常见英文合同翻译与详解
常见英文合同翻译与详解
引子:鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨,势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。
合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。
一.hereby
英文释义:by means of , by reason of this
中文译词:特此,因此,兹
用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。
语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.
例1：
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and co mpletion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other s um as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manne r prescribed by the Contract.
参考译文:
业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。
注释:
(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此
(2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同
(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工
(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中
(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价
(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which
(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照
(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款
例2：
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correc t and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provi de documentary proof upon your request.
注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知
（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明
（4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中
（5）documentary proof：证明文件
参考译文：
特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，
应贵方要求出具证明文件。
例3：
This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B) on (Date), in (Place), China, on th e principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.
注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下称甲方
（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基础上
（4）through amicable consultation：通过友好协商
参考译文：
本合同双方，公司（以下称甲方）与公司（以下称乙方），在平等互利基础上，通过友好协商，于年月日在中国（地点），特签订本合同。
例4：
This agreement is hereby made and entered into on (Date), by and between Co. China (he reinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B).
注释：
（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此订立本协议
在法律文件中表示“订立本协议”可用以下4个动词：sign (make, conclude or enter into) this agree ment, 按照同义词连用的写作特点，可用上述4个动词中的两个来表示）。
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下简称乙方
参考译文：
本协议特由中国公司（以下简称甲方）与公司（以下简称乙方）于年月日订立。
二 hereof
英文释义: of this
中文译词:关于此点；在本文件中
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”时，使用该词。例如表示本合同条件、条款时，可以说“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Contract”；又如表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Works”。
语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。
hereof和thereof的区别：hereof强调“of this”。例如，上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the Contract；“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。
例1
Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays (if required by the ca rrier), supply and take delivery of the goods. Provided that the owner of the goods shall be lia ble for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof. 注释：
（1）Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，whether… or not：不论……是否
（2）the owner of the goods：货方
（3）without interruption：无间断地
（4）carrier：承运人
（5）in default on the provisions hereof：违反本款规定hereof：of this Clause
参考译文：
不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，货方都应昼夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承运人需要），无间断地提供和提取货物。货方对违反本款规定所引起的所有损失或损坏，包括滞期应负担赔偿责任。
例2
Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.
注释：
（1）foreign trade dealers：对外贸易经营者
（2）as mentioned in this Law：本法所称
（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定
（4）legal entity：法人
（5）be engaged in foreign trade dealings：从事对外贸易经营活动
参考译文：
本法所称对外贸易经营者，是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。
例3
The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law. A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by sha res. Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limite d by shares.
注释：
（1）a limited liability company：有限责任公司
（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司
（3）provisions hereof：本法规定hereof: of this Law
（4）may be registered as：登记为
参考译文：
设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司，必须符合本法规定的条件。符合本法规定的条件的，登记为有限责任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法规定的条件的，不得登记为有限责任公司或股份有限公司。例4
If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.
注释：
（1）as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons：回避或者其它原因
（2）arbitrator：仲裁员
（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定
（4）be selected or appointed：选定或指定
参考译文：
仲裁员因回避或者其它原因不能履行职责的，应当依照本法规定重新选定或指定仲裁员。
例5
In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated and prepared prior to the effective date of this Law and the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereof shall prev
ail.
注释：
（1）conflict：相抵触
（2）prior to the effective date of this Law：本法施行前
（3）the provisions hereof shall prevail：以本法为准hereof：of this Law
参考译文：
本法施行前制定的有关仲裁的规定与本法的规定相抵触的，以本法为准。
例6
Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance(s) specified in Article 15 and Article 16 of th is Law is /are confirmed, the organization with compensatory obligations shall pay compensatio n in any of the circumstance in question.
Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of one of the circumstances sp ecified in Article 15 and Article 16 hereof, and the demanded organization refuses to make the confirmation, the claimant shall have the right to lodge a complaint. Where the claimant claim s compensation, the claim, shall, first, be lodged to the organization for compensatory obligation s.
The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereof shall apply to/ in the procedures of compensation.
