国际贸易合同翻译
本合同由买方和卖方共同签订。即根据下文所规定的条款和条件，买家同意购买和销售商同意出售的下述商品:
（6
（7）目的口岸：
（8）付款条件：在收到卖方关于预计装船日期及装船数量的通知后，买方应于装运前20天，在上海中国银行开立以卖方为受益人的不可撤消信用证，该信用证凭即期汇票及本合同第（9）条规定的单据在开证行付款。
（9）单据：为方便买方检查，所有单据应与本合同中使用单据版本相同。
按要求填写全套清洁已装船提单，空白背书，通知目的港的中国对外贸易运输总公司ZHONGWAIYUN。（如果本合同中的价格基于离岸价格，则注明“运费到付”或“运费按租船合同支付”，如果本合同中的价格基于成本加运费，则注明“运费预付”）
B. 发票：注明合同编号，装运标记，承运船只的名字和信用证编号，如果分批装运，需注明分批号。
C．装箱单（或货运重量单）：注明合同编号，装运标记，每个包装货物的总重和净重。
D．制造商签发的合同货物的品质及数量（或重量）的证明书
?品质证明书内应列入根据合同规定的标准进行的化学成分，机械性能及其他各种试验的结果。
E. 按照本合同第（11）条的规定来做装船通知的电报副本。
F. 按照本合同第（10）条的规定来做航行证明书，（如本合同的价格条件是在CFR的基础上则需要此证明书，如本合同的价格条件是以FOB为基础，则不需要此项证明书。）
（10）装运条件
A. 离岸价交付条款
a) 买方或者买方运输代理人中国租船公司负责安排装货船只，用来装运该合同的货物。卖方负担货物装到船面为止的一切费用和风险。
b）卖方必须在合同规定的交货期限的三十天前将合同号、货物名称、数量、装货港口及预计货物运达装运口岸日期，通过电报的方式通知给买方，以便买方安排舱位。并且也要同时通知买方在装货港口的代理。如果在规定日期内买方没接到上述通知，即作为卖方同意在合同规定期内任何日期交货，买方将主动租订舱位。
c）买方应在预计装货日期12天前，将预计受载日期、合同号码、船舶名称、装载数量、货运代理人等信息以电报方式通知卖方。随后卖方应与货运代理人按部安排装货。如因故需替换船只或更改船期时,买方或货运代理人应以相同的原因及时通知卖方。
d）如果买方所租货船到达装货港后，卖方未能按时将货物装船，包括空仓费及滞期罚款等一切损失均由卖方承担。如果货船未能在指定期限内到达装货港而被货运代理控诉，从在装货港免费存放时间届满后的第十六天起，所有货物存储及保险费用均由买方承担。但货船到达装货港后立即装船的义务，费用与风险，应由卖方承担。凭借原始单据报销以上所提及的费用和损失。
B．成本与寄送费用条款
卖方负责将合同所列货物由装运口岸装至直达班轮到目的口岸,中途不得转船.运货船只不得悬挂买方不能接受的国家的国旗。
（11）装运通知：一旦装运完毕，卖方应即刻电告买方合同号、品名、装载数量、毛重和净重、发票金额、货船名称和装船日期。
（12）保险：由买方负责装船，为此，卖方应该以电报的方式通知买方如本合同11条款所述的详细信息。如果因卖方未能通知买方以上信息而导致买方无法安排保险，那么卖方将对买方所遭受的所有损失负有责任。
（13）检验和索赔：货卸目的口岸，买方有权申请中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局进行检验。如发现货物的品质及/或数量/重量与合同或发票不符：除属于保险公司及/或船公司的责任外，买方有权在货卸目的口岸后90天内，根据中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局出具的证明书向卖方提出索赔，因索赔所发生的一切费用（包括检验费用）均有卖方负担。FOB价格条件时，如重量短缺，买方有权同时索赔短重部分的运费。
（14）不可抗力：在不可抗力中，卖方不会为货物在运输过程中延期或未投递的货物承担任何责任，但是应及时通知买方，并以挂号函的方式向买方出具政府或当局商会的证明。如果运送的货物已经延迟超过一个月，作为不可抗力的一种后果，买方有权利取消这次的合同。如果卖方没有获得许可证，那也就不得作为不可抗力。
（15）延迟交货及罚款：此合同中规定，买方若未能履行本合同中所规定的条款(14)如期交货（由于不可抗力除外），买方有权撤销数量相对的合同。或者，经买方同意，卖方也可向买方支付赔偿金作为延期交货的罚金。买方可同意给予卖方一个十五天的宽限期。罚金从第十六天开始计算,并且不得超过所交易货物价值总量的百分之五。
（16）仲裁：由本合同产生或与本合同有关的一切纠纷，应尽可能通过双方谈判协商解决。如果双方未能达成协议，则应提交对外经济贸易仲裁委员会中国国际贸易促进委员会按照其程序暂停规定进行仲裁。该仲裁委员会作出的裁决是最终的，买卖双方均应受其约束。仲裁费用除非仲裁委员会另有决定外，由败诉方一方负担。
（17）附加条款：以上任何条款如与下列附加条款有抵触时,以后者为准。
购方：售方：
中英文对照版合同翻译样本
1.Sales Agreement The agreement, (is) made in Beijing this eighth day of August 1993 by ABC Trading Co., Ltd., a Chinese Corporation having its registered office at Beijing, the People’ Repubic of China (hereinafter called “Seller”) and International Tradi ng Co., Ltd., a New York Corporation having its registered office at New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (hereinafter called “Buyer”). 2.WITNESSETH WHEREAS, Seller is engaged in dealing of (product) and desires to sell (product)to Buyer, and WHEREAS, Buyer desires to purchase(product) from Sellers, Now, THEREFORE, it is agreed as follows: 3.Export Contract This Contract is entered into this 5th day of August 1993 between ABC and Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and condition. 