地质工程专业英语

1地形地貌geographic and geomorphic

工程地质条件engineering geological conditions

地形地貌条件geographic and geomorphic conditions

地形land form

地貌geomorphology, relief

微地貌microrelief

地貌单元landform unit, geomorphic unit 坡度grade

地形图relief map

河谷river valley

河道river course

河床river bed(channel)

冲沟gully, gulley, erosion gully, stream(brook)

河漫滩floodplain(valley flat)

阶地terrace

冲积平原alluvial plain

三角洲delta

古河道fossil river course, fossil stream channel

冲积扇alluvial fan

洪积扇diluvial fan

坡积裙talus apron

分水岭divide

盆地basin

岩溶地貌karst land feature, karst landform 溶洞solution cave, karst cave

落水洞sinkhole

土洞Karstic earth cave

2地层岩性

地层geostrome (stratum, strata)

岩性lithologic character, rock property

岩体rock mass

岩层bed stratum

岩层layer, rock stratum

母岩matrix, parent rock

相变facies change

硬质岩strong rock, film

软质岩weak rock

硬质得petent

软质得inpetent

基岩bedrock

岩组petrofabric

覆盖层overburden

交错层理cross bedding

层面bedding plane 片理schistosity

层理bedding

板理(叶理) foliation

波痕ripple-mark

泥痕mud crack

雨痕raindrop imprints

造岩矿物rock-forming minerals 粘土矿物clay mineral

高岭土kaolinite

蒙脱石montmorillonite

伊利石illite

云母mica

白云母muscovite

黑云母biotite

石英quartz

长石feldspar

正长石orthoclase

斜长石plagioclase

辉石pyroxene, picrite

角闪石hornblende

方解石calcite

构造structure

结构texture

组构fabric(tissue)

矿物组成mineral position

结晶质crystalline

非晶质amorphous

产状attitude

火成岩igneous

岩浆岩magmatic rock

火山岩(熔岩)lava

火山volcano

侵入岩intrusive(invade) rock 喷出岩effusive rock

深成岩plutonic rock

浅成岩pypabysal rock

酸性岩acid rock

中性岩inter-mediate rock

基性岩basic rock

超基性岩ultrabasic rock

岩基rock base (batholith)

岩脉(墙) dike

岩株rock stock

岩流rock flow

岩盖rock laccolith (laccolite) 岩盆rock lopolith

岩墙rock dike

岩床rock sill

岩脉vein dyke

花岗岩granite

斑岩porphyry

玢岩porphyrite

流纹岩rhyolite

正长岩syenite

粗面岩trachyte

闪长岩diorite

安山岩andesite

辉长岩gabbro

玄武岩basalt

细晶岩aplite

伟晶岩pegmatite

煌斑岩lamprophyre

辉绿岩diabase

橄榄岩dunite

黑曜岩obsidian

浮岩pumice

火山角砾岩vulcanic breccia

火山集块岩volcanic agglomerate 凝灰岩tuff

沉积岩sedimentary rock

碎屑岩clastic rock

粘土岩clay rock

粉砂质粘土岩silty claystone

化学岩chemical rock

生物岩biolith

砾岩conglomerate

角砾岩breccia

砂岩sandstone

石英砂岩quartz sandstone

粉砂岩siltstone

钙质粉砂岩calcareous siltstone 泥岩mudstone

页岩shale

盐岩saline

石灰岩limestone

白云岩dolomite

泥灰岩marl

泥钙岩argillo-calcareous

泥砂岩argillo-arenaceous

砂质arenaceous

泥质argillaceous

硅质得siliceous

有机质organic matter

粗粒coarse grain

中粒medium-grained

沉积物sediment (deposit)

漂石、顽石boulder

卵石cobble 砾石gravel

砂sand

粉土silt

粘土clay

粘粒clay grain

砂质粘土sandy clay

粘质砂土clayey sand

壤土、亚粘土loam

砂壤土、亚砂土轻亚粘土sandy loam

浮土、表土regolith (topsoil)

