电气专业毕业设计英文文献整理版
外文资料与中文翻译
外文资料：
Relay protection present situation and
development
一、Relay protection development present situation
Electrical power system's swift development to the relay protection proposed unceasingly the new request, the electronic technology, the computer technology and communication's swift development unceasingly has infused the new vigor for the relay protection technology's development, therefore, the relay protection technology is advantageous, has completed the development 4 historical stage in 40 remaining years of time.
After the founding of the nation, our country relay protection
discipline, the relay protection design, the relay factory industry
and the relay protection technical team grows out of nothing, has passed through the path which in about 10 year the advanced countries half century pass through. In the 50s, our country engineers and technicians creatively absorption, the digestion, have grasped the overseas advanced relay protection equipment performance and the movement technology [1], completed one to have the deep relay protection theory attainments and the rich service experience's relay protection technical team, and grew the instruction function to the national relay protection technical team's establishment. The Acheng relay factory introduction has digested at that time the overseas advanced relay technique of manufacture, has established our country own relay manufacturing industry. Therefore our country has completed the relay protection research, the design, the manufacture, the movement and the teaching
complete system in the 60s. This is the mechanical and electrical -like relay protection prosperous time, was our country relay protection technology development has laid the solid foundation.
From the late 50s, the transistor relay protection was starting to study. In the 60s to the 80s in is the time which the transistor relay protection vigorous development and widely uses. And the Tianjin University and the Nanjing Electric power Automation Plant cooperation research's 500kv transistor direction high frequency protection develops with the Nanjing Electric power Automation Research institute the transistor high frequency block system is away from the protection, moves on the Gezhou Dam 500 kv lines [2], finished the 500kv line protection to depend upon completely from the overseas import time.
From the 70s, started based on the integration operational amplifier's integrated circuit protection to study. Has formed the complete series to the late 80s integrated circuit protection, substitutes for the transistor protection gradually. The development which, the production, the application protected to the early 90s integrated circuit were still in the dominant position, this was the integrated circuit protection time. The integrated circuit power frequency change quantity direction which develops in this aspect Nanjing Electric power Automation Research institute high frequency protected the influential role [3], the Tianjin University and the Nanjing Electric power Automation Plant cooperation development's integrated circuit phase voltage compensation type direction high frequency protection also moved in many 220kv and on the 500kv line.
Our country namely started the computer relay protection research from the late 70s [4], the institutions of higher learning and the scientific research courtyard institute forerunner's function. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, the Southeast University, the North China electric power institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, the Tianjin University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, the Chongqing University and the Nanjing Electric power Automation Research institute one after
another has developed the different principle, the different pattern microcomputer protective device. in 1984 the original North China electric power institute developed the
transmission line microcomputer protective device first through the appraisal, and obtained the application in the system [5], has opened in our country relay protection history the new page, protected the promotion for the microcomputer to pave the way. In the main equipment protection aspect, the generator which the Southeast University and Huazhong University of Science and Technology develops loses magnetism protection, the generator protection and the generator? Bank of transformers protection also one after another in 1989, in 1994 through appraisal, investment movement. The Nanjing Electric power Automation Research institute develops microcomputer line protective device also in 1991 through appraisal. Tianjin University and Nanjing Electric power Automation Plant cooperation development microcomputer phase voltage compensation type direction high frequency protection, Xi'an Jiaotong University and Xuchang relay factory cooperation development positive sequence breakdown component direction high frequency protection also one after another in 1993, in 1996 through appraisal. Hence, the different principle, the different type's microcomputer line and the main equipment protect unique, provided one group of new generation performance for the electrical power system to be fine, the function was complete, operation reliable relay protection installment. Along with the microcomputer protective device's research, in microcomputer aspects and so on protection software, algorithm has also made many theory progresses. May say that started our country relay protection technology from the 90s to enter the time which the microcomputer protected.