注释：
（1）the organization with compensatory obligations：赔偿义务机关
（2）shall pay compensation：应当给予赔偿
（3）the claimant for compensation：赔偿请求人
（4）Article 15 and Article 16 hereof：本法第十五条、第十六条hereof：of this Law
（5）shall have the right to lodge a complaint：有权申诉
（6）claims compensation：要求赔偿
（7）apply to/ in：适用More Examples: The comment applies equally here. /That argument d oes not apply in this case. /That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about. /Th ese remarks apply to every town in this kingdom. /The rules of safe driving apply to everyone. 参考译文：
赔偿义务机关对依法确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定的情形之一的，应当给予赔偿。
赔偿请求人要求确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定情形之一的，被要求的机关不予确认的，赔偿请求人有权申诉。赔偿请求人要求赔偿，应当先向赔偿义务机关提出。赔偿程序适用本法第十条、第十一条、第十二条的规定。
例7
If an arbitrator involved in one of circumstances specified in Item 4, Article 34 of this Law, a nd if it is serious, or those specified in Item 6, Article 58 hereof, the arbitrator in question sha ll, in accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility. The arbitration commi ssion shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.
注释：
（1）arbitrator：仲裁员
（2）Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八条hereof：of this Law
（3）bear the legal liability and responsibility：承担法律责任
（4）the arbitration commission：仲裁委员会
（5）remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators：将其除名
参考译文：
仲裁员有本法第三十四条第四项规定的情形，情节严重的，或者有本法第五十八条第六项规定的情形的，应当依法承担法律责任，仲裁委员会应当将其除名。
例8
If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the require ments hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.
注释：
（1）the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals：履行审批职责的有关主管部门
（2）meets the requirements and provisions hereof：符合本法条件
（3）the company registration authorities：负责公司登记的主管部门
（4）the requirements hereof：本法条件hereof: of this Law
（5）apply for reconsideration：申请复议
（6）bring an administrative suit：提起行政诉讼
参考译文：
依照本法，履行审批职责的有关主管部门，对符合本法条件的申请不予批准，或负责公司登记的主管部门不予登记，当事人可以依法申请复议或者提起行政诉讼。
例9
This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and compa nies limited by shares.
注释：
（1）the crimes committed：犯罪行为
（2）against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定hereof: of this Decision
参考译文：
有限责任公司、股份有限公司以外的企业职工有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定的犯罪行为的，适用本决定。
例10
Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of this Law shall, in accordanc e with Laws, administrative re gulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “Standard Opinio n on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Share s” issued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist.
Those companies not completely satisfying the requirements of this Law shall, within the specifi ed time limit, meet the requirements hereof. Specific methods for implementation of this Law w ill be set out in separate regulations issued by the State Council.
注释：
（1）companies registered：已登记成立的公司
（2）the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies”：《有限责任公司规范意见》
（3）the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares”：《股份有限公司规范意见》（4）the relevant responsible department of the State Council国务院有关主管部门
（5）in separate regulations issued by the State Council：由国务院另行规定
参考译文：
本法施行前已登记成立的公司，应依照法律、行政法规、地方性法规和国务院有关主管部门制定的《有限责任公司规范意见》，和《股份有限公司规范意见》，继续保留。其中不完全具备本法规定的条件的，应当在规定的期限内达到本法规定的条件。具体实施办法，由国务院另行规定。
例11
Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to acts of such business operators as contrave ne the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other busi ness operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.
注释：
（1）unfair competition：不正当竞争
（2）business operators：经营者
（3）contravene the provisions hereof：违反本法规定the provisions hereof：本法规定hereof：o f this Law
（4）the lawful rights and interests：合法权益
（5）disturbing the socio-economic order：扰乱社会经济秩序
参考译文：
本法所称的不正当竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。
三hereto
英文释义: to this
中文译词:至此，在此上。
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”时，使用该词。例如表示“本合同双方”，可以说“the Parties hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Contract”；表示“本协议附件4”，可用“Appendix 4 hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Agreement”。
语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。
hereto和thereto的区别：同前面所言hereof和thereof的区别类似，hereto强调的是“to this”。
例1
All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto. Should, through negotiations, no settlement be reached, the ca se in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be a pplied. The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto. The A rbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration C ommission.
