2021届新高考英语一轮复习阅读理解专项训练(3)健康环保类

2021届新高考英语一轮复习阅读理解专项训练（3）

健康环保类

1.From talking robots and video phones to rovers on Mars, technology has become so advanced that the previously impossible seems to occur on a daily basis. And yet – we still have no cure for the common cold.

Why can’t we st op the common cold? According to Peter Barlow, a scientist at Edinburgh Napier University in the UK, the main challenge lies in the many different types of cold viruses that are produced by the rhinoviruses (鼻病毒). There are at least 160 types. They mutate (突变) so easily that they quickly become resistant to drugs, or learn to hide from our immune systems. In other words, a single cure isn’t likely to work on every type of cold.

However, researchers from Stanford University and the University of California, San Francisco, have found a possible answer. They discovered a protein that the viruses need. Without it, they can’t spread inside your body.

To identify the gene which produces the specific protein needed by the viruses, researchers used a gene-editing technique to test all genes in the human genome (基因组) one by one for thousands of cells. These modified (改变的) cells were then exposed to a range of enteroviruses(肠病毒), including the rhinoviruses which cause the common cold. All the viruses were unable to replicate (复制) inside cells without a gene that produces a specific protein, called methyltransferase SETD3.

Then, they tested genetically modified mice, which were completely unable to produce the protein. The mice were able to live healthy, normal lives wit hout the protein. “Lacking that gene protected the mice completely from viral infection.” associate professor Jan Carette, from Stanford, told the BBC. “These mice would always die, but they survived and we saw a very strong reduction in viral replication and very strong protection.”

Carette said the plan is to find a drug which can temporarily suppress (抑制) the protein, instead of producing genetically modified humans. “We have identified a fantastic target that all enteroviruses and rhinoviruses require and depend on. Take that away and the virus really has no chance.” said Carette. “This is a really good first step – the second step is to have a chemical that mimics (模拟) this genetic deletion.” he added.

1.What does Peter Barlow think is the main problem for prevention of the common cold?

A.The slow mutation of some genes.

B.The fast speed at which rhinoviruses spread.

C.The wide variety of cold viruses created by rhinoviruses.

D.The harm rhinoviruses do to the immune system.

2.What can we learn about the protein needed by the viruses?

A.It allows the viruses to mutate easily.

B.It helps the viruses replicate inside our bodies.

C.It helps the viruses become resistant to drugs.

D.It accelerates the speed at which the viruses spread.

3.What did the researchers discover in their gene-editing study?

A.The modified cells seemed to protect the mice against viral infections.

B.Genetically modified mice died because they lacked the protein.

C.More methyltransferase SETD3 was produced after the cells were modified.

D.The gene-editing technique was more effective against enteroviruses than rhinoviruses.

4.What do the researchers most probably do next, according to Carette?

A.Conduct experiments on genetically modified humans.

B.Apply this gene-editing technique to control other viruses.

C.Identify a drug that can help reduce the protein.

D.Find a chemical that can cure all enteroviruses and rhinoviruses.

2. Feeding birds is a popular way to watch wildlife. But experts say it might put wild birds at risk.

Feeding birds is not necessary for their survival except in extreme weather conditions. Feeders(喂鸟器) can definitely help birds get through that kind of weather. But most birds eat insects and show little interest in bird feeders. For those birds, we can grow native plants in a natural environment. Birds which are fond of eating seeds will be more likely to come to feeders if there is some cover nearby. This lets them feed and then fly to protective areas, such as in trees.

The most common mistake people make with their bird feeders is that they put feeders in places where birds are easily frightened by passers-by, risk being hurt by cats, or risk flying into windows.

So set up a bird feeder at least one meter away from a window. That way, if a bird gets frightened, it won't get killed when it hits the glass. Owners of cats should keep them inside home so they can't hurt the birds.

Some birds are more aggressive at feeders. They eat a lot and do not leave much food for other birds. A solution is to put the food in more than one place by using different kinds of seeds or fruits. This can also increase the number and diversity of birds in your neighborhood. But don't feed wild birds anything salty, like potato chips, or food that could choke them, like bread.

Pay attention to food quality and freshness. Unprotected food left too long in feeders will turn moldy(发霉的), which can kill wildlife. Another word of advice: Always provide a supply of clean water for birds, but use care when looking for the right birdbath. If the birdbaths are too deep for birds, putting a few large stones in the water can give the birds a place to sit.

(1) What's the most common mistake about feeding birds?

A.Putting feeders at improper places.

B.Providing food at inappropriate time.

C.Leaving feeders unprotected.

D.Supplying dirty and deep water.

(2) Which of the following may not be suitable for feeding birds?

A. Seeds.

B. Bread.

C.Fruit.

