高中语法讲解(三)定语从句
定语从句
一、考点聚焦
1、功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语
2、位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后
Those who are willing to attend the party, sign here please.
3、先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词
（1）先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如:some-, any-, every-和no与-boy, -thing的合成词；或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词。数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作先行词。
（2）先行词与关系词是等量关系。必须注意两点：
①先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。
This is the place which is worth visiting.
②关系词在从句句子中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。
There are many places we can visit（them）in China.
4、关系词：引导定语从句的都称关系词
关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as。
关系副词：when, where, why。that偶尔也作关系副词。
5、确定关系词的步骤
（1）先找关系词，看先行词指的是什么。
（2）看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who, whom, whose, which, that等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。
A．who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。
What was the name of the man who lent you the money
借钱给你的那人叫什么名字？（定语从句修饰先行词the man，做主语）
He who laughs last laughs best. 谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。（定语从句修饰先行词he）
B．whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom可省略或可用who来代替，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中只能用whom。
There are some people (whom/who) we like and others (whom/who) we dislike.
有些人我们是喜欢的，有些人则是我们讨厌的。（定语从句分别修饰先行词people, others）
Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office.
两个人来到我的办公室，我以前从未见过他们。（在介词后面不用who）
C．whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词。
There are some people whose faces you can never forget.
有些人，他们的脸你永远难以忘怀。（定语从句修饰先行词people）
I saw some trees whose leaves were black because of the polluted air.
我看见一些树的树叶由于空气污染而发黑。（定语从句修饰行词trees）
注意：The bike whose brake was damaged has now been repaired.
那辆坏了闸的自行车现在已经修好了。
=The bike the brake of which was damaged has now been repaired.
=The bike of which the brake was damaged has now been repaired.
D．which
1．指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省略。
English is a language which is easy to learn.
英语是一门容易学的语言。（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）
The children like cookies (which) my wife makes.
孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。(关系代词which作makes的宾语，可以省略)
2．which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于and this。
Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody.
吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到惊讶。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the driving test）3．which在非限制性定语从句中有时也可以作定语。
John stayed here for a week, during which time we visited the West Lake together.
约翰在这里呆了一星期，在此期间我们一起游了西湖。
It might snow this weekend, in which case we won't go to Beijing.
周末可能下雪，在这种情况下，我们就不去北京了。
E．that
指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语（做宾语时可省略）。
He is the man that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。（定语从句修饰先行词the man，作主语）
The dress (that) Ann bought doesn't fit her very well. 安买的衣服不太合身。
提示：在口语中，that有时还可以作关系副词，相当于when或介词+which结构。
We left the day (that) he arrived.他来的那一天，我们就走了。（that替when）
He doesn't see things the way (that) we see them.他看问题的方法和我们不一样。（that代替in which）注：1）在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which
（1）先行词被①形容词最高级②序数词③数词几种词修饰或被④only、any、few、little、no、all、one of等修饰时。
（2）先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代词时。
（3）先行词中既有人又有物时。
He was looking pleasantly at te children and parcels that filled his bus.
（4）先行词在主句中作表语关系词在从句中作表语时。
The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.
（5）当主句中含有疑问词which时。
Which are the books that you bought for me ?
2）、宜用which而不用that的情况
（1）在非限制性定语从句中（2）在关系词前有介词时
（3）当先行词本身是that时（4）当关系词离先行词较远时
F．as和but, than也可作关系代词，引导定语从句。
1. but可被看作关系代词，引导定语从句，在从句中作主语，意义上相当于who not或that not，即用在否定词或具有否定意义的词后，构成双重否定。如：
There is no mother but loves her children．没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。
2. We often advise him not to drink more wine than is good for his health. 我们经常劝他为了身体健康不要喝过量的酒。
3．as: as可以在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。
①在限制性定语从句中，先行词被such和the same修饰，从句都用as 引导。
Such books as you bought are useful.
②在非限定性定语从句中，比较as 与which：
A) 相同之处：都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的主句所表达的内容。which 可做宾语/表语
He failed once more in the match, which was a great pity.