注释：
（1）the performance of this Contract：履行本合同
（2）through amicable negotiations：友好协商
（3）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Contract本合同双方
（4）shall then be submitted for arbitration：提交进行仲裁
（5）the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing：中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京）
（6）the arbitration rules of this Commission：其仲裁规则
（7）the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁决
（8）unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission：仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外
参考译文：
对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议，本合同双方应友好协商解决，如协商无法解决争议，则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京），依据其仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担，但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。
例2
“Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may hav e the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.
注释：
（1）patented technology：专利技术
（2）patent：专利
（3）application for the patent：专利申请
（4）may have the right to control：可能有权控制的
（5）permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world：在世界任何国家许可转让（6）Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto：本合同双方规定的本合同产品hereto: t o this Contract
参考译文：
“专利技术”，系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的，或乙方有权或可能有权控制的，或在本合同有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让的，适用于或可能适用制造本合同双方规定的本合同产品的专利和专利申请。
例3
“Technical Documents” means the data and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto, suc h as engineering, manufacturing and original information relating to the manufacture and main tenance of the Contract Products, including drawings, blueprints, design sheets, material specific ations, photographs, photostats and general data, and design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities. Provided that the above-mentioned information shal l be such information as is only available to Party B and applicable to the business operation of Party A under this Contract.
注释：
（1）technical documents：技术资料
（2）the data and the information：资料
（3）engineering：工程
（4）manufacturing：制造
（5）original information：原始资料
（6）blueprint：蓝本
（7）design sheets：设计图表
（8）material specifications：材料规格
（9）photostats：影印资料
（10）general data：一般资料
（11）design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities：与制造设备、工具和装置有关的设计及其说明书
参考译文：
“技术资料”系指列于附件1与制造和维修合同产品有关的工程、制造及原始资料，包括与制造设备、工具和装置有关的图纸、蓝本、设计图表、材料规格、照片、影印资料和一般资料、设计及其说明书等，但上述资料仅限于乙方拥有的资料和甲方用于本合同业务活动的资料。
例4
If Party B demands to audit the accounts of Party A, Party B shall, within 10 days after recei ving the written notice issued by Party A under Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract, notify Party A of the mater in question. The specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts are detail ed in Appendix 4 hereto.
注释：
（1）audit the accounts of Party A：查核甲方的帐目
（2）Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract：本合同第3.4款
（3）the specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts：其具体的查帐内容和程序
（4）Appendix 4 hereto：本合同附件4 hereto：to this Contract
参考译文：
乙方如需查核甲方的帐目时，应在接到甲方依上述本合同第3.4款规定开出的书面通知后10天之内通知甲方，其具体的查帐内容和程序详见本合同附件4。
例5
The parties to this Agreement agree that either Party hereto shall, immediately and fully, notify the other Party hereto of any such matters comprising an improvement, modification, further i nvention or design as the Party in question may discover, make or develop with respect to ma nufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof.
The Party discovering, making or developing the subject matter in question may, at its own ex pense and its own name, file application for Letter Patent or take other necessary legal steps t o protect the same, and any patent arising therefrom shall belong to the Party in question. Th e other Party may, during the effective period hereof, make use of, and sell products utilizing s uch improvement, modification, further invention or design (whether patented or un-patented) w ithout charge and royalty fee in any manner consistent with this agreement.
注释：
（1）either Party hereto：本协议各方（不译成“one Party hereto）。
（2）improvement, modification, further invention or design：改进、修正、更新本发明或设计（3）discover, make or develop：开发
（4）manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof：生产及装配许可证产品或部件
（5）file application for Letter Patent：申请专利
（6）take other necessary legal steps to protect the same：其它必要的法律保护程序the same: Letter Patent
（7）any patent arising therefrom：由此产生的专利
（8）consistent with this agreement：与本协议不相矛盾
参考译文：
本协议各方同意，一方对于有关生产及装配许可证产品或部件所做的改进、修正、更新发明或设计均应立即全部通知另一方。开发改进的一方可以自负费用并以自身名义申请专利或采取其它必要的法律保护程序，由此产生的专利将属于该方所有。在本协议的有效期内，另一方可以与本协议不相矛盾的方式无偿使用和销售利用改进、修正、更新本发明或设计（无论其是否取得专利权）生产的产品。
例6
The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply to FCAM certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products. The Technical Assistance Agreement to be concluded be tween FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an attachment as Appendix 2 hereto (hereinafter re ferred to as the “Technical Assistance Agreement”).