黄土loess

红土laterite

泥灰peat

软泥ooze

淤泥mire, oozed mud, sludge, warp clay

冲积物(层) alluvion

冲积得alluvial

洪积物(层) proluvium, diluvium, diluvion

洪积得diluvial

坡积物(层) deluvium

残积物(层) eluvium

残积得eluvial

风积物(层) eolian deposits

湖积物(层) lake deposits

海积物(层) marine deposits

冰川沉积物(层)glacier (drift)deposits

崩积物(层) colluvial deposits, colluvium

残积粘土residual clay

变质岩metamorphic rock

板岩slate

千枚岩phyllite

片岩schist

片麻岩gneiss

石英岩quartzite

大理岩marble

糜棱岩mylonite

混合岩migmatite

碎裂岩cataclasite

3地质构造

地质构造geologic structure

结构构造structural texture

大地构造geotectonic

构造运动tectogenesis

造山运动orogeny

升降运动vertical movement

水平运动horizontal movement

完整性perfection(integrity)

起伏度waviness

尺寸效应size effect

围压效应confining pressure effect

产状要素elements of attitude

产状attitude, orientation

走向strike

倾向dip

倾角dip angle, angle of dip

褶皱fold

褶曲fold

单斜monocline

向斜syncline

背斜anticline

穹隆dome

挤压squeeze

上盘upper section

下盘bottom wall, footwall, lower wall

断距separation

相交intersect

断层fault

正断层normal fault

逆断层reversed fault

平移断层parallel fault

层理bedding, stratification

微层理light stratification

地堑graben

地垒horst, fault ridge

断层泥gouge, pug, selvage, fault gouge 擦痕stria, striation

断裂fracture

破碎带fracture zone

节理joint

节理组joint set

裂隙fissure, crack

微裂隙fine fissure, microscopic fissure 劈理cleavage

原生裂隙original joint

次生裂隙epigenetic joint

张裂隙tension joint

剪裂隙shear joint

卸荷裂隙relief crack

裂隙率fracture porosity

结构类型structural pattern

岩体结构rock mass structure

岩块block mass

结构体structural element

块度blockness

结构面structural plane

软弱结构面weak plane 临空面free face

碎裂结构cataclastic texture

板状结构platy structure

薄板状lamellose

块状得lumpy, massive

层状得laminated

巨厚层giant thick-laminated

薄层状得finely laminated

软弱夹层weak intercalated layer

夹层inter bedding,

intercalated bed, interlayer, intermediate layer

夹泥层clayey intercalation

夹泥inter-clay

连通性connectivity

切层insequent

影响带affecting zone

完整性integrity n、

Integrate v、& a、

degree of integrality

破碎crumble

胶结cement

泥化argillization

尖灭taper-out

错动diastrophism

错动层面faulted bedding plane

断续得intermittent

破碎crumble

共轭节理conjugated joint

散状loose

透镜状得lens-shaped a、

岩石碎片crag

岩屑cuttings, debris

薄膜membrane, film

层理stratification

高角度high dip angle

缓倾角low dip angle

反倾anti-dip

互层interbed v、

Interbedding n、

起伏得unplanar

波状起伏得undulate, undulating

粒径particle size

构造层tectonosphere

挤压pression

均一得homogeneous

剪切错动面shear faulted, bedding zone

切割dissection

切割得dissected

致密close, pact

构造岩tectonite

糜棱岩mylonite

断层角砾岩fault breccia

方解石脉calcite vein

碎块岩clastic rock

角砾breccia

岩粉rock powder

岩屑debris, debry

固结consolidation

定向排列oriented spread

构造应力tectonic stress

残余应力residual stress

4水文地质条件hydrogeological conditions 水文循环hydrologic cycle

大气圈atmosphere

水圈hydrosphere

岩石圈geosphere

地表径流surface runoff

地下径流subsurface runoff

流域valley, drainage basin

流域面积drainage area, river basin area 汇水面积catchment area

地下水ground water, subsurface water 地表水surface water

大气水atmospheric water

气态水aqueous (vapour) water

液态水liquid water

固态水solid water

上层滞水perched water

潜水phreatic water

承压水confined water

吸着水hygroscopic (adsorptive) water 介质medium

