的60%,并且分布很不均匀(图3.15)

(四)潮汐能

(1)潮汐的概念:太阳与月球的引力使地球上的海水呈周期性的涨落。白天海水上涨叫“潮”,晚—水上涨叫“汐”。

(2)分布:巨大的潮汐能蕴藏在狭窄的海湾、浅海、江河入海口。

(3)潮汐能发电原理:在海湾或河口上建造一个稍低的大坝,以拦截涨潮时涌入的海水,拦在大坝里的水流经大坝时推动水轮发电机组而发电。

(4)潮汐能特点:干净、无污染。

(五)生物能——沼气

2.利用农业生产本身提供的生物物质制取沼气,不但可以合理、经济、有效利用生物能,提高燃烧热能的利用率,解决农村生活燃料的不足,而且还有许多其他好处,如,⑴缓解农村燃料同饲料、肥料之间的矛盾;⑵实现秸秆还田,增加土壤有机质含量,稳定和提高土壤肥力,

,保护林木生长等。

,有什么相似点和?

,操作简单。

地热能

1.概况:地热能是地球内部蕴藏的巨大热量,包括地下热岩和热液中所储存的能量。现在被开发利用的多为后者。

2.存在形式:

干蒸汽(不含水滴)——最便于开发利用,如意、美、日以此开发电力。

湿蒸汽(含水滴)

热水——如冰岛的雷克雅未克,以此为居民供热和进行温室栽培。3.用途:发电、取暖、建地热温室等。

如:我国西藏的羊八井也是地热能丰富的地方,那里的地热能已经用于发电。

4.特点:

而且更新速度较慢。

⑴干净、无污染的燃料。

⑵燃烧值高。

⑶将氢气可以通过冷却、加压,变成液态氢。液态氢燃烧时产生的热量更高,能够通过管道运输。

2.优势

人们首先将它使用在汽车上,以氢为燃料,汽车在低温下也能发动。液态氢是导弹、火箭和宇宙飞船的最佳燃料。曾经多次飞往月球的“阿波罗”宇宙飞船,就是用液态氢作为燃料的。

板书设计

发展多元化结构的能源系统的必要性

三、多元化结构的能源系统

(一)太阳能

1.人类利用太阳能的两种转换形式:

2.特点:

(1)能量巨大

(2)清洁

(3)分散

3.影响太阳能分布的因素

(1)纬度因素

(2)地形因素

(二)风能

1.风能的特点

(1)可再生能源

(2)风力、风向不稳定

(3)清洁的能源

2.风能的利用——风力发电

(三)水能

1.水能的特点

2.我国水能资源的分布(四)潮汐能

(五)生物能——沼气

(六)地热能

最新人教版高中英语选修六各单元阅读全英文教案(全册 共5个单元)

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