宝洁并购吉列案例分析

宝洁并购吉列案例分析
宝洁并购吉列案例分析

宝洁并购吉列案例分析

一、并购背景

2004年以来,世界经济出现了强劲复苏,美国企业本来就现金宽裕,加上股价持续了一年多的上涨提升了企业本身市价,要获得快速增长的欲望使企业掌舵人青睐于并购方式,不断跃跃欲试。终于在沉寂了三年之后,美国企业从冬眠中苏醒,于2004年末2005年初掀起了一轮汹涌的并购潮。

二、并购双方概况

(一)宝洁公司

始创于1837年的宝洁公司,是世界最大的日用消费品公司之一,在全球80多个国家和地区设有工厂及分公司,员工总数近11万人,经营300多个品牌,产品畅销160多个国家和地区,其中包括织物及家居护理品、美发美容品、婴儿及家庭护理品、健康护理品、食品及饮料等,旗下有知名品牌帮宝适、汰渍、碧浪、护舒宝、飘柔、潘婷、海飞丝、威娜、佳洁士、品客、玉兰油和伊卡璐等。2003-2004年度公司全年销售额为514亿美元,在最新的《财富》全球500强排行榜上位居第86位。

(二)吉列公司

吉列公司成立于1901年,总部位于美国马赛诸塞州的波士顿,销售一系列日用消费产品包括MACH3及VENUS品牌在内的吉列剃须刀、刀片及其他剃须用品、金霸王电池、欧乐-B手动及电动牙刷、博朗剃须产品及小家电。在全球14个国家的31个地区设有生产设施,员工总数超过3万,2004年的全球销售总额为103亿美元。

三、并购动因

这段惹人注目的并购究竟有哪些因素促成的呢?

(一)完善保洁产品线,扩大市场份额

equipment shall conform to the design type, specification of the transfer request. Cable transfer arrangement and symbol name should be consistent with the design of the equipment. Unified label names, mark the correct position, clear. About the electrical properties of twisted-pair cable, mechanical characteristics, transmission performance of optical fiber cable and connector specifications and requirements,

should comply with the design requirements. Power outlets are provided "fire left 0 right" acceptance. Cabinets, rack mounting requires the following: after the installation of cabinets, racks, vertical deviation should be less than 3MM. Cabinets, rack installation location should comply with the design requirements. Cabinets, racks of parts shall not fall off or break, and finish if off should be touch up, signs should be complete and clear. Install the wiring parts requirements are as follows; The wiring parts should be complete, installation, sign is complete; Mounting screws must be tightened, panels should be kept to a flat surface. Modular universal socket installation requirements are as follows: socket panel with vertical and horizontal forms, junction box

lid switch and is waterproof, dust-proof, resistant to compression. Junction box should be flush with the ground. Modular universal socket, multi-user information outlets or wiring modules, the installation location should comply with the design requirements. Modular universal outlet box and subject to the conditions fixed according to the

construction site, expansion screws preset should be used, and so on. Socket panel logo,

两巨头有情人终成眷属,堪称门当户对:两者文化相近,合并之后容易磨合;在品牌经营、创新、规模以及进入市场的能力等核心方面又互为补充。连股神巴菲特都感叹:这是一桩梦幻组合式的联姻。

1、两者都建立在领先品牌基础上。宝洁拥有16个十亿美元以上品牌,吉列拥有5个十亿美元以上品牌,合并后将拥有21个十亿美元以上品牌,在其业务三分之二的范围内将处于全球市场占有率第一的地位。

2、两者都有积极创新的优良传统,不断给消费者带来惊喜。

3、两者都具有全球规模,虽然一大一小,却不约而同地重视发展中国家业务的增长。

4、两者在健康及个人护理业务上互补有无。宝洁这个新娘,在女性个人护理产品方面魅力四射,婀娜多姿。宝洁产品的消费者大部分都是女性;而吉列则在男性护理产品领域一展英雄气概,有着完整的产品线及丰富的知识,两者的结合无疑给宝洁的妩媚中增添了一份力量。(三)强强联手,共创家业