二、future development of Relay protection
The future trend of relay protection technology is to computerization, networking is intelligent, protect, control, measure and data communication developing by integration. The principles of protection of electric power circuits are quite independent of the relay designs which may be applied. For example, if the current to an electric circuit or a machine is greater than that which can be tolerated, it is necessary to take remedial action. The device for recognizing the condition and initiating corrective measures would be termed as an over-current relay regardless of the mechanists by which the function would be accomplished. Because the functions of electromechanical devices are easily described, their performance wills ever as a basis for presenting a description of relays and relay systems in general.Relays must have the following characteristics:
Reliability---The nature of the problem is that the relay may be idle for periods extending into years and then be required to operate with fast responds, as intended, the first time. The penalty for failure to operate properly may run into millions of dollars.
Selectivity---The relay must not respond to abnormal, but harmless, system conditions such as switching transients or sudden changes in load.
Sensitivity---The relay must not fail to operate, even in
borderline situations, when operation was planned.
Speed---The relay should make the decision to act as close to instantaneously as possible. If intentional time delay is available, it should be predictable and precisely adjustable.
Instantaneous---The term means no intentional time delay.
There are several possible ways to classify relays: by function,
by construction, by application. Relays are one of two basic types of construction: electromagnetic or solid-state. The electromagnetic type relies on the development of
electromagnetic forces on movable members, which provide switching action by physically opening or closing sets of contacts. The solid state variety provides switching action with no physical motion by changing the state of serially connected solid state component from no conducting to
conducting(or vice versa). Electromagnetic relays are older and more widely used; solid state relays are more versatile, potentially more
reliable, and fast.
1) Computerization
With swift and violent development of computer hardware, computer protect hardware develop constantly even. The power system is improving to the demand that the computer protects constantly, besides basic function protected, should with trouble information of the large capacity and data the long-term parking space also, fast data processing function, strong communication capacity, network in order to share the whole system data , information , ability , network of resource with other protection , control device , dispatcher, high-level language programming ,etc.. This requires computer
protector to have function which is equivalent to a pc machine. In computer is it develop initial stage to protect, is it make with one minicom relay protection install to imagine. Because the small-scale organism was accumulated greatly, with high costs at that time, dependability was bad, this imagined it was unrealistic . Now, exceed the minicomputer of those years greatly with computer protector size
similar worker function , speed , memory capacity of accusing of machine, so make with complete sets of worker person who accuse of opportunity of relay protection already ripe, this will be one of the developing direction that a computer is protected . Tianjin university is it spend whomtransformation act as continue the electric protector with computer protector structure self-same one worker person who accuse of to
develop into already. The advantage of this kind of device is as follows, (1)it have functions of 486pc,it can meet to at present and it is various kinds of function demand where computer protect future. (2)The size and structure are similar to present computer protector , the craft is superior, takes precautions against earthquakes , defends overheatedly and defending the electromagnetic ability of interfering strongly, can operate it in very abominable working environment , the cost is acceptable.
(3)Adopting std bus or pc bus, hardware module , can select different module for use to different protection wantonly , it is flexible , easy to expand to dispose.
It is an irreversible development trend to continue the computer , computerization of the electric protector. But to how better meet power system demand, how about raise the dependability of relay protection further, how make heavy economic benefits and social benefit, need carry on concrete deep research. 2) Networked
Computer network become the technological pillar of information
age as message and data communication tool, madethe mankind producing basic change has taken place in the appearance with social life. It is influencing each industrial field deeply, has offered the powerful communication means for each industrial field too. Up till now, except that protect differentially and unite protecting vertically, all continue electric protector can only react that protect the electric quantity of installing office. The function of relay protection is only
limited to excising the trouble component too , narrow the accident coverage. This
mainly lack the powerful data communication means. Having already put forward the
concept protected systematically abroad, this meant the safe automatics mainly at
that time. Because the function of relay protection is not only limited to excising the
trouble component and restriction accident coverage (this is primary task), the peace
and steadiness that will be guaranteed the whole system run . This require each
protect unit can share the whole operation and data , trouble of information of system,
each protect unit and coincident floodgate device coordination on the basis of
analysing the information and data, guarantee systematic peace and steadiness run .
Obviously , realize the primary condition that system protect the whole system every
protector of capital equipment link with the computer network, namely the one that
realized the computer
protector is networked. This is totally possible under present technological condition .
