第一节《温度计》教案(人教版初二上) (6)

第一节《温度计》教案（人教版初二上）(6)

第一节温度计

●教学目标

一、知识目标

1.明白得温度的概念.

2.了解生活环境中常见的温度值

3.会用温度计测量温度

二、能力目标

1.通过观看、表达温度计的构造、量程、最小刻度值和单位，培养学生的观看能力和用语言表达物理知识能力.

2.通过测液体温度的实验，学会正确使用温度计测量液体的温度，培养实验能力.

三、德育目标

1.通过教学活动，激发学生的学习爱好和对科学的求知欲望，使学生乐于探究自然现象和日常生活中的物理学道理.

2.通过使用玻璃仪器时要轻拿轻放，培养学生爱护公共财物的良好品行和正确使用物理测量工具的良好适应.

●教学重点

正确使用温度计测液体的温度，如何培养学生的观看能力和实验能力.

●教学难点

温度计的构造和使用方法.

●教学方法

观看法、实验法、讨论法

●教学用具

实验用温度计、演示温度计、家庭用寒暑表、体温计、烧杯、试管、投影仪、挂图、热水、冷水、温水、广口瓶、橡皮塞、细玻璃管.

●课时安排

1课时

●教学过程

一、创设情境，引入课题

冷和热与我们的生活有紧密的关系.在远古时代，我们的祖先就学会了使用火，开创了人类的文明史，在生产力高度发达的今天，人类的生产生活仍离不开热的利用.在物理学中与冷、热有关的现象我们称之为热现象.从这节课我们开始对有些热现象进行学习和研究.大伙儿期望了解什么内容？

二、进入新课

［生甲］什么叫温度？

［生乙］我们凭感受能明白物体的冷、热，感受可靠吗？

［生丙］用什么仪器测温度？

［师］现在咨询题提出来了，大伙儿讨论，看能否解决

［生甲］我们把物体的冷热程度叫做温度

［生乙］凭感受来判定物体的冷热是不可靠的

［生丙］应该用温度计测量温度

［师］既然凭感受来判定物体的冷热不可靠，我们如何来验证.

［生甲］专门冷的冬天，在没有暖气的房间里会觉得专门冷，但是从不处走进房子里的人会觉得比较温顺.

［生乙］我们通过实验也能得出.

［想想做做］

［生丙］我们把一左手插入放热水〔热水越热越好，以不烫手为宜〕的烧杯里，右手插入放冷水〔冷水足够冷，可加冰块〕的烧杯里，然后同时抽出手，插入温水烧杯里.这时，我们觉得在左手感到温水冷、右手感到温水热.

［师］同一杯水两只手的感受是不一样的，这就讲明人们的感受只能大致区分温度，要准确地判定和测量温度，就要选择科学的测量工具——温度计〔thermometer〕.

1.温度计

［师］我们用桌上的东西自制一个温度计.在广口瓶内加入一些带颜色的水，配一个橡皮塞，橡皮塞上插进一根一端封闭的细玻璃管.把细玻璃管封闭的一端加热，使玻璃管内的空气跑出一些，迅速用橡皮塞塞住瓶口.大伙儿做完了以后，将广口瓶放入热水里，认真观看细管中水柱的位置，再放入冷水里，观看水柱位置，得出结论.

［生甲］放入热水里，细管中水柱上升.

［生乙］放入冷水里，细管中水柱下降.

［生丙］这可能是由于液体热胀冷缩的缘故吧.

［师］是的，家庭和实验室里常用的温度计是依照液体热胀冷缩的规律制成的.里面有的用酒精，有的用煤油，还有的用水银.现在我们看挂图和投影，来认识它们，〔投影片课本图4.13，挂图温度计的构造〕.

教师指导，学生相互讨论.

［生甲］投影片上，甲是实验室用的温度计，乙是体温计，丙是寒暑表.

［生乙］温度计的差不多构造：玻璃外壳、液体泡、毛细管〔内径专门细，粗细平均〕、温度计的使用、液体、刻度、符号.

［生丙］温度计上符号为C，表示摄氏温度

［生乙］甲图的量程是-20 ℃—110 ℃,最高温度是110 ℃.最低温度是-20 ℃，分度值1 ℃.

［生戊］乙图的量程是35 ℃—42 ℃，最高温度42 ℃.最低温度是35 ℃，分度值0.1 ℃.

［生己］丙图的量程是-30 ℃—50 ℃，最高温度50 ℃.最低温度是-30 ℃，分度值1 ℃.

［师］如何样才能正确读出所测的温度，同时可不能损坏温度计？所测液体温度能否超过量程？

［想想议议］

［生甲］要正确读出所测的温度，要看清量程和分度值.

［生乙］假如所测的温度过高，超出了温度计的量程，将测不出温度，温度计里的液体可能将温度计胀破.

［生丙］假如所测的温度过低，低于温度计的最低温度，将测不出温度.

［生丁］寒暑表所测量的最高温度是50 ℃,最低温度是-30 ℃，分度值是1 ℃，要紧是依照我国大多数地区的常年温度范畴确定的.

［生戊］体温计所测量的最高温度是42 ℃，最低温度是35 ℃，分度值是

0.1 ℃，是依照人体温度的变化范畴确定的.