宝洁今后与诸如沃尔玛这样的大型零售商谈判时将掌握更多的主动权。在定价上赢得更话语权,在全球超市中占据越来越长、位置越来越好的货架,其对市场发号施令的声音也会越来越强。

1、通过并购来获得更大的增长

与吉列联手之前,宝洁的产品诸如汰渍、帮宝适和伊卡璐等主要将目光瞄准女性用品市场,相比而言宝洁的产品比较成熟,改善空间有限,而吉列的产品增长速度很快,宝洁希望通过收购吉列来获得更大的增长。现在男性对护肤品的需求正在迅猛增长,增速大大超过女性的需求。男用护肤品市场直到现在基本上还未被充分开发,从目前的发展趋势来看,这个市场规模有望达到数十亿美元。

2、通过并购,加大双方与上下游合作者的谈判地位

由于宝洁销售额中有18%来自于沃尔玛,沃尔玛一直采取压低宝洁价格的策

略,有时甚至会先帮宝洁推广一款产品,打开市场后,就以更低价格推出自有品牌的产品,让宝洁先前的努力前功尽弃。

equipment shall conform to the design type, specification of the transfer request. Cable transfer arrangement and symbol name should be consistent with the design of the equipment. Unified label names, mark the correct position, clear. About the electrical properties of twisted-pair cable, mechanical characteristics, transmission performance of optical fiber cable and connector specifications and requirements,

should comply with the design requirements. Power outlets are provided "fire left 0 right" acceptance. Cabinets, rack mounting requires the following: after the installation of cabinets, racks, vertical deviation should be less than 3MM. Cabinets, rack installation location should comply with the design requirements. Cabinets, racks of parts shall not fall off or break, and finish if off should be touch up, signs should be complete and clear. Install the wiring parts requirements are as follows; The wiring parts should be complete, installation, sign is complete; Mounting screws must be tightened, panels should be kept to a flat surface. Modular universal socket installation requirements are as follows: socket panel with vertical and horizontal forms, junction box

lid switch and is waterproof, dust-proof, resistant to compression. Junction box should be flush with the ground. Modular universal socket, multi-user information outlets or wiring modules, the installation location should comply with the design requirements. Modular universal

outlet box and subject to the conditions fixed according to the construction site, expansion screws preset should be used, and so on. Socket panel logo,

在宝洁收购吉列后,合并后形成的新公司的营业收入达到600亿美元,超过竞争对手“联合利华”,成为业内最大企业。新公司在沃尔玛的销售额从之前的87亿美元上升到100亿美元,新归入宝洁旗下的风速3剃须刀和金霸王电池等拥有垄断地位的品牌增加了宝洁对沃尔玛的谈判地位。因为收购,吉列也将获得对抗沃尔玛的有力筹码。 (四)双方股东及管理层的利益

股东的利益取向,往往在并购过程中起到很大的影响作用。在宝洁/吉列的联姻过程中,身为美国吉列公司的第一大股东,巴菲特就起着非常重要的推动作用。宝洁以530亿美元收购吉列的交易在2005年1月中旬时曾处于危险境地,因为两家公司无法就并购价格达成一致。宝洁最初提出以每股50美元收购吉列,按照这一报价计算,每1股吉列股票将获得0.915股宝洁股票。促使两家公司重回谈判桌的关键人物包括吉列的并购顾问高盛的董事长兼首席执行长Henry Paulson及吉列的第一大股东巴菲特。而巴菲特之所以如此积极促成双方的联姻,究其根源,还是与他的投资理念有关,即他一贯奉行的选择优质成长性公司并长期持有的投资理念。

