2011年11月英语二级《笔译实务》试题

2011年11月英语二级《笔译实务》试题

Section 1: English-Chinese Translation（英译汉）

Part A Compulsory Translation（必译题）

it was done at all.

They say they hope the study will inspire similar collaborations between scientists whose focus is safely exploiting specific natural resources and those interested mainly in conserving them. “We need to merge those two communities,” said Steve Murawski, chief fisheries scientist for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “This paper starts to bridge that gap”

The collaboration began in 2006 when Boris Worm, a marine ecologist at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and other scientists made an alarming prediction: if current trends continue, by 2048 overfishing will have destroyed most commercially important populations of saltwater fish. Ecologists applauded the work. But among fisheries management scientists, reactions ranged from skepticism to fury over what many called an alarmist report.

Among the most prominent critics was Ray Hilborn, a professor of aquatic and fishery sciences at the University of Washington in Seattle. Yet the disagreement did not play out in typical scientific fashion with, as Dr. Hilborn put it, “researchers firing critical papers back and forth.” Instead, he and Dr. Worm found themselves debating the issue on National Public Radio.

“We started talking and found more common ground than we had expected,” Dr. Worm said. Dr. Hilborn recalled thinking that Dr. Worm “actually seemed like a reasonable person.”

The two decided to work together on the issue. They sought and received financing and began organizing workshops at the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, an organization sponsored by the National Science Foundation and based at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

At first, Dr. Hilborn said in an interview, “the fisheries management people would go to lunch and the marine ecologists would go to lunch” 一separately. But soon they were collecting and sharing data and recruiting more colleagues to analyze it.

Dr. Hilborn said he and Dr. Worm now understood why the ecologists and the management scientists disagreed so sharply in the first place. For one thing, he said, as long as a fish species was sustaining itself, management scientists were relatively untroubled if its abundance fell to only 40 or 50 percent of what it might otherwise be. Yet to ecologists, he said, such a stock would be characterized as “depleted” 一“a very pejorative word.”

In the end, the scientists concluded that 63 percent of saltwater fish stocks had been depleted “below what we think of as a target range,” Dr. Worm said.

But they also agreed that fish in well-managed areas, including the United States, were recovering or doing well. They wrote that management techniques like closing some areas to fishing, restricting the use of certain fishing gear or allocating shares of the catch to individual fishermen,

communities or others could allow depleted fish stocks to rebound.

The researchers suggest that a calculation of how many fish in a given species can be caugh tin a given region without threatening the stock, called maximum sustainable yield, is less useful than a standard that takes into account the health of the wider marine environment. They also agreed that solutions did not lie only in management techniques but also in the political will to apply them, even if they initially caused economic disruption.

Because the new paper represents the views of both camps, its conclusions are likely to be influential, Dr. Murawski said. “Getting a strong statement from those communities that there is more to agree on than to disagree on builds confidence,” he said.

At a news conference on Wednesday, Dr. Worm said he hoped to be alive in 2048, when he would turn 79. If he is, he said, “I will be hosting a seafood party —at least I hope so”

Part B Optional Translation（二选一题）

Topic 1 （选题一）

As I mentioned last week, I’ve recently returned from Australia. While I was there, I visited aeucalyptus forest that, in February, was the scene of an appalling wildfire. Perhaps naively, I had expected to find that many trees had been killed. They hadn’t. They had blackened bark, but were otherwise looking rather well, many of them wreathed in new young leaves. This prompted me to consider fire and the role it plays as a force of nature.

Fossil charcoals tell us that wildfires have been part of life on Earth for as long as there have been plants on land. That’s more than 400 million years of fire. Fire wa s here long before arriviste plants like grasses; it pre-dated the first flowers. And without wanting to get mystical about it, fire is, in many respects, a kind of animal, albeit an ethereal one. Like any animal, it consumes oxygen. Like a sheep or a slug, it eats plants. But unlike a normal animal, it’s a shape-shifter. Sometimes, it merely nibbles a few leaves; sometimes it kills grown trees. Sometimes it is more deadly and destructive than a swarm of locusts.

The shape-shifting nature of fire makes it hard to study, for it is not a single entity. Some fires are infernally hot; others, relatively cool. Some stay at ground level; others climb trees. Moreover, fire is much more likely to appear in some parts of the world than in others. Satellite images of the Earth show that wildfires are rare in, say, northern Europe, and common in parts of central Africa and Australia. (These days many wildfires are started by humans, either on purpose or by accident. But long before our ancestors began to throw torches or cigarette butts, fires were started by lightning strikes, or by sparks given off when rocks rub together in an avalanche.)

Once a fire gets started, many factors contribute to how it will behave. The weather obviously has a huge effect: winds can fan flames, rains can quench them. The lie of the land matters, too: fire runs uphill more readily than it goes down. But another crucial factor is what type of plants the fire has to eat.

It’s common knowledge that plants regularly exposed to fire tend to hav e features that help them cope with it — such as thick bark, or seeds that only grow after being exposed to intense heat or smoke. But what is less often remarked on is that the plants themselves affect the nature and severity of fire.

Section 2: Chinese-English Translation（汉译英）

Passage 1

中国的国民储蓄约相当于国内生产总值的55%，其中19%为家庭储蓄，11%为政府储蓄，25%为企业储蓄。高储蓄为促进国内投资的快速增长提供了充足的资金，而高投资反过来又促进了国民经济的快速增长。

高储蓄率主要归因于中国计划生育政策下的人口结构，以及经济快速增长背景下家庭消费习惯改变缓慢等因素。尽管中国家庭平均收入随着整体经济增长而迅速增加，但个人消费习惯可能需要几年甚至好几十年才能改变。正是这种“文化因素”常常被认为是中国高储蓄率的原因。

在“过度储蓄优点”的影响下，中国已经并可能继续保持高增长，低通胀。在一个高储蓄的环境中，任何通胀压力都不可能持续很久，而且只要继续保持高储蓄率，就能保证充裕的资金供给，中国经济就足以抵御来自外部的冲击。

Passage2

尽管中国在控烟和禁烟方面做了大量工作，但其控烟形式依然严峻。

目前，中国的烟草和烟制品的生产和消费占世界第一，因吸烟造成疾病的死亡率也占世界第一。中国现有3.5亿烟民，其中青少年吸烟人数达1.8亿，而被动吸烟人数高达5.4亿。中国每年死于与烟草相关疾病的人数高达100万，占全部死亡人数的12%。

控烟难，一方面是由于一些地方政府部门的消极态度，因为烟草和烟制品可以创造大量税收和财政收入，带来地方GDP增长。另一方面是来自烟民的某些错误观念，许多烟民认为，吸烟可以消除疲劳、振奋精神、促进社交联谊、启发思考等。甚至有些烟民还认为吸烟能以毒攻毒，消除某些病害。

中国承诺将在2011年实现室内工作场所、公交交通工具、室内公共场所全面禁烟。要实现这一目标，中国仍面临严峻的考验。