4.Non-Governmental Trading Agreement No. ＿＿This Agreement was made on the＿day of＿19＿, BETWEEN ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Seller) as the one Side and ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) as the one other Side. WHEREAS, the Seller has agreed to sell and the buyer has agreed to buy ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Goods ) the quantity, specification, and price of which are provided in Schedule A. IT IS HEREBY AGREED AS FOLLOWS: 5.Contract For Joint-Operation Enterprise ＿＿ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of ＿＿ and having its registered office at (hereinafter called “Party A”) AND ＿＿ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of ＿＿ and having its registere d office at (hereinafter called “Party B”) Party A and Party B (hereinafter referred to as the “Parties”) agree to jointly form a Co-operation Venture Company (hereinafter referred to as the “CVC”) in accordance with “the Laws of the People’s Republic of C hina on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and the “Regulations for the Implementation of the Laws of the People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and other applicable laws and regulations. 6.MODEL CONTRACT Contract No. Date: Seller: Signed at: Address: Cable Address: Buyer: Address: Cable Address: The Seller and the Buyer have agreed to conclude the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below: https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c2497297.html, of Commodity: 2.Specifications: 3.Quantity: 4.Unit Price: 5.Total Price: U.S.$: 6.Packing: 7.Time of Shipment: days after receipt of L/C. 8.Loading Port & Destination Port: From via to . 9.Insurance:
外贸合同翻译
CONTRACT N 合约号 SELLER'S TRANSACTION CODE 交易代码BUYER'S TRANSACTION CODE 交易代码 Seller 卖方 ADDRESS 地址: TEL 电话: FAX 传真: CELL 手机: EMAIL 电子信箱: G. M 总经理: Buyer 买方 ADDRESS 地址: TEL 电话: FAX 传真: CELL 手机:
EMAIL 电子信箱: G. M 总经理:
THE LEGAL OFFICE IS : 法律的办事处 PRESIDENT : THE OFFICIAL AGENT IS : 职务上的代理商 PRESIDENT : INVOICE NUMBER : 发票号码 COMMERCIAL INVOICE NUMBER : 商业发票号码 WHEREAS, The parties mutually desire to execute This Contract which shall be binding upon, and to the benefit of, the parties, successors and assigns, in accordance with the jurisdictional law of the negotiated and fully executed Contract with terms and provisions hereunder agreed upon. 鉴于双方均有意履行本合同并接受 其及于各方承继人和受让人的约束及利益，根据管辖法，各方按照约定的条款予以履行义务
国际贸易中的企业【外文翻译】
外文翻译 原文 Firms in International Trade Material Source: https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c2497297.html, Author: Andrew B. Bernard For most of its lengthy history the field of international trade largely ignored the role of the firm in mediating the flow of goods and services. Traditional trade theory explained the flow of goods between countries in terms of comparative advantage, that is, variation in the opportunity costs of production across countries and industries. Even the research focusing on differentiated varieties and increasing returns to scale that followed Helpman and Krugman continued to retain the characterization of the representative firm.?However, the assumption of a representative firm, while greatly enhancing the tractability of general equilibrium analysis, is emphatically rejected in the data. My research over the past decade has been an attempt to explore international trade from below: to understand the decisions of heterogeneous firms in shaping international trade and their effects on productivity growth and welfare. Firm Heterogeneity and Trade My early work with J. Bradford Jensen was motivated by a simple question: what do we know about firms that trade? The answer at the time was "very little" and our initial efforts focused on locating firm-level data and describing