(五)投资银行的鼎力撮合

本次并购中,宝洁一方的并购顾问由投行业内知名的投资顾问美林公司担当主角,律师事务所则是享誉美国的Cadwalader, Wickersham& Taft;而吉列一方的并购顾问团队更是实力强劲,由大名鼎鼎的瑞银、高盛和Davis Polk & Wardwell联袂登场。据悉,通过操办这项,高盛公司、美林证券和瑞银集团三大红娘将分别获得5000万-9500万美元的红包,酬芝之丰厚,使他们怎能不卖力促成这庄买卖,

四、并购过程

2005年1月27日,双方公司董事会获得一致,签下了婚约。根据婚约,宝洁

以约570亿美元的代价100%收购吉列。具体的操作方式是换股,0.975股宝洁普通股换购1股吉列普通股,宝洁计划未来12-18个月回购大约180-220亿美元的股票;这样看来,这些并购对宝洁的财务影响相当于以60%的换股和40%的现金完成的。

equipment shall conform to the design type, specification of the transfer request. Cable transfer arrangement and symbol name should be consistent with the design of the equipment. Unified label names, mark the correct position, clear. About the electrical properties of twisted-pair cable, mechanical characteristics, transmission performance of optical fiber cable and connector specifications and requirements,

should comply with the design requirements. Power outlets are provided "fire left 0 right" acceptance. Cabinets, rack mounting requires the following: after the installation of cabinets, racks, vertical deviation should be less than 3MM. Cabinets, rack installation location should comply with the design requirements. Cabinets, racks of parts shall not fall off or break, and finish if off should be touch up, signs should be complete and clear. Install the wiring parts requirements are as follows; The wiring parts should be complete, installation, sign is complete; Mounting screws must be tightened, panels should be kept to a flat surface. Modular universal socket installation requirements are as follows: socket panel with vertical and horizontal forms, junction box

lid switch and is waterproof, dust-proof, resistant to compression. Junction box should be flush with the ground. Modular universal socket, multi-user information outlets or wiring modules, the installation

location should comply with the design requirements. Modular universal outlet box and subject to the conditions fixed according to the construction site, expansion screws preset should be used, and so on. Socket panel logo,

合并后员工总数达到14万人,企业高层裁员4%,约6000人,但在吉列的总部波士顿仍保持较大规模。

五、并购结果

(一)领带彼此,双方受益

1、对宝洁来说:和剃须刀大王联姻后,宝洁的产品结构更加合理,产品种类更加多彩,丰富的产品线增强了竞争力,从而将竞争对手挤压到狭小的生存空间,同时每年为合并后公司增加90亿美元的收入。通过重组和消除管理上的重叠,宝洁还节成本约140至160亿美元。

2、对吉列来说:利用宝洁巨大海外市场和销售运作,加快了吉列品牌在中国和东欧国家的发展。结合后作为夫妻将同宝洁一样享受许多优待,譬如在中国它的产品进入家乐福将不需要交任何费用,并且可以自由定价。

(二)两大问题,急需解决

1、人员需要整合:合并后的新公司在全球范围内裁员6000人,约占两公司员工总数的4%。同时吉列管理层的去职和留职人事的降职,大大地影响了员工的工作积极性。

2、产品需要整合:辛勤耕耘的宝洁在春天没有来临前,已经迫不急待的要铲除杂草了,一些表现较弱的产品线可能不得不被放弃。

(三)对手卖场,提出挑战

1、来自对手的挑战:联姻后的宝洁在日用消费品领域业务范围之广,规模之大已让它的每一个竞争对手望而生畏。在强大的竞争压力下,其他消费品品牌通过并购联合中对抗宝洁的可能性也越来越大。