空隙void

孔隙水压力pore water pressure

渗透压力osmotic pressure, seepage force 扬压力uplift pressure

静水压力hydrostatic pressure

外静水压力external hydrostatic pressure

动水压力hydrodynamic pressure

渗透力seepage pressure

外水压力external water pressure

内水压力internal water pressure

水力联系hydraulic interrelation

水力折减系数hydraulic reduction coefficient 水头损失water head loss

渗透途径filtration path, seepage path

渗透系数penetration coefficient 潜水位water table level

水位water level, stage level

水头water head

含水层aquifer

弱含水层(弱透水层) aquitard

滞水层aquiclude

透水层permeable layer, pervious layer 不透水层(隔水层) aquifuge, impervious layer,

impermeable layer, aquiclude

潜水含水层phreatic aquifer

承压含水层confined aquifer, artesian aquifer

承压面bearing surface

潜水面phreatic surface, water table

浸润线phreatic curve

不透水边界impervious boundary

地下分水岭groundwater ridge

粘滞性viscosity

富水性abundance

透水性(渗透性)permeability

淋滤(溶滤作用)lixiviation, leaching

反滤层inverted gravel filter

水锈incrustation

渗滴seep

饱与saturation, saturated

潜水位变化带zone of variable phreatic level 气象因素meteorological factor

饱水带zone of saturation

包气带aeration zone, zone of aeration 包气带水aeration zone water

上层滞水perched water

孔隙水pore water

裂隙水fissure water

岩溶水karstic water

结合水bound water, bined water

吸着水hydroscopic water

薄膜水pellicular water

毛细水capillary water

重力水gravitational water

凝结水condensation water

地下水埋藏条件condition of groundwater occurrence

地下水埋藏深度depth of groundwater occurrence

压水试验packer permeability test

抽水试验pumping test

5物理力学性质

物理力学physical mechanics n、

Physico-mechanical a、

屈服准则yield criteria

米赛斯屈服准则Von Mises yield criteria

朗肯土压力理论Ranking’s ear th pressure theory

剑桥模型Cambridge model, Cam-model

邓肯-张模型Duncan-chang model

本构方程constitutive equation

局部剪切破坏local shear failure

整体剪切破坏general shear failure

岩体完整性指数intactness index of rock mass 安全系数factor of safety

埋深embedment depth

试件coupons

挠度deflection

里氏震级Richter scale

设计烈度design intensity

基本烈度basic intensity

场地烈度site intensity

地震烈度seismic intensity, intensity scale

卓越周期predominant period

持力层sustained yield

超载surcharge

围岩压力surrounding rock stress

附加压力superimposed stress

应力松弛stress relaxation

应力路迳stress path

卸荷unload

渗透率specific permeability

饱与度degree of saturation

含水量moisture content

平均粒径mean diameter

颗粒grain, granule, particle

颗粒级配distribution of grain-size,

grain position, size distribution

级配graduation,

grain-size distribution, gradation, grading

粒度coarseness grain size, granularity, lump

不均匀系数coefficient of non-uniformity, variation coefficient, variation factor

颗粒分级gradation, size grading

孔隙水pore water

孔隙比void ratio (ration)

空隙率air voids

孔隙率porosity

裂隙率crackity 溶隙率karstity

密度density

重度unit weight, bulk weight

浮重度buoyant unit weight

折减系数reduction factor

压力消散dissipation of pressure

抗力系数coefficient of resistance

软化系数softening coefficient

含水量water content

稠度consistency

塑限plastic limit

液限liquid limit

塑性指数plasticity index

液性指数liquidity index

流变rheological

蠕变creep

塑性plastic

脆性brittleness(fragility)

粘性stickness

刚性rigidity

弹性得elastic

粘弹性viso-elasticity

弹塑性elasto-plasticity

压缩性pressibility

均质性homogeneity

非均质性nonhomogeneity (heterogeneity)