The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.
B) 区别：
1）as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面．中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：
1) As we all know, Galileo’s theory of falling objects is right.
= Galileo’s theory of falling objects, as we all know, is right
= Galileo’s theory of falling objects is right, as we all know.
2) He was thrown into prison, which got round throughout our village
2.）as有“如”、“正如”、“像”、“正像”的含义，which 没有。后面的谓语动词多是see, know, expect, say, mention, report等。
三、关系副词引导的定语从句
1．关系副词也可以引导定语从句，在从句中分别表示时间．地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。
1)when 表示时间, 充当时间状语when=on/ in/ of /at…+which
2)where指地点= in / at / from / which
3)why指原因= for which
但注意：1.当先行词是表地点：place ,room, mountain, airport等时间：time, day, year, month, week,等原因：reason 等名词时,并且分别在句中做地点、时间、原因状语时，应用where ,when ,why引导。但是如果如果表示时间地点原因的名词不做状语，而是做主语，宾语，或者表语时，必须用关系代词that /which 来引导而不是用where等。
I still remember the day that we spent together。
May 1 is the day that I will never forget。
The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that /which) people all over the world look forward to visiting. 长江三峡是个美丽的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参观。
2.当先行词为by the time ,any time , the way, every time, the first time ,the last time 时，关系词不用when而用that.或省略
This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.
但如果time前无修饰语,关系词用that ，when 均可
I will never forgot the time when (that) we met for the first time.
3. 当先行词为way 时，关系词用in which ,that, 或省略.
This is the way that/ in which / 省略he smiles.
4.why 表示原因（现行词只有一个reason），做原因状语。Why= for which
That is the reason why he was late.
必须注意的问题：
（1）关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。
（2）注意区别定语从句与强调句。
①定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。②强调词it无意义，that / who不是引导词。
③去掉it is / was和that / who后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。
It is the museum that / which we visited last year.(定语从句)
It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.（强调句）
= We stayed in the hotel last night.
（3）定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
①定语从句引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。
②同位语从句引导词被叫做连词，that不能充当任何成分，不可省。
Word came that their army was defeated.(同位语)
We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定语)
（4）关系词在从句中省略的情况。
①关系词作宾语，前无介词时。②关系词作表语。
（5）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的翻译。
（6）关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是which和whom。
（7）几个特殊的定语从句句型：
①He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks in the match.（句中one为先行词）He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.（句中students为先行词）
②Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday?
Is this the place (that / which) we visited yesterday ?
③He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.
④I have saved quite a lot of money with which I’d like to buy a new car for myself.
I have quite a lot of money with which to buy a new car for myself.
我存了不少钱，我打算买辆新车自用。
He was trying to find a room in which he could keep all his goods.
He was trying to find a room in which to keep all his goods.
