APA格式引用规范

标题

根据APA格式，标题是用来组织文章，使得其有层次架构。APA格式规定了文章内“标题”的特定格式(1到5级)，此详细内容可参阅《美国心理协会刊物手册》第五版的第113页，级数和格式如下：

第1级：置中大小写标题(Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading)

第2级：置中、斜体、大小写标题(Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading)

第3级：靠左对齐、斜体、大小写标题(Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading) 第4级：缩排、斜体、小写标题，最后加句号(Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period)

第5级：置中大写标题(CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING) 以下是参考文献中的一些用法。

APA格式规定“参考文献”部分的人名必须以姓氏的字母顺序来排列，包括姓氏的前缀。譬如，Martin de Rijke应被改成“De Rijke, M.”;Saif Al Falasi则改成“Al-Falasi, Saif.”。(阿拉伯文名字通常在姓氏和前缀之间加上连字号“?”，所以姓氏和前缀自成一体。)

纸本文献

单一作者著作的书籍：

Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.

两位作者以上合著的书籍：

Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.

文集中的文章：

Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.

期刊中的文章(非连续页码)：

Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God’s long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.

期刊中的文章(连续页码)：

Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.

月刊杂志中的文章：

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

报纸中的文章：

Wrong, M. (2005, August 17). Misquotes are “Problematastic” says Mayor. Toronto Sol. p. 4.

政府官方文献：

Revenue Canada. (2001). Advanced gouging: Manual for employees (MP 65–347/1124). Ottawa: Minister of Immigration and Revenue.

线上文献

网络文章的打印版本

Marlowe, P., Spade, S., & Chan, C. (2001). Detective work and the benefits of colour versus black and white [Electronic version]。Journal of Pointless Research, 11, 123–124.

电子期刊的文章(只有网络版的期刊)

Blofeld, E. S. (1994, March 1). Expressing oneself through Persian cats and modern architecture. Felines & Felons, 4, Article 0046g. Retrieved October 3, 1999, from 网页地址

电子短信(newsletter)的文章Paradise, S., Moriarty,

D., Marx, C., Lee, O. B., Hassel,

E., et al. (1957, July). Portrayals of fictional characters in reality-based popular writing: Project update. Off

the beaten path, 7(3). Retrieved October 3, 1999, from 网页地址

从大学课程或系上网站取得的文献

Rogers, B. (2078). Faster-than-light travel: What we’ve learned in the first twenty years. Retrieved August 24, 2079, from Mars University, Institute for Martian Studies Web site: 网页地址