各向同性isotropy

各向异性anisotropy

总应力total stress

有效应力effective stress

超孔隙水压力excess pore pressure

孔隙水压力pore water pressure

抗压强度pressive strength

抗拉强度tensile strength

抗剪强度shear strength

不排水抗剪强度undrained shear strenght

峰值抗剪强度peak share strength

长期抗剪强度long-term shear strength

残余抗剪强度residual shear strength

负摩擦力negative skin friction, dragdown

摩擦角angle of friction

内摩擦角angle of internal friction

外摩擦角angle of external friction

内聚力cohesion

粘聚力cohesion

假凝聚力pseudo-cohesion

粘着力adhesion

摩尔圆Mohr’s circle

包络线envelope

休止角angle of repose,

angle of friction(repose, rest), repose angle

峰值peak

模量modulus

弹性模量modulus of elasticity,

Young’s modulus, elastic modulus

压缩模量modulus of pressibility

变形模量modulus of deformation

卸荷模量unloading modulus

切线模量tangent modulus

剪切模量shear modulus

割线模量secant modulus

旁压模量pressurmeter modulus

泊松比poisson’s ration

固结consolidation

固结系数coefficient of consolidation

固结度degree of consolidation

超固结比over consolidation ration

应变strain

压缩比pressibility ratio

压缩系数coefficient of pressibility

压缩指数pression index

初始曲线virgin curve

正常固结土normally consolidated soil

欠固结土under-consolidated soil

超固结土over-consolidated soil

被动土压力passive earth pressure

主动土压力active earth pressure

静止土压力earth pressure at rest

覆盖压力overburden pressure

初始应力initial stress

地应力场ground(geostatic) stress field 有效应力effective stress

动应力dynamic stress

动荷载dynamic load

偏心荷载eccentric loads

循环荷载inclined loads

地应力ground stress, geostatic stress

初始应力initial stress

应力场stress field

纵波longitudinal wave

液化势liquefaction potential

液化指数liquefaction index

交角angular

岩石抗力系数coefficient of rock resistance 容许承载力allowable bearing capacity 临塑压力critical pressure

接触压力contact pressure

6工程地质问题

工程地质问题engineering geological problem 定性评价qualitative estimate

定量评价quantitative estimate

极限平衡法limit equilibrium method

不良地质现象unfavorable geological condition

风化weathering

变形deformation

位移displacement

不均匀位移differential movement

相对位移relative displacement

沉陷settlement

山崩avalanche, toppling

崩塌toppling, toppling collapse

滑坡、地滑creep, slide

切层滑坡insequent landslide

深层滑坡deep slide

浅层滑坡shallow slide

顺层滑坡consequent landslide

滑动面

sliding surface, sliding plane, slip surface

滑动带sliding zone

滑床slide bed

滑坡体slide(sliding) mass

古滑坡fossil landslide

推移式滑坡slumping slide

牵引式滑坡retrogressive slide

管涌piping, internal erosion

渗漏leakage

流砂quicksand

渗流seepage

液化liquefaction

7工程勘察engineering investigation

工程地质勘察engineering geology investigation

岩土工程勘察geotechnical investigation

工程地质条件engineering geological condition

工程地质评价engineering geological evaluation

勘测survey

岩芯采取率core recovery, core extraction

岩芯获得率

RQD(岩石质量指标) rock quality designation

程序(步骤) procedure

勘察阶段investigational stage

选点踏勘reconnaissance

初步设计primary design

初步规划preliminary scheme

初步勘探preliminary prospecting

初步踏勘ground reconnaissance

可行性研究阶段feasibility stage

初步设计阶段preliminary stage

施工阶段construction sage

踏勘reconnaissance, inspection

地质测绘geological survey

工程地质测绘engineering geological mapping

钻探borehole operation, boring

物探geophysical exploration

洞探exploratory adits

钎探rod sounding

坑探exploring mining

槽探trenching

天然建材调查

natural materials surveying (examination)

岩土工程勘察报告geotechnical investigation report

鉴定identification, appraisal

鉴定书expertise report

鉴定人identifier, surveyor

校核verification

总监chief inspector

比例proportion

地形图geographic map

地貌图geomorphological map

地质图geological map

工程地质图engineering geological map

实测地质剖面图

field-acquired geological pro)

构造地质图geological structure map

第四纪地质图quarternary geological map 地质详图detail map of geology

地质柱状图geologic columnar section, geologic log

钻孔柱状图logs of bore hole

纵剖面图longitudinal section

横剖面图cross section

展示图reveal detail map

节理玫瑰图rose of joints

基岩等高线bed rock contour

层底等高线contour of stratum bottom

岩层界线strata boundary 岩面高程elevation of bed rock surface 坐标coordinate

分层bed separation

地质点geological observation point

勘探点exploratory point (spot)