注释：
（1）certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products：有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务
（2）the technical assistance agreement：技术服务协议
（3）Appendix 2 hereto：本协议附件2 hereto：to this Agreement
参考译文：
本协议双方同意Y将向FCAM提供有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务，FCAM和Y将订立技术服务协议并作为本协议附件2（以下称作“技术服务协议”）。
例7
The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will, to the maximum extent pract icably possible, use the forms required by Y for such data on management and financial infor mation as are given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, and that FCAM shall prepare and keep a ccounting and financial records and books available for inspection or audit by either Party her eto.
注释：
（1）to the maximum extent practicably possible：尽实际可能最大限度地
（2）data on management and financial information：管理和财务信息材料
（3）prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books：建好会计和财务帐目
（4）available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto：以备本协议各方的检查或审计eit her Party hereto：either Party to this Agreement本协议双方inspection：检查audit：审计
参考译文：
本协议双方同意保证FCAM将尽实际可能最大限度地使用Y所要求的表格式样，用于FCAM向协议各方提供管理和财务信息材料；并且FCAM应建好会计和财务帐目以备协议双方的检查或审计。
例8
The Parties to this Agreement agree that the Board of Directors authorized by the Parties here to to administrate or manage FCAM shall be responsible for approving the overall business ma nagement plan of the company, and monitoring the execution of the plan in question. Provided that the business management plan in question shall be submitted to the Parties hereto for re view and approval.
注释：
（1）Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto：本协议双方授权的董事会hereto：to this Agreement
（2）to administrate or manage FCAM：管理FCAM administrate：行政管理manage：业务管理（3）the overall business management plan of the company：公司整体经营计划
（4）monitor the execution of the plan in question：监督该计划的执行
（5）review and approval：审阅和批准
参考译文：
本协议双方同意授权管理FCAM的董事会对公司整体经营计划的报批和监督执行负责。该经营计划需要提交协议双方审阅和批准。
例9
The Parties to this Agreement agree, and will cause FCAM to agree, that Y will sell to FCAM, and FCAM will buy from Y, all such specialized machinery and equipment as is determined t hrough mutual consultation by and between Y and FCAM for the effective utilization of the te chnical know-how supplied by Y to FCAM under the Technical Assistance Agreement at such prices and on such terms and conditions as are determined by and between the Parties hereto. 注释：
（1）specialized machinery and equipment：特定机器设备equipment：（单数形式）设备
（2）determined through mutual consultation：协商决定
（3）the effective utilization of the technical know-how：有效使用技术诀窍
（4）terms and conditions：条件
（5）(such…) as：作关系代词，意为which, that
参考译文：
本协议双方同意并将使FCAM同意Y将向FCAM出售，FCAM从Y购买经过Y和FCAM协商决定的特定机器设备，以保证根据技术服务协议由Y向FCAM提供的技术诀窍得到有效使用，并以协议双方同意的价格和条件成交。
例10
The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabiliti es existing between the Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and t he debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstanding debts to the creditor.
注释：
（1）the termination of this Contract：本合同期满
（2）outstanding claims and liabilities：未了债务
（3）debtor：债务人
（4）creditor：债权人
参考译文：
本合同期满时，双方之间发生的未了债务不受合同期满的影响，债务人应向债权人继续支付未了债务四herein
英文释义:in this
中文译词:此中，于此
用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的……，本法（中）的……”等时，使用该词。如表示“本法（中）所称的不正当竞争”，可译为“unfair competition mentioned herein”，此处herein表示“in this Law”；表示“本协议（中）内容”，译为“the Contents herein”，此处herein表示“in this Agreement”。
语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词.
例1
Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such acts of business operators as contrave ne the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other busi ness operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.
Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations a nd individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services (hereafter called Goo
ds including services).
注释：
（1）unfair competition：不正当竞争
（2）mentioned in this Law：本法所称
（3）refer to：是指
（4）contravene the provisions hereof：违反本法规定
（5）damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators：损害其他经营者的合法权益
（6）disturb the socio-economic order：扰乱社会经济秩序
（7）business operators mentioned herein：本法所称的经营者herein：in this Law
（8）engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services：从事商品经营或营利性服务enga ge in：从事，be engaged in：忙于
参考译文：
本法所称的不正当竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。
本法所称的经营者，是指从事商品经营或营利性服务（以下所称商品包括服务）的法人、其他经济组织和个人。
例2
This Law is hereby formulated and prepared in order to develop the foreign trade, maintain th e foreign trade order and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy. Foreign trade mentioned herein shall cover the import and export of goods, technology and the international trade in services.