2、来自卖场的挑战:宝洁在获得卖场霸权的同时,其对手也纷纷加入争夺售点

资源的战争,使零售商赢得主动权,随时可能倒戈转而支持其他品牌和具有市场潜力的新产品,对宝洁形成潜在威胁。

(四)外界反映,有好有坏

equipment shall conform to the design type, specification of the transfer request. Cable transfer arrangement and symbol name should be consistent with the design of the equipment. Unified label names, mark the correct position, clear. About the electrical properties of twisted-pair cable, mechanical characteristics, transmission performance of optical fiber cable and connector specifications and requirements,

should comply with the design requirements. Power outlets are provided "fire left 0 right" acceptance. Cabinets, rack mounting requires the following: after the installation of cabinets, racks, vertical deviation should be less than 3MM. Cabinets, rack installation location should comply with the design requirements. Cabinets, racks of parts shall not fall off or break, and finish if off should be touch up, signs should be complete and clear. Install the wiring parts requirements are as follows; The wiring parts should be complete, installation, sign is complete; Mounting screws must be tightened, panels should be kept to a flat surface. Modular universal socket installation requirements are as follows: socket panel with vertical and horizontal forms, junction box

lid switch and is waterproof, dust-proof, resistant to compression. Junction box should be flush with the ground. Modular universal socket, multi-user information outlets or wiring modules, the installation

location should comply with the design requirements. Modular universal outlet box and subject to the conditions fixed according to the construction site, expansion screws preset should be used, and so on. Socket panel logo,

针对宝洁收购吉列,欧美的监管机构展开了反垄断调查,双方被迫出售一些重合的产品。

此外,国际信用评级机构标准普尔也将其对宝洁和吉列的信用评级列入负面的信用观察名单。

六、并购启示

(一)并购热潮风靡,出手尚需思量

大多数西方企业的并购模式,以降低成本为目标,因而并购的成本通常高于被收购资产本身的市场价值。现在宝洁用570亿美元的成本收购吉列,虽然我们不能确切地知道这570亿美元是否高于吉列本身的市场价值,但这付出是否有价值,

1+1>2是否真的成立,这种类似的问题不能不引起我们的深思。

(二)品牌整合,尤为重要

在收购了一强势品牌,宝洁现在要考虑的是,如何恰当地运作这些品牌,在确保新购入的品牌形象不被稀释的同时,又能让它们融入到宝洁的有机体中,使大宝洁的品牌内涵更丰富,摆脱日化产品制造商的单一形象。

(三)售点的广度需要变成深度

很多人认为宝洁的卖场运营能力相当强大,甚至是能力过剩;其实换一个角度来看,这恰恰表明宝洁深层次能力的不足。收购吉列后的宝洁,面对更长的售点战线,也将面临诸多挑战:并不是售点摆满了产品,张贴了广告,就可以大功告成了。宝洁应利用良好的售点资源,针对不同的产品,进行不同的展示,实现灵活多要的现场导购,这样,才能有的放矢,最终形成长期的售点竞争力。除此之外,还

要加强品牌传播、品牌细分以及顾客忠诚度建设,使售点在拥有广度的同时拥有深度。

总之,长江后浪推前浪,面对汹涌而至的后浪,宝洁不得不踏上新的征途。

equipment shall conform to the design type, specification of the transfer request. Cable transfer arrangement and symbol name should be consistent with the design of the equipment. Unified label names, mark the correct position, clear. About the electrical properties of twisted-pair cable, mechanical characteristics, transmission performance of optical fiber cable and connector specifications and requirements,

should comply with the design requirements. Power outlets are provided "fire left 0 right" acceptance. Cabinets, rack mounting requires the following: after the installation of cabinets, racks, vertical deviation should be less than 3MM. Cabinets, rack installation location should comply with the design requirements. Cabinets, racks of parts shall not fall off or break, and finish if off should be touch up, signs should be complete and clear. Install the wiring parts requirements are as follows; The wiring parts should be complete, installation, sign is complete; Mounting screws must be tightened, panels should be kept to a flat surface. Modular universal socket installation requirements are as follows: socket panel with vertical and horizontal forms, junction box

lid switch and is waterproof, dust-proof, resistant to compression. Junction box should be flush with the ground. Modular universal socket, multi-user information outlets or wiring modules, the installation location should comply with the design requirements. Modular universal

outlet box and subject to the conditions fixed according to the construction site, expansion screws preset should be used, and so on. Socket panel logo,

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