勘探线exploratory line

勘探孔exploration hole

平洞adit

竖井riser, shaft, vertical shaft

探槽exploratory trench

探井exploratory pit

钻孔borehole, drill hole

机钻孔ordinary drill hole

套钻孔sleeve drill hole

管钻孔pipe drill hole

岩芯core

岩芯钻探core drilling

回转钻探(进)rotary drilling

冲击钻探churn drilling, percussion drilling

钢砂钻探shot drilling

铁砂钻进iron shot drilling

跟管钻进follow-down drilling

振动钻进vibro-boring, vibro-drilling 泥浆钻探mud flush drilling

金刚石钻进diamond drilling

单动式single acting

双层double layer

空气钻探air flush drilling

钻机drilling rig

钻头drill bit, drilling bit

螺旋钻头auger

勺钻spoon bit

冲击钻头percussion bit, chopping bit 桶式钻头bucket auger

钻杆drill rod

套管casing

岩芯管core barrel

冲洗掖flush fluid

正循环冲洗direct circulation

反循环冲洗reverse circulation

泥浆mud, slurry

泥皮mud cake

护壁dado

止水seal, water seal

扫孔cleaning bottom of hole

钻进drilling

平硐adit

竖井shaft

钻探drilling boring

8工程地质试验

击实试验paction test

压缩试验pression test

固结试验consolidation test

单轴试验uniaxial pression test

现场剪切试验in-situ shear test

单剪试验simple shear test

直剪试验direct shear test

慢剪试验slow test

单剪试验simple shear test

快剪试验quick test

三轴剪切试验triaxial shear test

三轴压缩试验triaxial pression test

动三轴试验dynamic triaxial test

不固结不排水剪试验

unconsolidated undrained test(quick test) 固结不排水剪试验

consolidated undrained test(consolidated quick test)

固结排水试验consolidated drained test(slow test)