注释：
（1）this Law is hereby formulated and prepared：兹制定本法
（2）maintain the foreign trade order：维护对外贸易秩序
（3）promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy：促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展
（4）foreign trade mentioned herein：本法所称对外贸易herein：in this Law
（5）the international trade in services：国际服务贸易
参考译文：
为了发展对外贸易，维护对外贸易秩序，促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展，兹制定本法。本法所称对外贸易，是指货物进出口、技术进出口和国际服务贸易。
例3
The term “company” mentioned herein refers to such a limited liability company or such a co mpany limited by shares as are established within the territory of China in accordance with thi s Law.
注释：
（1）mentioned herein：mentioned in this Law 本法所称
（2）limited liability company：有限责任公司
（3）company limited by shares：股份有限公司
（4）within the territory of China：在中国境内
参考译文：
本法所称公司是指依照本法在中国境内设立的有限责任公司和股份有限公司。
例4
Illegal gains from the crimes as specified in this Decision shall, if any, be confiscated. Where t hose commit crimes against the provisions herein, with their illegal gains to be confiscated, a fi ne imposed on, their property forfeited and a civil compensation assumed by, and their propert y and assets are insufficient for the payments of all the above items, they shall first be liable f or the civil compensation.
注释：
（1）illegal gains：违法所得
（2）shall be confiscated：应当予以没收
（3）the provisions herein：the provisions in this Decision 本决定规定
（4）illegal gains to be confiscated：被没收违法所得
（5） a fine imposed on：判处罚金
（6）property forfeited：没收财产
（7） a civil compensation assumed by：承担民事赔偿责任
参考译文：
犯本决定规定之罪有违法所得的，应当予以没收。
犯本决定规定之罪，被没收违法所得、判处罚金、没收财产、承担民事责任的，其财产不足以支付时，先承担民事赔偿责任。
例5
The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpr etation of Trade Terms” (INCOTERMS, 2000) provided by Internation al Chamber of Commerc e (ICC) unless otherwise specified herein (in this Contract).
注释：
（1）（1）“FOB”（free on board）(…Named port of shipment)：船上交货（…<指定装运港>）（2）（2）“CFR”（Cost and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本加运费（…<指定目的港>）
（3）（3）“CIF”（Cost, Insurance and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本、保险费加运费（……<指定目的港>）
（4）（4）the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms” (INCOTERMS, 200 0)：《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000》
参考译文：
除非本合同另有规定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均应依照国际商会制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则（I NCOTERMS）2000》办理。
例6
Unless otherwise expressly provided for herein, if all disputes, controversies or differences arisin g out of or in relation to the execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto, or any b reach or default of the provisions hereof (including but not limited to, a dispute concerning the existence or continued existence of this Agreement, and the validity of the Arbitration Clause) fail to be settled amicably, the disputes, controversies or differences in question shall be submitt ed for arbitration.
注释：
（1）unless otherwise expressly provided for herein：除非另有明确表示herein：in this Agreeme
（2）dispute：争议
（3）controversy：纠纷
（4）difference：歧意
（5）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Agreement本协议双方
（6）any breach or default of the provisions hereof：任何违约及过失
（7）including but not limited to：包括，但不限于
（8）the validity of the Arbitration Clause：仲裁条款有效性arbitration clause 仲裁条款
参考译文：
除非另有明确表示，则由于执行本协议所引发或与本协议有关的协议双方的所有争议、纠纷或歧意，以及任何违约及过失（包括，但不限于有关本协议存续的争议，仲裁条款有效性的争议），如不能以友好协商的方式解决，则提交仲裁。
例7
The Agent shall, pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein, on the Disbursemen t Date, credit the funds received to such account as is specified by the Borrower under Sub-Cl ause 2.2 of this Contract.