D.Insects.

(3) The author advises helping more birds by.

A.increasing the number of feeders

B.cleaning the birds with clean water

C.putting more large stones in the feeders

D.keeping aggressive birds away from the feeders

(4) What is the text mainly about?

A.Problems with bird feeding.

B.Where to place bird feeders.

C.Popular ways of protecting wild birds.

D.How to feed wild birds safely and healthily.

3. Thousands of teenagers face rising lack of sleep and the number of admissions to hospitals has been increasing over the past six years. Rating it just behind obesity(肥胖症), anxiety and mental health, experts have described it the fourth hidden health disaster for teenagers.

Data from NHS Digital show that admissions with sleep disorders among those aged 19 and under have risen from 605,200 in 2013 to 940,290 in 2019, although sleep disorders in the other age groups have fallen noticeably at the same period of time. Mandy Gurney from Millpond Sleep

Clinic, a private children’s sleep clinic in London, said that there was a 30% rise in sleep-related disorders among teenagers last year.

“It is a very worrying increase, especially if this rate keeps going up,” Gurney said. She added that prescriptions for melatonin, a hormone (荷尔蒙) the body produces naturally in reaction to darkness and helps prepare us for sleep, had also risen. “We feel that the rise in sleep problems is very much based on anxiety — school pressure, peer pressure and, in particular, social media addiction.”

Vicki Dawson, founder of the Children's Sleep Charity, said her organization was flooded by families’ calls see king help. She said the rise in sleep disorders was partly due to the blue light from screens that suppresses the production of melatonin. “We are increasingly seeing families where both parents are out working, which means that traditional bedtime routines may be rushed or abandoned all together,” she said. “More often than not, children are left to the company of screens.”

1.What can we learn from Mandy Gurney’s words?

A.Melatonin is an effective cure for sleep disorders.

B.Sleep problems are becoming the most serious health crisis.

C.It is the social media that lead to the sleep disorders among the students.

D.She is particularly concerned about the fast rise of sleep disorders among teenagers.

2.Which of the following best explains the underlined word “suppresses” in paragraph 4?

A.Multiply.

B.Changes.

C.Reduces.

D.Monitors.

3.Where can you find the data that best support “sleep disorders are on the rise among teenagers”?

A.In paragraph 1.

B.In paragraph 2.

C.In paragraph 3.

D.In paragraph 4.

4.What is the text mainly about?

A.The serious consequences of lack of sleep.

B.The measures to improve school children's sleep.

C.The relationship between screen time and mental health.

D.The sleep problem among the teenagers and the causes.

4.In recent times, becoming vegetarian or vegan has become more popular, but is still not the best option for many.If you may be contemplating removing meat from your diet but do not want to go completely meat-free, perhaps try going meat-free for just one day a week.

Sharon Palmer, a registered dietician and author of Plant-Powered for Life, discusses how “Research consistently shows that plant-based diets are linked with a lower risk of obesity, hypertension, heart disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer.”

She continues, “Even going meatless one day a week can make a difference, as you increase all of those whole plant foods—beans, whole grains, nuts, seeds, vegetables, fruits—and decrease more animal foods, in particular red and processed meat.High intakes of these foods have been

li nked with increased disease risk.”

Deciding to have a more plant-based diet also increases your intake of fiber, vitamins, healthy fats and minerals.To help to do, stocking your fridge with a variety of beans, seasonal veggies, whole grains, herbs, nuts, a nd seeds is Palmer’s secret to eating more plant-based meals.

Palmer’s other recommendation is “plantifying” your favorite dishes.“Just make your favorite entrees or meals plant-based, with a few swaps.If you love taco Tuesday, make your tacos veggie by skipping the meat and serving black beans or a vegetarian mushroom tofu filling.If you love Indian food, skip the chicken masala and have chickpea masala instead.These will be foods you already love and are familiar with.”

Her biggest advice is to pick one day a week to follow through with this and mark it on your calendar.“I love the Meatless Monday idea because people often start their best behaviors at the beginning of the week.… However, there may be a better day of the week for you, so just plan it,” Palmer said.

1.In the first paragraph, the underlined word “contemplating” most probably means “_______”.

A.stopping

B.delaying

C.resisting

D.considering

2.The writer mentions Sharon Palmer as a registered dietician and author of a book probably because he wants his readers to_______.

A.firmly believe Palmer’s advice

B.better understand Palmer’s theory

C.buy Palmer’s popular book

D.know the popularity of Palmer’s advice

3.To “plantify” your favorite dishes, you just________.

A.try going meat-free just one day a week

B.stock your fridge with whole plant foods

https://www.360docs.net/doc/1517601351.html,e vegetable fillings, not meat for jiaozi

D.plan a meatless day of the week as you like

4.From the text we can conclude that Palmer’s advice is________.