原位测试in-situ test

现场监测on-site(in-site) monitoring

现场检测on-site (in-site) inspection

观测孔observation borehole

静力触探试验cone penetration test,

static penetration test, static cone test

标贯试验standard penetration test

十字板剪切试验vane shear test, vane test

检层法up-hole method, borehole method 旁压试验pressuremeter test

动力触探试验

dynamic penetration test, dynamic sounding

点荷载试验point load test

岩石试验rock test

应力解除法stress relief method

应力恢复法stress recovery method

套孔法over-coring method

9岩土体加固

掌子面breast, driving face,

heading face, tunnel face

顶拱vault

底拱invert

洞室开挖excavation

超挖overbreak

风钻pneumatic drill

开挖断面excavated section 塌落slump

细骨料混凝土concrete made with fine aggregate

细骨料fine aggregate, fine adjustment

料场stock ground

土料earth material

矿渣cinder, mineral water residue, scoria, slag

性能function, performance, property, nature

凝结coagulate, congeal, congealment, coagulation

合格qualified, on test, up to standard

初凝initial set

初凝时间initial setting time

终凝final set

配合比mix proportion

塌落度slump

水化热heat of hydration,

hydration heat, setting heat

水灰比water-cement ratio

粉煤灰fly ash

梅花状quincuncial pattern

喷射shotcrete

浇注pouring

钢筋网coiremesh

加固reinforce

锚杆anchored bar, rock bolt

锚索anchored cable

锚紧端anchor station

锚桩anchored peg

采石场rock quarry

开挖excavation

清基cleanup foundation

明挖open-cut

爆破explosion

光面爆破smooth blasting

预裂法presplitting

10 水工概论

坝址toe of dam

坝踵heel

坝段monolith

坝顶crest

坝肩shoulders

左坝肩left dam abutment

副坝saddle dam

三坝址the third dam site

标高height mark

上游水位headwater

正常库水位normal reservoir level

地下洞室underground opening (tunnel) 压力隧洞pressure tunnel

无压隧洞gravity tunnel

交通洞access tunnel

灌浆洞grouting tunnel

明流洞free-flow tunnel

孔板洞orifice tunnel

排砂洞sediment tunnel

尾水洞tailrace tunnel

排水洞drainage tunnel

导流洞diversion tunnel

隧道tunnel

围岩surrounding rock, ambient rock 围岩应力secondary stress static

应力集中stress concentrate

覆盖层over burden

冒顶cave in, roof fall

底鼓bottom heave

回弹rebound

岩爆rock burst

冻结法freezing method

超载over break

衬砌lining

围堰cofferdam

堤dike

近坝岸坡abutments

施工(收缩)缝construction joint

心墙core

截水墙cutoff wall

防渗墙diaphragm wall

排水井drainage wells

排水幕drainage curtain

减压井relief wells

反滤层filter zone

灌浆材料grout

水力劈裂hydraulic fracturing

帷幔线curtain line

上游围堰upstream cofferdam

混凝土防渗墙concrete cutoff wall

截流interim pletion

导水墙channel training wall

正常溢洪道渠首工程service spillway headwork

消力塘lined plunge pool

隔墙divider walls

混凝土护坦concrete apron

副厂房auxiliary power house 闸门室gate chamber

中闸室mid gate chamber

开关站switch yard

电梯井elevator shaft

尾水渠tail race

非常溢洪道emergency spillway

11桥梁及基础工程

江阴大桥Jiangyin Bridge

悬索桥suspension bridge

锚碇anchorage

重力式嵌岩锚gravity socketed anchorage

北锚碇前(后)锚面

front(back) surface of northern anchorage 塔墩tower

墩pier

散索鞍splay saddle

猫道footbridge

主缆main cable

索股cable strand

主鞍main saddle, tower saddle 主跨main span

边跨side span

引桥approach

钢箱梁steel box main girder

埋深embedment depth

北塔墩基础north tower base

基础foundation, footing

浅基础shallow foundation

深基础deep foundation

联合基础bined footing

筏形基础raft(mat) foundation

钢模steel form

桩pile

基桩foundation pile

群桩pile groups

桩基础pile foundation

桩承台pile cap

高桩承台high-rise pile cap

低桩承台buried pile cap

摩擦桩friction pile

端承桩end bearing pile

嵌岩桩socketed pile

板桩sheet pile

旋喷桩jet-grouted pile

灌注桩cast-in-place pile

沉管灌注桩driven cast-in-place pile

支护桩soldier piles, tangent piles

刚性桩rigid pile

柔性桩flexible pile

侧向受荷桩laterally loaded pile

轴向受荷桩axially loaded pile

预制桩precast concrete pile

振动打桩vibratory pile driving

振动钻进vibratory drilling

沉箱caisson

沉井(沉箱) (open) caisson

地下连续墙diaphragm wall, slurry wall

支撑bracing

超载surcharge

接触应力contact pressure

井点降水well-point dewatering

桩极限承载力ultimate bearing capacity of pile 承载力bearing capacity

阻力resistance

桩端阻力end resistance

表面摩擦力skin friction

粘着系数adhesion factor

负摩擦力negative skin friction

安全系数factor of safety

压缩层pressed layer

附加应力additional stress, superimposed stress

持力层bearing layer, sustaining layer 地基土foundation soil, subsoil

临塑压力critical pressure

剪切破坏shear failure

地基失效foundation failure

冲剪破坏punching failure

渐进破坏progressive failure

容许荷载allowable load

极限承载力ultimate bearing capacity

沉降settlement

沉降差differential settlement

尾部倾斜angular distortion

倾斜tilting

坑底隆起bottom heave

静止土压力earth pressure at rest

稳定数stability number

路堤embankment

地基处理ground treatment soil improvement

垫层cushion

加固stabilization

注浆injection

灌浆guniting

帷幕curtain

挡土墙retaining wall

锚固anchoring 喷浆guniting

锚杆earth anchor

盲沟French drain

振冲法vibro jet

12监测仪器

观测孔observation bore/hole

仪器观测instrumentation

读数装置readout device

传感器transducer

探头probe

压力盒pressure cell

振弦式应变计vibrating wire strain gauge

伸长计、变位计extension meter

板式沉降仪foundation base/pate

测斜仪inclinometer

测压计,渗压计piezometer

垂线plumb

垂直度plumbness

13安全监控

可靠性检查reliability checking

监控模型monitoring and prediction model

监测monitoring

资料datum, data

可靠性reliability

稳定性stability

安全safety

评估evaluation, appraise

评定assessment, assess, rate

评价准则criterion

灾害hazard, calamity

确定性方法论Deterministic methodology

应急行动计划EAP(emergency action plan)

事故accident

紧急状态emergency

紧急检查emergency inspection

灾情等级hazard classification

灾害评价hazard evaluation

风险评估risk assessment

静力(Static Analysis)

动力(Dynamic Analysis)

蠕变(Creep Material Model)

渗流(Fluid-mechanical Interaction)

热力学(Thermal Option)

headward erosion溯源侵蚀

scouring of levee or bank淘刷

strongly weathered siliceous rock mass with quasi-lamellar

weakly weathered siliceous rock mass with quasi-lamellar

of continually aftershocks of 7 or 8-degree intensity

Evidently 明显得

Correspondingly adv、相应地; 相关地; 相同地

the hanging wall of triggering seismic fault oblique~bedding bank slope