注释：
（1）the Agent：correspondent bank 代理行
（2）pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein：按照本合同规定的条件herein：in this Contract
（3）on the Disbursement Date：在付款日
（4）credit the funds received：贷记入所收资金
（5）the Borrower：借款人
参考译文：
代理行应按照本合同规定的条件，在付款日将所收资金贷记入借款人根据2.2款指定的帐户。
例8
All the rights provided for herein (in this Contract) shall be cumulative and shall not be exclus ive of any other rights, powers, privileges or remedies provided for by laws.
注释：
（1）cumulative：累加的
（2）shall not be exclusive of：并不排除
（3）privilege：特权
（4）remedy：补救方法
（5）provided for by laws：法律规定的
参考译文：
本合同规定的各项权利是累加的，并不排除法律规定的其它权利、权力、特权或补救方法。
例9
Now Therefore, under the consideration of the mutual promises made by the Parties to this Ag reement, the Parties hereto agree the contents herein as follows:
注释：
（1）Now Therefore：据此
（2）the consideration：对价。对价是对一项允诺（promise）的回报。例如，甲方允诺向乙方提供
若干数量的货物，乙方同意付给甲方一定数目的货款，该货款便构成甲方允诺的对价。在经过要约（o ffer）与承诺（acceptance）的基础上，只有那些拥有对价的允诺才被认作合同，得到法律的保护和执行。
（3）the contents herein：本协议内容herein：in this Agreement
参考译文：
据此，以本协议双方相互承诺为对价，就下述内容达成一致：
例10
The Borrower shall, under this Agreement and the Note, fulfill the obligations of making all pa yments. All the reimbursements to the Bank shall be free and clear of any other charges and e xempt from all taxes and such reimbursements as are received by the Bank will not be subject to taxes. The Borrower shall, under this Agreement, pay all taxes as provided for herein.
注释：
（1）the obligations of making all payments：支付义务
（2）reimbursement：偿付
（3）be free and clear of any other charges：不附带其它费用
（4）exempt from all taxes：是免税的
（5）pay all taxes as provided for herein：承担全部本协议规定的税务herein：in this Agreeme nt
参考译文：
借款人应按照本协议和票据完成所有支付义务。向银行的偿付应是不附带其它费用并且是免税的，而且银行所收到的偿付款项不含任何税务。借款人应按本协议承担全部本协议规定的税务。
五hereinafter
英文释义:later in the same Contract
中文译词:以下,在下文
语法:一般与referred to as, called等词组连用，以避免重复，置于这些词组前面，与之紧邻。
例1：
In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.
注释：
（1）in accordance with：under 根据
（2）Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures：中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法
（3）Hereinafter：以下
（4）articles of association：合营公司章程（条款）
（5）hereby：特此
（6）formulate：prepare 制订
参考译文：
根据《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》以及由公司（以下称甲方）与公司（以下称乙方）所订的合资经营的合同，特制订本公司章程。
例2
Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these Regulations refer to the following f inancial institutions that are established and operate in China upon approval in accordance wit
h the relevant laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China:
(1) subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China (hereinafte r referred to as foreign banks);
(2) branches of foreign bank in China (hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches);
(3) banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions (hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture banks);
(4) finance companies incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China (hereinaf ter referred to as foreign finance companies); and
(5) finance companies incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions (hereinaf ter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies).
注释：
(1) financial institution：金融机构
(2) subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China：总行在中国境内的外国资本银行。在中译英时，这里的“外国资本银行”，应理解成“外资银行的子银行”，英文为subsidiary banks，而不能简单地译成foreign banks，因为很少有一家外国银行把自己的总部搬到国外，但在境外设立子银行、子公司是经常的。
(3) hereinafter referred to as foreign banks：以下简称外资银行。
(4) hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches：以下简称外资银行分行。
(5) finance company：财务公司，这里应理解为金融公司，是指在商业银行以外的专门从事抵押放款业务的金融企业。如果中文为会计事务所，则要译成：accounting firm
(6) hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies：以下简称外资财务公司
(7) hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies：以下简称合资财务公司
参考译文：
本条例所称外资金融机构，是指依照中华人民共和国有关法律、法规的规定，经批准在中国境内设立和营业的下列金融机构：
（一）总行在中国境内的外国资本银行（以下简称外资银行）
（二）外国银行在中国境内的分行（以下简称外资银行分行）
（三）外国的金融机构同中国的金融机构在中国境内合资经营的银行（以下简称合资银行）
（四）总公司在中国境内的外国资本的财务公司（以下简称外资财务公司）
（五）外国的金融机构同中国的金融机构在中国境内合资经营的财务公司（以下简称合资财务公司）
例3
When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures a nd wholly foreign-owned enterprises (hereinaft er referred to as “enterprises with foreign investm ent”) apply to reorganize themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign investment sh all have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years.