［生己］实验用的温度计所测量的最高温度为110 ℃，最低温度为-20 ℃，分度值是 1 ℃，依照实验中需要测量的范畴确定的.

［师］同学们回答的专门精采，同学们也注意到在温度计上有C(或℃)，它是表示摄氏温度，还想了解什么？快提出来，让大伙儿来解决！

［生甲］℃表示什么？

［生乙］温度的单位是什么？

［生丙］用什么符号表示温度？

［生丁］如何读温度？

［生戊］摄氏温度如何规定？

［师］请大伙儿相互讨论来得出结论.

［生甲］℃是摄氏温度单位的符号，读做摄氏度.

［生乙］温度用符号t表示.

［生丙］摄氏温度是如此来规定的，把冰水混合物的温度规定为0摄氏度，把沸水的温度规定为100摄氏度，在0 ℃和100 ℃之间分成100等份，每一份代表1摄氏度〔1 ℃〕.

［生丁］人体的正常体温是37 ℃左右，读做〝37摄氏度〞.

［生戊］北京一月的平均气温是-4.7 ℃，读做负4.7摄氏度或零下4.7摄氏度.

［师］大伙儿回答地专门好.摄氏温度是温度的一种标度方法，温度的标度方法除了摄氏温度外，还有热力学温度，我们先来研究摄氏温度.

2.摄氏温度〔板书〕

［师］我们看P71想想议议，能否把空白填上.

［生甲］沸水的温度是100 ℃

［生乙］冰水混合物的温度是0 ℃

［生丙］人的正常体温是37 ℃

［生丁］我国最低气温为-52.3 ℃〔漠河镇〕

［生戊］鸽的体温为42 ℃

［生己］南极洲〔1983年〕最低气温为-89.2 ℃

［生庚］火箭燃烧室内燃气约3400 ℃

［生辛］液态氮沸点-195.8 ℃

［师］同学们回答的专门好，我们鼓掌进行鼓舞.我们家庭中和医院常用体温计测量人体温度.认真看挂图、摸索.提出咨询题.

［生甲］体温计与实验室用的温度计的构造有什么不同？

［生乙］体温计的构造有什么特点？

［生丙］体温计能够离开人体读温度，实验室用体温计不能够，什么缘故？

［生丁］什么缘故使用体温计先要甩甩？

［师］咨询题出来了.大伙儿观看讨论来得出结论.

［生甲］体温计里面的毛细管，比实验室用的温度计更细，而且在玻璃泡和直玻璃管之间有专门细的弯曲缩口.

［生乙］玻璃管专门细，如此当玻璃泡内的水银有微小的膨胀，玻璃管内的水银柱会有明显变化，因而更精确.

［生丙］读体温计示数时要离开人体，水银变冷收缩，水银柱在缩口处断开不能退回玻璃泡，因此仍指示原先的温度.

［生丁］离开人体，水银变冷收缩，水银柱在缩口处断开不能退回玻璃泡，重新用体温计时，必须拿着体温计用力往下甩，让水银再回到玻璃泡里，如此才能使用，否那么测量出温度不准确.

3.体温计［板书］

［师］同学们对体温计了解专门多，也会使用.那么一样温度计将如何正确使用？请大伙儿看图想想议议.

［想想议议］

［生甲］第一个图错误是把温度计玻璃泡位于容器底部

［生乙］第二个图错误是把温度计玻璃泡位于容器侧壁.

［生丙］第三个图错误是温度计玻璃泡没有全部浸没在液体中.

［生丁］还有可能发生的错误是：没有等待温度计的示数稳固后就读数.

［生戊］读数时温度计离开了被测液体.

［生己］使用温度计时还可能发生的错误是读温度计示数时眼睛没有平视.

［师］大伙儿明白了使用温度计常犯的几种错误，哪又该如何正确使用温度计呢？

［生甲］要认清温度计的量程、分度值、零刻度线.

［生乙］测量时温度计玻璃泡要全部浸入被测的液体中，但不能碰容器底或容器壁.

［生丙］温度计玻璃泡浸入被测液体后要稍候一会儿，待温度计的示数稳固后再读数.

［生丁］读数时玻璃泡要连续留在被测液体中，视线与温度计中液柱的上表面相平.

三、小结

本节课我们学习了温度的概念、摄氏温度、实验室用的温度计和体温计的构造及正确使用的方法.这节课的内容与我们生活紧密相关，因此期望同学们要注意观看生活中有关的现象，进一步巩固和加深对本节知识的明白得.

四、布置作业

阅读P73科学世界

P74动手动脑学物理：1，2，3，4

［动手动脑学物理习题参考答案］

1.找有关温度单位的错误讲法，能够不局限于电视、报纸.各种书籍和大人们在各种公布场合的讲话都能够例举.如：今天气温18度.

2.提示：关于地球表面的最低、最高温度和地点、时刻咨询题，不一定局限于地理书中的答案，也能够是学生查到的最新资料，或者不同于地理书中上的其他讲法.

3.科学家们提出以绝对零度为起点的温度叫做热力学温度.用T表示，单位是开尔文，简称开，符号是K.热力学温度T和摄氏温度t的关系是：T=t+273.15 K

4.参阅本章参考资料5

五、板书设计

1.温度计

2.摄氏温度

3.体温计

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