To general protecting systematically , realize the computer networking of the protector has a very great advantage too. It continue
electric trouble not the less many in information not systematic can receiving protector
,for trouble nature , judgement and the trouble,
trouble of position from measuring the less accurate. Protect to self-adaptation
research of principle pass long time very already , make certain achievement too, but
should really realize protecting the self-adaptation to the operation way of the system
and trouble state, must obtain more system operating and trouble information
the computer that only realizes protecting is networked, could accomplish this . As
to the thing that someprotectors realize computer networking can improve the
dependability protected . Tianjin Sanxia vltrahigh voltage many return circuit bus bar ,
500kv of power station , put forward one distributed principle that bus bar protected to
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Counter bored hole 沉孔 Chamfer 倒斜角 Fillet 倒圆角 padding block垫块 stepping bar垫条 upper die base上模座 lower die base下模座 upper supporting blank上承板 upper padding plate blank上垫板 spare dies模具备品 spring 弹簧 bolt螺栓 document folder活页夹 file folder资料夹 to put file in order整理资料 spare tools location手工备品仓 first count初盘人 first check初盘复棹人 second count 复盘人 second check复盘复核人 equipment设备 waste materials废料 work in progress product在制品 casing = containerization装箱 quantity of physical inventory second count 复盘点数量 Quantity of customs count 会计师盘,点数量 the first page第一联 filed by accounting department for reference会计部存查 end-user/using unit(department)使用单位 Summary of year-end physical inventory bills 年终盘点截止单据汇总表 bill name单据名称 This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting department together (Those of NHK will be sent to financial department) 本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部－(NHK厂区送财会部) Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and physical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用－状况明细表 blank and waste sheet NO. 空白与作废单号
电气专业英语论文
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电气专业英文文献.doc
电气专业英文文献
An Expert System for Transformer Fault Diagnosis Using Dissolved Gas Analysis 1. INTRODUCTION The power transformer is a major apparatus in a power system, and its correct functioning its vital to minimize system outages, many devices have evolved to monitor the serviceability of power transformers. These devices, such as, Buchholz relays or differential relays, respond only to a severe power failure requiring immediate removal of the transformer from service, in which case, outages are inevitable. Thus, preventive techniques for early detection faults to avoid outages would be valuable. In this way, analysis of the mixture of the faulty gases dissolved in insulation oil of power transformer has received worldwide recognition as an effective method for the detection of oncipient faults. Many researchers and electrical utilities have reported on their experience and developed interpretative criteria on the basis of DGA. However, criteria tend to vary from utility to utility. Therefore, transformer diagnosis is still in the heuristic stage. For this reason, knowledge-based programming is a suitable approach to implement in such a diagnostic problem. Based on the interpretation of DGA, a prototype of an expert system for diagnosis of suspected transformer faults and their maintenance procedures is proposed. The significant source in this knowledge base is the gas ratio method. Some limitations of this approach are overcome by incorporating the diagnostic procedure and the synthetic expertise method. Furthermore, data bases adopted from TPC'S gas records of transformers are incorporated into the expert system to increase the practical performance. Uncertainty of diagnosis is managed by using fuzzy set concepts. This expert system is constructed with rule based knowledge representation, since it can be expressed by experts. The expert system building tool,knowledge Engineering System(KES), is used in the development of the knowledge system because, it has excellent man-machine interface that provides suggestions. Moreover,its inference strategy is similar to
毕业设计英语参考文献
C++ [1] Gordon Hogenson. C++/Cli The Visual C++ Language For .Net [M]. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2007. [2] Motor Industry Software Reliability Association. MISRA-C: 2004: guidelines for the use of the C language in critical systems.[M]. MIRA, 2008. [3] Jeff Cogswell, John Paul Mueller. C++ All-In-One Desk Reference For Dummies [M]. Wiley publishing.Inc 2009. [4] Stephen R. Davis. C++ for Dummies [M]. wiley publishing.Inc 2008. [5] Harvey Dietel, Paul Deitel. C: How to Program [M]. Pearson Education,Inc 2010. [6] Bruce Eckel. Thinking in C++[M]. Prentice Hall, 2000. [7] Herbert Schildt. C++: a beginner's guide Beginner's Guides[M]. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003. [8] Mark Lee. C++ Programming for the Absolute Beginner For the Absolute Beginner[M]. Course Technology, 2009. MIS参考文献 [9] Kenneth C. Laudon, Jane P. Laudon . Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm[M]. Publisher Prentice Hall, 2007. [10] Raymond McLeod, George P. Schell. Management information systems[M]. Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2007. [11] James A. O'Brien, George M. Marakas. Management Information Systems[M]. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2008.