the world of exporting firms. Our first study compared exporters and non-exporters for the entire U.S. manufacturing sector and established a set of facts about exporting plants and firms.?Two major results stand out. First, only a small fraction of firms are exporters at any given time. Even in sectors where the United States is thought to have comparative advantage, such as Instruments, a majority of firms produce only for the domestic market. Similarly, some firms are exporting even in net import sectors such as Textiles and Apparel. Second, exporters are substantially and significantly different than non-exporters, even in the same industry and region. Exporters are dramatically larger, more productive, pay higher wages, use more skilled workers, and are more technology- and capital-intensive than their non-exporting counterparts. In related
[VIP专享]商务合同中英文翻译
汉译英 1.卖方将尽力在交货期内包装好所有货物。 The seller will endeavor to complete all packaging within time for the delivery date. 2.买方承担在货物运输和销售中的成本和费用。32 The buyer is responsible for the costs and charges incurred in the sale and transport of the goods. 3.卖方将一次性发送货物。到交货地的运输方式将由卖方决定。33 The seller will deliver the goods in a single shipment. The mode of transport to the point of delivery is at the seller’s discretion. 4.卖方应尽一切努力启运货物以便能及时交货。 The seller will make every effort to commence transport of the goods so that they will arrive by the delivery date. 5.如果推迟交货，卖方应立即告知买方推迟交货，预定的交货期和耽搁的理由。 If there is any delay, the seller will immediately notify the buyer of the delay, the expected time for delivery, and the reason for the delay. 买方有权就新的交货日期与卖方进行重新磋商，双方将以书面形式在协议上写下所做出的修改。或者，买方有权通知卖方终止合同。 The buyer will then have the option to renegotiate with the seller for a new delivery date, which the parties will confirm in writing as a modification to this agreement, or to notify the seller that the agreement is terminated. 6.为了自己的利益，买方将为运输中的货物投保。34 The buyer will obtain and pay, on its own account, for all insurance on the goods while in transit. 7.在货物运输前，保险人将把保险证明，如保单或由保险人所出具的其他证明交给买方。 Evidence of this insurance, in the form of a copy of the policy or other statement provided by the insurer, will be provided to the buyer before the goods are shipped. 8.买卖双方为自己的利益为货物所投保的险种将由其自行负担费用。 Each party is responsible for obtaining on its own account any other insurance coverage for the goods that he may desire. 9.如果买方已向卖方付款，在货物到达纽约港时货物的所有权将转移至买方。 Title to the goods will pass to the buyer at the time the goods are delivered to New York port provided the buyer has transmitted payment to the seller by that time. 10.如果延迟装运是由于买方无法及时提供此类证据，在这种情况下，卖方不违约。 If shipment is delayed because the buyer fails to furnish such proof timely, the seller will not be deemed to have breached the contract. 11.买方同意货物被运送到美国，并同意货物不会被运往其它国家。买方也不会在货物到达美国后再出口。 The buyer covenants that the goods will be shipped to and delivered in US and that the buyer will not ship or deliver the goods to any other country, nor will the buyer re-export the goods after delivery in US. 12.买方有权在卖方的营业地检验或让其代理人检验货物。36 The buyer is entitled to inspect, or to have its agent inspect, the goods at the seller’s place of business. 13.在交货后90天内，卖方可免费为买方换任何有瑕疵的货物，由此所产生的运输费用由卖方承担。 Within 90 days after delivery, the seller will replace free of charges, including the cost of transportations, any part of the goods found defective. 