来安方《新编英美概况》笔记和典型题(含考研真题)详解-美国-第2章 美国的历史【圣才出品】

第2章美国的历史

2.1 复习笔记

I. The Thirteen English-American Coloniesand the War of Independence

1. The Founding of the colonies

2. The Early Immigrants

3. Relation between England and Colonies

4. The Boston T ea Party

5. The First Continental Congress

6. The Second Continental Congress

7. Military Struggle and Final Victory

II. Appearance of theAmericanConstitution andTerritorial Expansion

1. America Following Independence

2. The Constitutional Convention

3. The American Constitution

4. The Second War with England (1812)

5. The Monroe Doctrine (1823)

6. The Mexican War and Its Results (1846 - 1848)

III. The Civil War

1. The Beginning of Slavery in America

2. Conflicts Arising fromSlavery

3. Lincoln’s Death and American Concept of a Hero

4. Effect of the Civil War

5. Economic Development

6. Progressivism

7. The Federal Reserve Bank

8. Imperialist Foreign Policy and War with Spain IV. America During and After World War I

1. America Entering the War (1917)

2. America after World War I

3. The Great Depression

V. America During and After World War II

1. Background and Outbreak of General War

2. Changes of the US Policy

3. The Lend-Lease Bill

4. America’s Entry into the War

5. America after the War

6. Cold War and America’s Containment

7. Red Scare and the McCarthy Era

8. Demand for Reform

9. The Watergate Affair

10. Reagan Revolution and Clinton

I. The Thirteen English-American Colonies and the War of Independence (十三块英

属北美殖民地和独立战争)

1. The Founding of the colonies (殖民地的建立)

(1)The first successful English colony in North America was planted in Virginia in

1607. The colonists named their new settlement Jamestown, in honor of the king.

英国在北美的第一块殖民地位于弗吉尼亚州。殖民者称他们的新定居点为詹姆斯敦。(2)Thirteen years after the founding of the settlement at Jamestown, the second

English colony was established in New England.

詹姆斯敦殖民地成立十三年后，殖民者们在新英格兰建立了第二个英国殖民地。(3)The Pilgrim Fathers founded their first settlement which was named Plymouth.

清教徒移民在普利茅斯创立了第一个殖民地。

2. The Early Immigrants (早期的移民)

The early settlers in all these 13 colonies were frown different European countries. But most of them came from England and they were generally known as the White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.

13个殖民地的早期定居者来自于不同的欧洲国家。但是他们中的大多数人是从英国来的，他们通常被称为白盎格鲁-撒克逊新教徒。

3. Relation between England and Colonies (英国和殖民地之间的关系)

(1)England demanded the colonies to supply the mother country with raw

materials while importing goods manufactured in England.

英国要求殖民地向宗主国供应原材料，进口英国制造的货物。

(2)The colonies had to depend on England for security.

殖民地为了自身的安全而依赖于英国。

4. The Boston T ea Party (波士顿倾茶事件)

(1)Reason (原因)

The British government allowed the company to sell tea at a lower price in the colonies through its own people, which took away the tea business from American tea merchants.

英国政府允许公司通过自己的人以较低的价格向殖民地卖茶，抢走了美国茶商的生意。

(2)Process (过程)

Some Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships at night and threw much tea into the harbor.

一些波士顿居民装扮成印第安人，在夜间登上船舶把茶丢到了港口中。

5. The First Continental Congress (第一届大陆会议)

Colonial delegates from 12 colonies (Georgia did not send its delegates) met in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774 to con-suit upon the present unhappy state of the colonies. This meeting has been known as the First Continental Congress. The Continental Congress drew up a formal document known as Declaration of Rights and Grievances.

来自12个殖民地的代表于1774年9月5日（乔治亚州没有派代表）在费城召开了会议以解决当前不愉快的状态。这次会议被称为第一届大陆会议。大陆会议起草了一份正式文件称之为人权和不满宣言。

6. The Second Continental Congress (第二次大陆会议)

(1)Found Continental Army and Navy建立了大陆陆军和海军

(2)Declaration of Independence was publicized on 1776.7.4—a clear explanation of

the political theory behind the revolution.

1776年7月4日发表了独立宣言——清楚地解释了革命的政治理论。

7. Military Struggle and Final Victory (军事斗争和最后的胜利)

(1)Process (过程)

①Saratoga—turning point—French help.

萨拉托加——转折点——法国帮助。

②1781, Yorktown, Cornwallis, surrendered.

1781年英军在约克镇投降。

③1783, Treaty of Paris, recognized the independence.

1783年签订了巴黎条约，英国承认美国独立。

(2)Significance (意义)

a. just war正义战争

b. good for capitalism development有利于资本主义的发展

c. international influence具有国际影响

II. Appearance of the American Constitution and Territorial Expansion (美国宪法的出现和领土扩张)

1. America Following Independence (独立后的美国)

Immediately after independence, the 13 states were not very closely united. The need of a new form of government was felt by an increasing number of Americans.

独立后，13个州并不是很团结。越来越多的美国人感到需要一个新的政府形式。

2. The Constitutional Convention (制宪会议)

The work of the Convention was to draw up a Constitution so as to institute a new government. After many heated debates and repeated compromise, the work of drafting the Constitution was completed on September 17, 1787, which has since been celebrated as Constitution Day of the United States.

会议的工作是制定宪法，建立一个新政府。经过激烈的辩论和重复的妥协，宪法的起草工作于1787年9月17日完成，这一天从此成为了美国宪法日。

3. The American Constitution (美国宪法)

The American Constitution founded federalism and introduced checks and balances into government for the first time in history.

美国宪法建立了联邦制，引进了制衡体制，这在历史上是第一次。

(1)Washington as the First President