注释：
(1) existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures：已设立的中外合资经营企业，即现有的中外合资经营企业
(2) Chinese-foreign cooperative joint venture：中外合作经营企业
(3) wholly foreign-owned enterprises：外资企业
(4) hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”：以下简称外商投资企业
(5) shall have a record of making profits：应有盈利纪录
参考译文：
已设立的中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业，外资企业（以下称为外商投资企业），如申请转变为公司的，应有最近连续3年的盈利纪录。
例4
（1）the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (hereinafter referred to as MO FTEC)：对外贸易经济合作部（以下简称外经贸部）
（2）the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities：外经贸部门
（3）municipalities directly under the Central Government：直辖市
（4）the municipalities specifically (separately) listed in the State Economic Plan：计划单列市参考译文：
申请设立投资公司，投资者应将下列文件经拟设立投资公司所在地的省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市外经贸部门审核同意后，报对外贸易经济合作部（以下简称外经贸部）审查批准。
例5
These Regulations are formulated and prepared in accordance with the Company Law of the P eople’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Company Law) in order to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies and standardize the registration activitie s of companies.
注释：
（1）these Regulations are formulated and prepared：制定本条例prepare：制定
（2）the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China：《中华人民共和国公司法》
（3）hereinafter referred to as the Company Law：以下简称《公司法》
（4）to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies：确认公司的企业法人资格
（5）standardize the registration activities of companies：规范公司登记行为
参考译文：
为了确认公司的企业法人资格，规范公司登记行为，依据《中华人民共和国公司法》（以下简称《公司法》），制定本条例。
例6
In order to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange, to a bsorb foreign investment and to promote the development of socialist market economy, foreign companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals (hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders) and Chinese companies, enterprises and other economic organizations (hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders) may, within the territory of China, on the pri nciple of equality and mutual benefit, incorporate themselves into a company limited by shares with foreign investment (hereinafter referred to as the Company).
注释：
（1）to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange：进一步扩大国际经济合作和技术交流
（2）to absorb foreign investment：引进外资
（3）to promote the development of socialist market economy：促进社会主义市场经济的发展（4）hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders：以下简称外国股东foreign shareholders：外
国股东
（5）hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders：以下简称中国股东
（6）within the territory of China：在中国境内
（7） a company limited by shares with foreign investment：外商投资股份有限公司
参考译文：
为进一步扩大国际经济合作和技术交流，引进外资，促进社会主义市场经济的发展，外国的公司、企业和其他经济组织或个人（以下简称外国股东），按照平等互利的原则，可与中国的公司、企业或其他经济组织（以下简称中国股东）在中国境内共同举办外商投资股份有限公司（以下简称公司）。
例7
In order to promote foreign investment in China and to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise, foreign investors are permitted to establish investment companies (her einafter referred to as “investment company”) in China in accordance with the Chinese laws an d regulations governing foreign investment and these Regulations.
注释：
（1）to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise：引进国外先进技术和管理经验
（2）to establish investment company：设立投资公司
（3）hereinafter referred to as “investment company”：以下简称投资公司
（4）the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment：中国有关外国投资的法律、法规
参考译文：
为了促进外国投资者来华投资，引进国外先进技术和管理经验，允许外国投资者根据中国有关外国投资的法律、法规及本规定，在中国设立投资公司（以下简称投资公司）。
例8
These Detailed Rules shall apply to the resident representative offices set up within the territor y of the People’s Republic of China by foreign tra ders, manufacturers, shipping agents, contrac tors, consultant companies, advertising agencies, investment companies, leasing companies and ot her economic entities (hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”).
注释：
（1）these Detailed Rules：本实施细则
（2）apply （to）：vi. 适用于More Examples：The rules of safe driving apply to everyone. / That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about. /That argument does not apply in this case. /The comment applies equally here.