A.theoretical

B.practical

C.boring

D.unrealistic

5. When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn't cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装)enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠).

Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. "It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur - unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year" says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.

Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.

Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. "The ecosystem down there can't handle this non-native species(物种).It's destroying the environment. It's them or us." says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.

The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.

Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it's not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Mouton's job these days is trying to promote fur.

Then there's Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Model Paige Morgan says, "To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them-I think that's going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York." Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She's trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.

6. On a clear night in 1994, an earthquake hit Los Angeles and caused a city-wide power cut just before dawn. Awake in surprise, some residents who had escaped outside called various emergency centers to report a mysterious cloud overhead.

That unusual object turned out to be the band of the Milky Way, which had long been unclear from view by the city's lights.

Arguably, the light bulb (电灯泡)is the most transformative invention humans have introduced to this planet. By pressing a switch or pushing a button, we can lift the veil(面纱) would naturally

cover our lives each night. Now, we work long after the sun sinks below the horizon. We play games outside far into the night. We more safely wander around city streets after dark.

But if light bulbs have a dark side, it's that they have stolen the night. The extra light brightening our environments is endangering ecosystems by harming animals whose life cycles depend on the dark. We're endangering ourselves by changing the biochemical rhythms(节律)that normally go out and flow with natural light levels. And in a basic sense, we've lost our connection to nighttime skies, on the basis of which our ancestors made up their star-related stories, timed the planting and harvesting of crops, and inferred the physical laws governing the universe.

"The disappearance of the night sky is tied up with our ever more fast-paced world," says Amanda Gormley of the Tucson-based International Dark-Sky Association. "We lose something vital; we lose a part of ourselves when we lose access to the night sky. We lose that sense of stillness that should be right over our heads every night."

Now, as the consequences of light pollution arise out of the shadows and into the spotlight, cities, regulatory agencies, and conservation groups are seeking solutions. And in some areas, lots of improvements are already in place, powered by a new wave of cheaper, more energy-saving light bulbs.

(1).Why is the earthquake hitting Los Angeles mentioned?

A.To witness its serious damage.

B.To lead in the topic of the text.

C.To state its influence on the city.

D.To tell backgrounds of the text.

(2).What is the fourth paragraph mainly about?

A.Dark nights.

B.Endangered ecosystems.

C.Light pollution.

D.Brightened environments.

(3).How does the author sound in the last paragraph?

A.Hopeful.

B.Concerned

C.Doubtful

D.Academic.

(4).What can be a suitable title for the text?

A.Bulbs: A Revolutionary Invention to Humans

B.Conflict: A World with Light and Stillness

C.Earth Is Paying the Price for Brighter Nights

D.The World Cannot Go Without the Night Sky

答案以及解析

1.答案：1.C;

2.B;

3.A;

4.C

解析：1.推理判断题.根据第一段"From talking robots and video phones, technology has become so advanced that the previously impossible seems to occur on a daily basis. And yet-we still have no cure for the common cold.从会说话的机器人和可视电话,科技变得如此先进,以前不可能的事情似乎每天都在发生,但我们仍然没有治愈普通感冒的方法.",再根据第二段"Why can't we stop the common cold? According to Peter Barlow, a scientist at Edinburgh Napier University, the main challenge lies in the many different types of cold viruses that are produced by the rhinoviruses (鼻病毒).为什么我们不能阻止普通感冒呢?据爱丁堡纳皮尔大学的科学家彼得?巴洛说,主要的挑战在于由鼻病毒(rhinovirus)产生的许多不同类型的感冒病毒. "可知在第一段提到会说话的机器人和可视电话是为了引入课文的主题.故选C.

2.推理判断题.根据文章第三段They discovered a protein that the viruses need. Without it, they can't spread inside your body To identify the gene(基因)which produces the specific protein needed by the viruses,他们发现了一种病毒所需要的蛋白质,没有它,它们就不能在你体内传播来识别产生病毒所需要的特定蛋白质的基因基因.可知蛋白质帮助病毒传播;故选B.

3.细节理解题.根据倒数第二段"Carette said the plan is to find a drug which can keep back the protein for a limited time, rather than produce genetically modified humans.凯雷特说,计划是找到一种能在有限时间内保留蛋白质的药物,而不是生产转基因人类."可知简?卡雷特打算找到一种暂时阻断蛋白质的药物.故选A.

4.推理判断题.根据文章第一段"Technology has become so advanced that the previously impossible seems to occur on a daily basis. And yet - we still have no cure for the common cold.技术已经变得如此先进,以前不可能的事情似乎每天都在发生.然而,我们仍然没有治愈普通感冒的方法.可知研究的目的是战胜普通的感冒,所以"B. New Defense Found for Viruses."作为题目最合适.故选C.