14.卖方应补偿买方任何由此类诉讼所承担的责任、支付的赔偿、花费及诉讼费用。37 The seller will indemnify the buyer against any liability, damage, or expenses incurred in connection with any such suit and will pay any judgment entered against the buyer in such suit. 15.这一协议的生效条件是：买方获得美国政府部门签发的进口许可证,卖方获得中国政府部门签发的出口许可证。38 This agreement is subject to the issuance of an import license to the buyer by the appropriate agency of US government and the issuance of an export license to the seller by the appropriate agency of China government. 16.如果任何一方通知另一方不想或不能履行协议，收到通知的一方有权撤销协议。 If either party notifies the other party that it will not, or is unable to, perform this agreement the party receiving notices is entitled to cancel the agreement. 17.为了使撤销有效，撤销的一方应通知另一方协议已撤销。撤销的日期是收到不履行协议通知的日期。 To make the cancellation effective, the party seeking to cancel must give notice to the other party that the agreement is deemed canceled. The date of the cancellation will be the date on which the party receives the notice of the nonperformance.
劳动合同翻译(中英对照)
Labor Contract No. 乙方（劳动者）姓名：性别：民族：文化程度： Party B (laborer) Name: Gender: Nationality: Education degree: 户籍所在地：省县乡（镇）村组 Hukou: __________(provision) __________(county) ________township (town)___village _______group 乙方身份证号码：□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□ ID No. of Party B: □□□□□□□□□□□□□□ □□□□ 乙方通讯地址： Correspondence address of Party B: 为确立双方的劳动关系，明确双方的权利和义务，甲乙双方根据《劳动法》、《劳动合同法》等法律、法规、规章的规定，经双方平等协商，自愿同意签订本劳动合同，并共同遵守本合同所列条款： To establish the labor relationship between the parties and clarify the rights and obligations of the parties, Party A and Party B hereby enter into the labor contract pursuant to the rules of the law, regulatory rules and rules and regulations of the Labor Law and the Labor Contract Law through the equal and voluntariness consultations with the following terms and conditions for the parties to mutually abide by: 一、合同期限 I. Contract term 1、本合同为固定期限劳动合同，合同期限为年(自200 年月日起至20 年月日止)，其中试用期为个月(自年月日起至年月日止)。
外贸合同翻译
CONTRACT NO 合约号:: SELLER’S TRANSACTION CODE 交易代码: BUYER’S TRANSACTION CODE 交易代码: Seller 卖方 ADDRESS 地址: TEL 电话: FAX 传真: CELL 手机: EMAIL 电子信箱: G. M 总经理: Buyer买方 ADDRESS 地址: TEL 电话: FAX 传真: CELL 手机: EMAIL 电子信箱: G. M 总经理:
THE LEGAL OFFICE IS : 法律的办事处 PRESIDENT : THE OFFICIAL AGENT IS : 职务上的代理商 PRESIDENT : INVOICE NUMBER : 发票号码 COMMERCIAL INVOICE NUMBER : 商业发票号码 WHEREAS, The parties mutually desire to execute This Contract which shall be binding upon, and to the benefit of, the parties, successors and assigns, in accordance with the jurisdictional law of the negotiated and fully executed Contract with terms and provisions hereunder agreed upon. 鉴于双方均有意履行本合同并接受其及于各方承继人和受让人的约束及利益，根据管辖法，各方按照约定的条款予以履行义务。 SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT合约范围 Seller and Buyer, under full corporate authority and responsibility respectively represent that the Seller is lawful owner of the commodity, in quantity and quality as hereunder specified, and the Buyer has the full capability to purchase the said commodity 卖方为所签货物的合法所有者，买方有能力购买所签货物。 COMMODITY货物名称 RUSSIAN FUEL OIL M100 MAZUT (GOST 10585-75) having the contractual minimum guaranteed specifications as per Annex No. A herewith attached as integral part of This Agreement. 重燃料油M100，材质见附录(A )
外文翻译---国际贸易单证的作用