2020考研语法指导：定语从句详解
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? They rushed over to help the man whose car had broke n down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 (3) which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可做主语、宾语等。作宾语时常可省略。例如： ? A prosperitywhich / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside? 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语) 二)关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 (1)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which ”结构，所以常常和“介词+ which ”结构交替使用。例如： There are occasionswhen (on which )one must yield? 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the placewhere in which ) I was born?北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why ( for which )he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们协助他的理由吗？ (2)that代替关系副词，能够用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which ”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：
考研英语翻译中定语从句的翻译技巧
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Unit 9语法导学案：定语从句专题讲解 基本概念: 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is th^ouse where h e lived ten years ago. 定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先 二、定语从句的关系词 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that，which，who （宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系畐寸词包括where, when，why 等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语 从句的重要成分。定语从句的谓语动词由先行词来决定。 三、定语从句的分类 根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性 定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。 四、关系代词的用法 时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如： Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that 作主语）The coat （that）I put on the desk is blue我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。 （that作宾语） 2. which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如： The buildi ng which sta nds n ear the train stati on is a supermarkets 于火车站附近的那
考研英语语法之定语从句详解
考研英语语法之定语从句详解 考研英语语法体系中包含了三大从句，其中定语从句是考频最高的一种，且也是最重要的一种，在各个题型中都有所体现。因此在基础阶段各位考生一定要学会在长难句中如何快速的识别定语从句。 一、定语从句的构成：先行词（所修饰的名词）+关系代词/关系副词（从属连词）+从句 二、定语从句的类型：根据从属连词的不同可以将定语从句分为三种类型：关系代词引导的定语从句，关系副词引导的定语从句，和as/which引导的非限制性定语从句。 1.关系代词引导的定语从句 who/whom 修饰人 which 修饰物 that，whose 修饰人或物 在这一类从句中需要注意的是关系代词在句子中所起的作用。首先，关系代词连接主句和从句；其次关系代词指代所修饰的先行词；最后关系代词往往在从句中做主语或者宾语，且做主语时关系代词不能省略，做宾语时可以省略。 例1：He who laughs last laughs best.（笑到最后的人笑得最美。） 分析：who引导定语从句修饰主句的主语he，且在从句中做主语，不能省略。 例2：He is collecting authentic material which can prove his argument.（他正在收集确凿的证据以证明他的观点。） 分析：that引导定语从句修饰名词material，且在从句中做主语，不能省略。 例3：The house (which) we bought last month is very beautiful.（我们上周买的这套房子很漂亮。） 分析：which引导定语从句修饰名词house，且在从句中做宾语，可以省略。 例4：The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside.（妈妈是个医生的那个女孩在外面等你。） 分析：whose引导定语从句修饰表示人的名词the girl，且在从句中做主语，不可以省略。 2.关系副词引导的定语从句 when 修饰表示时间的名词，在从句中做时间状语。 where 修饰表示地点场合的名词，在从句中做地点状语 why 修饰表示原因的名词，在从句中做原因状语 whereby 修饰表示方式或方法的名词，在从句中做方式状语 前三种关系副词在考研英语中出镜率比较高，最后一种不太常见，容易被考生忽略。关系副词在意义上常常相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。 例1：The commentator must know the value of silence and how to use it at those moments when the pictures speak for themselves. (播音员必须懂得沉默的价值，懂得在画面不需要解释说明的时刻如何利用沉默。) 分析：when引导定语从句修饰表示时间的名词moments，在从句中做时间状语。 例2：When the work is well done, a climate of accident-free operation is established where time lose due to injuries is kept at a minimum.（工作完成后，一种无事故操作的环境被建立起来，在这种环境中，由于伤害造成的时间损失被保持在最低水平。） 分析：where引导定语从句修饰表示场合的名词climate，在从句中做地点状语。
2020届 二轮复习语法专项定语从句学案 (1)
定语从句
必备知识梳理考点一关系代词引导的定语从句： 一．who、whom、whose引导的定语从句
1.who或whom均可指代人，但who在从句中可作主语也可作宾语，whom 在从句中只作宾语，两者在引导限制性定语从句时常可用that替换。作主语 时，who/that不可省略；作宾语时，whom/who/that可以省略。 I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school (who/whom/that) I met in the English speech contest last year. (2017全国卷阅读七选五) Campers, in my eyes, were people that/who enjoyed insect bites, ill-cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags. 2.whose表所属关系，一般指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。指物时相当于 of which，指人时相当于of whom。 (2016全国二卷阅读理解) I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect other students. 二．that、which引导的定语从句 1.which指物，常在从句中作主语、宾语，作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物 均可，常在从句中作主语、宾语、表语，作宾语时可以省略。 She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before. (2016天津卷阅读表达) Every day I practiced reading and writing, which I used to avoid as much as possible. 2.限制性定语从句中，关系代词只用that不用which的情况： (1).先行词为不定代词anything、nothing、something、everything、 all、some、none、little few、the one等时； I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else’s fault. (2).先行词是形容词最高级或序数词，或其前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时； The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. (3).先行词被the only、the very、the last、any、every、each、few、