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1. Introduction America is one of the countries that speak English. Because of the special North American culture, developing history and the social environment, American English has formed its certain unique forms and the meaning. Then it turned into American English that has the special features of the United States. American English which sometimes also called United English or U.S English is the form of the English language that used widely in the United States .As the rapid development of American economy, and its steady position and strong power in the world, American English has become more and more widely used. As in 2005, more than two-thirds of English native speakers use various forms of American English. The philologists of the United States had divided the English of the United States into four major types: “America n creating”; “Old words given the new meaning”; “Words that eliminated by English”;“The phonetic foreign phrases and the languages that are not from the English immigrates”[1]. Compared to the other languages, American English is much simple on word spelling, usage and grammar, and it is one of the reasons that American English is so popular in the world. The thesis analyzes the differences between American English and British English. With the main part, it deals with the development of American English, its peculiarities compared to that of British English, its causes and tendency. 2. Analyses the Differences As we English learners, when we learning English in our junior or senior school, we already came across some words that have different spellings, different pronunciations or different expressions, which can be represented by following contrasted words: spellings in "color" vs. "colour"; pronunciations in "sec-re-ta-ry" vs. "sec-re-try";
机械专业中英文对照翻译大全.
机械专业英语词汇中英文对照翻译一览表 陶瓷ceramics 合成纤维synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion 车架automotive chassis 悬架suspension 转向器redirector 变速器speed changer 板料冲压sheet metal parts 孔加工spot facing machining 车间workshop 工程技术人员engineer 气动夹紧pneuma lock 数学模型mathematical model 画法几何descriptive geometry 机械制图Mechanical drawing 投影projection 视图view 剖视图profile chart 标准件standard component 零件图part drawing 装配图assembly drawing
尺寸标注size marking 技术要求technical requirements 刚度rigidity 内力internal force 位移displacement 截面section 疲劳极限fatigue limit 断裂fracture 塑性变形plastic distortion 脆性材料brittleness material 刚度准则rigidity criterion 垫圈washer 垫片spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear 运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear 虚约束passive constraint 曲柄crank 摇杆racker
机械专业相关词汇中英文翻译大全
机械专业相关词汇中英文翻译大全 单价unit price 工日合计Man-day total/work-day total 人工费cost of labor 材料费materials expenses 机械的mechanical 检查接线connection test 发电机generator 调相机phase regulator 周波cycle 减负荷装置 load-shedding equipment 断路器柜circuit breaker cabinet 单母线single busbar 互感器transformer 每相电流Current by Phase 封闭式插接close type socket joint 发电机控制面板generator control panel 分级卸载sorted unloading 同步控制synchronization control 调速器 speed governor 信号屏signal screen 继电器relay 高压柜high pressure cabinet 油浸电力变压器oil-immersed power transformer 空气断路器air circuit breaker 控制屏control panel 直流馈电屏direct current feed control panel 电容器electric condenser 计量盘metering panel 成套配电箱whole set of distribution box 落地式floor model 控制开关Control switches 铜芯电力电缆Copper core power cable 控制电缆actuating cable 热缩式电力电缆终端头pyrocondensation power cable terminal 钢结构支架配管steel structure bracket tubing 万用槽钢versatile U-steel 电缆托架 cable bracket 钢制托盘式桥架steel Tray-type cable support system waterproof socket 防水插座 防爆插座Explosion-proof socket 接地绞线earthing twisted pair 接地母线 earthing bus