附录 F.1英文参考资料及中文翻译 F. 1 .1international trade documents role General international trade documents (international trade documents) is the international trade of use all the documents, documents and certificates collectively. Usually with international trade documents to deal with in and out of delivery of the goods El, transportation, insurance, inspection and quarantine, customs declaration, the settlement of exchange, etc. Special international trade documents usually refers to the settlement documents, especially the l/c under the way of settlement of documents. International trade documents and the use of import and export trade program closely related, the documents in the import and export enterprise work throughout the export, purchase, transportation, the whole process of the proceeds, the effort is big, timeliness strong, is broad, in addition to import and export enterprise internal between various departments the cooperation with the outside, still must and bank, customs, transportation department, insurance companies, the inspection and quarantine agencies and the relevant administrative authorities happen various contact, linked together, mutual influence, also are conditions. International trade documents for the performance of a contract is necessary means International trade is the transnational goods business, due to the particularity of the multinational business, which is the purchase and sale of the different departments are located in different countries, are remote, in most cases, the goods and payment can't perform simple direct exchange, but only as the medium of exchange with documents means. The international trade of the documents that sales of goods through the documents realization sale, the seller should not only will the actual delivery of goods export shipment, and should submit to the buyer include the title to the goods vouchers, complete documents to show real assignment. The seller/p means that the delivery of the goods, and the buyer payment is get to buy goods on behalf of property rights certificate, the deal is no longer with the goods as the core, but with documents as the core. Documents and payment of the convection principle has become the international trade of general principles of the commodity business. As international trade experts "; m Cardiff in the export trade in his book mentioned: "from a business perspective, can say CIF the purpose of the contract is not the buying and selling of goods itself, but the documents relating to the goods business." What say here "documents" is the international trade of documents. International trade documents many kinds, every kind of documents has its
商务合同英文翻译注意事项(实例讲解)
商务合同英译的注意事项(实例版) 前言 英译商务合同貌似简单，实则不然。商务合同是一种特殊的应用文体，重在记实，用词行文的一大特点就是准确与严谨。 本文拟运用翻译教学中所积累的英译商务合同的实例，从三个方面论述如何从大处着眼、小处着手、力求准确严谨英译商务合同。 一、酌情使用公文语惯用副词 商务合同属于法律性公文，所以英译时，有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词，就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现，这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替，从而影响到译文的质量。 实际上，这种公文语惯用副同为数并不多，而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由here、there、where等副词分别加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with等副词，构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如：从此以后、今后：hereafter；此后、以后：thereafter；在其上：thereonthereupon；在其下：thereunder；对于这个：hereto；对于那个：whereto；在上文：hereinabovehereinbefore；在下文：hereinafterhereinbelow；在上文中、在上一部分中：thereinbefore；在下文中、在下一部分中：thereinafter．