（3）the resident representative offices：常驻代表机构
（4）shipping agents：货运代理商
（5）consultant company：咨询公司
（6）advertising agency：广告公司
（7）leasing company：租赁公司
（8）hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”：以下简称外国企业
参考译文：
本实施细则适用于外国贸易商、制造厂商、货运代理商、承包商、咨询公司、广告公司、投资公司、租赁公司和其他经济贸易组织（以下简称外国企业）在中华人民共和国境内设立的常驻代表机构。
例9
A foreign enterprise applying for the establishment of its resident representative office in the te rritory of the People’s Republic of China shall, upon approval and consent by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation or its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations (hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities) of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipaliti es specifically (separately) listed in the State Economic Plan, register with the State Administrat ion for Industry and Commerce or its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce (hereinafter called the “registration authorities) of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipali ties directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically (separately) listed in the State Economic Plan.
注释：
（1）its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations：其授权的对外经济贸易委员会
（2）hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities：以下简称审批机关Examination-Approval Authorities：审批机关
（3）register with：办理登记手续
（4）the State Administration for Industry and Commerce：国家工商行政管理局
（5）its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce：其授权的（各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市）工商行政管理局
参考译文：
外国企业申请在中华人民共和国境内成立常设代表机构，应经对外贸易经济合作部或其授权的各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市对外经济贸易委员会（厅）（以下简称审批机关）批准，并在中华人民共和国国家工商行政管理局或其授权的各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市工商行政管理局（以下简称登记机关）办理登记手续。
六therein
英文释义:in that; in that particular; in that respect
中文译词:在那里；在那点上，在那方面
用法:在表示上文已提及的“合同中的……，工程中的……”等时使用。例如表示“修补工程中的缺陷”：“the remedying of any defects therein”，此处therein表示“in the Works”；表示“用于工程中的材料或机械设备”：“materials or plant for incorporation therein”，这里的therein表示“in the Work s”。
语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。
例1
“Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind (other than the Contractor’s Eq uipment) required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying o f any defects therein.
注释：
(1) Temporary Works：临时工程，是指为永久工程服务的工程，永久工程建成后应予以拆除。建造临时工程的费用，按国际FIDIC合同条件规定，应由承包人负责。
(2) Defects：缺陷，表示工程施工出现的问题，即工程本身存在的问题，而不是因业主使用不当造成的。
(3) the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein：工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷。建造一项工程一般分成两个阶段进行，工程设计、施工、竣工为
第一阶段，修补工程中任何缺陷为第二阶段，因此此句中的第一个and是对的，表示建造工程的两个阶段。
参考译文：
临时工程是指在工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷时需要或与上述工程阶段有关的所有各种临时工程，但承包人的设备除外。
例2
The contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer, assign the Contract or an y part thereof, or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise than by:
注释：
（1）the prior consent of the Employer：业主的事先同意注意：consent只有单数形式，表示同意
（2）assign：转让
（3）therein：in the contract；thereunder：under the contract
（4）otherwise than by：但下列情况除外。也可写成：unless otherwise specified in the following circumstances:
参考译文：
没有业主的事先同意，承包人不得将合同或合同的任何部分，或合同中或合同名下的任何利益或好处进行转让，但下列情况除外：
例3
This Note means the Note mentioned in the Loan Agreement and is entitled to all the benefits provided therein. This refers to the rights and obligations therein of advance payments, default and acceleration of the maturity in the event of default.
注释：
（1）Note：期票，即借据，票据
（2）loan agreement：贷款协议
（3）be entitled to all the benefits：享有（贷款协议规定的）全部利益
（4）advance payment：预付
（5）default：违约
（6）in the event of default：因违约
参考译文：
本期票是贷款协议中所指的期票，享有贷款协议规定的全部利益，是指贷款协议中规定的预付、违约及因违约提前到期的权利和义务。
例4
A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, comply with the form set forth in Appendix 4, and the attachments specified therein.
注释：
（1）a certificate of the borrower：借款人说明书
（2）comply with：遵照
（3）the attachments specified therein：附录4规定的附件therein：in Appendix 4
参考译文：
借款人证明书，其格式基本上应遵照附录4规定的格式及其规定的附件。