2.答案：(1).A; (2).B; (3).A; (4).D

解析：(1).事实细节题。由题干中的the most common mistake可定位到文章第三段。根据该段中The most common mistake...is that they put feeders in places where...可知,人们最常犯的错误是将喂鸟器放在错误的位置。故选A。

(2).事实细节题。由题干中的not be suitable for feeding birds和选项中的Seeds、Bread可定位到原文第五段。根据该段最后一句don't feed wild birds anything salty, like potato chips, or.…,like bread可知,不能喂鸟面包或咸A的东西,如炸薯片。故选B。

(3).推理判断题。由第五段中的“A solution is to put the food in more than one place...”可知选A。

(4).主旨大意题。本文从介绍喂鸟开始引出话题,然后介绍喂鸟器的安置方法,最后介绍了用喂鸟器喂鸟时的注意事项。由此可见,本文主要是给我们介绍如何正确喂野生鸟类。故选D。

3.答案：1.D; 2.C; 3.B;

4.D

解析：1.推理判断题,根据第三段“‘ It is a very worrying increase, especially if this rate keeps going up, Gurney said.”可知, Mandy Gurney特别担心的是睡眠障碍在青少年中蔓延的速度。

2.词义猜测题。根据第三段“She added that prescriptions for melatonin, a hormone(荷尔蒙) the body produces naturally in reaction to darkness and helps prepare us for sleep, had also risen.”及

第四段“She said the rise in sleep disorders was partly due to the blue light from scree ns that suppresses the production of melatonin.”可推断,睡眠障碍是由于荷尔蒙melatonin的分泌受到了屏幕蓝光的抑制而导致的。

3.推理判断题,根据第二段“. admissions with sleep disorders among those aged 19 and under have risen from 605, 200 in 2013 to 940, 290 in 2019, .. "及"... there was a 30% rise in

sleep-related disorders among teenagers last year.”可推断,在第二段可以找到支持“睡眠障碍正呈上升趋势”的数据。

4.主旨大意题,通读全文可知,文章主要介绍了儿童睡眠缺乏症普遍存在的现象及原因。

4.答案：1.D; 2.A; 3.C; 4.B

解析：1.从后面的but…可以看出前面应该是“考虑”拿掉肉。

2.特别提到Palmer是注册营养师和Plant-Powered for Life一书的作者,主要是增强建议的权威性。建议的内容也是涉及营养学及倡导的多摄入植物纤维。

3.从后面的例子可以看出plantify就是用植物代替肉食,所以C就很合适。

4.Palmer建议不一定全免肉,也不是每天都不吃肉,这样就比较切合实际,有其可行性。

5.答案：(1)-(4)AADB

解析：(1).考查推理判断。根据第二段中的"Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur" "It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur...every year"可知,时装秀

的意图是推销无罪恶感的毛皮衣服。故选A。

(2).考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year"以及第

四段中的"The ecosystem...It's destroying the environment"可知,因为海狸鼠破坏湿地进而破坏了环境,所以科学家对它们很担心。故选A。

(3).考查词义猜测。根据画线词前的"The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades"可知,几十年来,毛皮贸易使海狸鼠(的数量)处于控制之下。根据画线词后的"the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy"可知,这种猫大小的动物疯狂地繁殖。由此可推知,20世纪80年代末海狸鼠市场瘫痪了。collapse的意思应是"崩溃",故选D 。

(4).考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"To give people a guilt-free option....a massive thing, at least here in New York"可知,在纽约,穿毛皮衣服具有风险性。故选B。

6.答案：(1) B (2) C (3) A (4) C

解析：(1).文章开篇介绍1994年洛杉矶地震,目的在于引人灯光对环境的影响这一主题。故选B

(2).第四段首句” But if light bulbs have a dark side,its that they have stolen the night"为本段主题句,讲述灯光偷走了黑夜即光污染的影响。故选C。

(3).根据最后一段的"cities, regulatory agencies,and conservation groups are seeking solutions. And in some areas, lots of improvements are already in place, powered by a new wave of cheaper more energy-saving light bulbs"可知,城市、监管部门和环保组织已行动起来,在一些地区,新一波的廉价节能灯已就位,光污染情况将得到改善。由此可推断作者对光污染的解决满怀希望。故选A。

(4).文章第一段描述洛杉矶地震;第二段引入全文主题城市灯光导致人们看不见夜空中的银河;第三段讲述电灯带给人们的便利;第四、五段讲述光污染的影响及这种现象出现的原因;

最后一段提及解决途径。由此可知,答案为C(地球正为更明亮的夜晚付出代价)。