现用两个实例，说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。 例1：本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。 This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder. 例2：下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。 The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China. 二、谨慎选用极易混淆的词语 英译商务合同时，常常由于选同不当而寻致词不达意或者意思模棱两可，有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。因此了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别是极为重要的，是提高英译质量的关键因素之一，现把常用且易混淆的七对词语，用典型实例论述如下。 2.1 shipping advice与shipping instruction sshipping advice是“装运通知”，是由出口商(卖主)发给进口商(买主)的。然而shipping instructions则是“装运须知”，是进口商(买主)发给出口商(卖主)的。另外要注意区分 vendor(卖主)与vendee(买主)，consignor(发货人)与consignee(收货人)。上述这三对词语在英译时、极易发生笔误。 2.2abide by与comply with
完整版合同中英文序言
合同翻译常用句型和词汇 1. 详细货物清单Detail supply list 2. 合同价格Con tract value 序号item 型号model 尺寸size, dime nsion 数 量amount, unit 单价un it price 总价total price 备注remark 货物，运费freight, tran sportatio n 合同总额(含安装费与税金) Con tract amount in cl. VAT & in stallatio n 3. 付款条件payme nt con diti ons, payme nt terms 4. 交货地点delivery place 5. 发货期delivery time
6. 安装条款installation clause 7. 验收条款inspection clause 8. 保证条款guarantee clause 9. 不可抗拒条款Force Majeure Clause 10. 违约条款Breach clause 11. 其他条款Miscellaneous clause 12. 买卖双方信息buyer and seller information a long-term contract 长期合同a short-term contract 短期合同completion of contract 完成合同contract for future delivery 期货合同contract for goods 订货合同contract for purchase 采购合同contract for service 劳务合同labor contract 劳动合同contract note 买卖合同（证书），买卖契约contract of arbitration 仲裁合同 con tract of carriage /Carriage Con tract 运输合同Passe nger Carriage Con trac客运合同Cargo Carriage Contract 货运合同 Technology Contract 技术合同 Tech no logy Developme nt Con tract 技术开发合同 Tech no logy Transfer Con tract技术转让合同 Tech nical Co nsulti ng Con tract技术咨询合同 Tech nical Service Con tract技术服务合同 Safekeep ing Con tract保管合同 Warehous ing Con tract 仓储合同 Age ncy Appo in tme nt Con tract 委托合同
中英文外贸合同范本
中英文外贸合同范本 外贸合同是国际贸易中的重要文件, 也是一种必不可少的法律依据, 而商务英语正是从事国际贸易专业人员不可或缺的语言, 也是外贸合同中的主要语言。随着经济全球化的快速发展, 国际间的贸易活动与日俱增, 外贸合同的涉及面越来越广泛, 内容越来越复杂, 要想保障国际贸易中合同签订双方的合法权利, 就必须准确的理解、翻译外贸合同。以下是为大家精心准备的：中英文外贸合同相关范本。欢迎参考阅读! 中英文外贸合同范本一 合同编号：___________________ contract no: ______________ 签订日期：___________________ date: _____________________ 签订地点：___________________ signed at : ______________ 电话：______________________ tel: _____________________ 传真：______________________ fax: ______________________ 电报：______________________
cable: ___________________
电传：______________________ telex: ___________________ 电话：______________________ tel: _____________________ 传真：______________________ fax: ______________________ 电报：_______________________ cable: ___________________ 电传：_______________________ telex: ___________________ 经买双方确认根据下列条款订立本合同：the undersigned sellers and buyers confirmed this contract in accordance have with the terms and conditions stipulated below : 1. 货号 art no. 名称及规格descriptions 单位unit 数量quantity 单价unit price 金额amount 合计： totally ：_______________ 总值(大写) ：_________ total value:(in words) 允许溢短___%
世界贸易和国际贸易【外文翻译】
外文翻译 原文 World Trade and International Trade Material Source:https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c2497297.html, Author: Ted Alax In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.