最新初三英语语法知识考点总结

最新初三英语语法知识考点总结
最新初三英语语法知识考点总结

最新初三英语语法知识考点总结

初三英语语法知识考点总结

一. 介词by的用法

1. 意为"在……旁","靠近"。

Some are singing and dancing under a big tree. Some are drawing by the lake.

有的在大树下唱歌跳舞。有的在湖边画画儿。

2. 意为"不迟于","到……时为止"。

Your son will be all right by supper time.

你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。

How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term?

到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲?

3. 表示方法、手段,可译作"靠"、"用"、"凭借"、"通过"、"乘坐"等。

The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.

猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。

The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.

孩子的父亲是那么的感激,于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。

4. 表示"逐个","逐批"的意思。

One by one they went past the table in the dark.

他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。

5. 表示"根据","按照"的意思。

What time is it by your watch?

你的表几点了?

6. 和take , hold等动词连用,说明接触身体的某一部分。

I took him by the hand.

我拉住了他的手。

7. 用于被动句中,表示行为主体,常译作"被"、"由"等。English is spoken by many people.

英语被许多人说。(即"许多人讲英语。")

二. 动名词(doing)

动名词相当于名词,在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语等。

1. 作主语

Fighting broke out between the South and the North.

南方与北方开战了。

2. 作宾语

Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?

请问你介意调小一点收音机的音量吗?

3. 作表语

Babysister’s job is washing,cooking and taking care of the children.

保姆的工作是洗衣服,作饭和照看孩子。

4. 做定语

a washing machine 一台洗衣机

三. used to 的用法

used to 意为过去常常做某事。

used to 的用法:

1. 肯定句:used这个词没有人称的变化,to后面接动词原形。否定句是didn’t use to….

When I was a child, I didn’t use to like apples.

当我还是孩子的时候我不喜欢苹果。

疑问形式是Did you use to…?

Where did you use to live before you came here?

当你来这儿之前你住哪儿?

2. 含有used to 的句子的反意疑问句不要usedn’t + 主语,而用didn’t + 主语。

——He used to smoke, didn’t he?

——他过去常常吸烟,是吗?

Yes, he did./ No, he didn’t.

是的,他吸。/ 不,他不吸。

四. 被动语态

被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成,助动词be 有时态,人称和数的变化。被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的,be是什么时态,全句就是什么时态,be动词后面的过去分词不变。

1. 各种时态的被动语态结构如下:

一般现在时的被动语态:主语+am / is / are (not)+过去分词

一般过去时的被动语态:主语+was / were +过去分词

现在完成时的被动语态:主语+have / has +been +过去分词

一般将来时的被动语态:主语+will +be +过去分词

过去将来时的被动语态:主语+would / should + be +过去分词

过去进行时的被动语态:主语+was / were + being +过去分词

过去完成时的被动语态:主语+had + been +过去分词

情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+过去分词

2. 被动语态的用法

(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁,不用by+动作执行者短语。

Football is played widely all over the world.

全世界都广泛地踢足球。

(2)强调动作的承受者。

The bank was robbed yesterday afternoon.

昨天下午这家银行遭到抢劫。

(3)作客观说明时,常采用一种被动语态句型。

It is reported that about twenty children have died of flu in the USA.

据报道美国大约二十名儿童死于流感。

3. 主动语态的句子变为被动语态的步骤

(1)把原句中的宾语变为主语

(2)动词改为被动形式,即be+过去分词

(3)原来的主语,如果需要的话,放在by后面;如果没必要,可省略。

五. 虚拟语气

如果我们所说的不是事实,而只是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气。

注意:条件句分两种,真实条件句和虚拟条件句。只有在虚拟(非真实)条件句中,才用虚拟语气;而在真实条件句中,要用陈述语气.

请比较:

(1)If it is sunny tomorrow , we’ll go to the zoo.

如果明天天气好,我们将会去公园。

在这句话中,明天天气好是完全有可能实现的,并非虚拟、幻想,因此是真实条件句,在本句中,适用"主将从现。"

(2)If I were you , I would go at once.

如果我是你的话,我立刻就走。

在这句话中,条件句"如果我是你",但事实上,我不可能成为你,这只是假设的情况,没有实现的可能。当条件实现的可能性很小,甚至可以说没有时,就需要用虚拟语气来表示。

虚拟语气表示和现在的事实相反,从句用一般过时,主句用"should/would/could/ might +动词原形。

例如:

If I had time, I would go for a walk.

If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party.

If I won a million dollars in the lottery, I would put it in the bank.

If I were you , I’d wear a shirt and tie.

注意:在虚拟语气的句子中,be动词只能用were,不能用was。

六. must/might/could/can't

1. must

(1)must 表示主观看法,意为"必须"。

如:You must stay here until I come back.

Must I hand in my homework right now?

对must引导的疑问句,肯定回答为must,否定回答为needn’t 或don’t have to .

如:—Must I finish my homework?

—No, you needn’t.

(2)must也可以表示有把握的推测,意为" 一定,肯定",用于肯定句。

如: The light is on, so he must be at home now.

其否定形式mustn’t表示"禁止,不许"。

如:You mustn’t play with fire.

You mustn’t be late.

2. could

(1)can的过去式,意为"能、会",表示过去的能力。

如:He could write poems when he was 10.

(2)could在疑问句中,表示委婉请求的语气,此时could没有过去式的意思。

如:Could you do me a favour?

—Could I use your pen?

—Yes, you can.(注意回答)

3. might

might为may的过去式。might表示推测时,表示可能性低于

may(此时might没有过去式的意思),当请求讲时,比may的语气更委婉。

如:He is away from school. He might be sick.

Might I use your dictionary?

4. can

(1)表示能力,一般译为"能、会",尤其指生来具备的能力。

如:She can swim fast, but I can’t .

(2)表示许可,常在口语中。

如:You can use my dictionary.

(3)表示推测,意为"可能",常用于否定句和疑问句中,此时can’t译为"不可能"。

如:—Can the news be true?

—No, it can’t be our teacher. He is on a visit to the Great Wall.

七. 定语从句

1. 定语从句的概念

在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

2. 定语从句的关系词

引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

3. 定语从句的分类

根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用

逗号分开,从句不可省去。非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。

4. 关系代词的用法

(1)that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。

例如:

Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.

玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)

The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.

我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)

(2)which用于指物,在句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。

例如:

The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.

位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)

The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.

我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)

(3)who,whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom。who和whom作宾语时也可省略。

例如:

The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.

经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)

Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?

正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)

5. 关系副词的用法

(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,when在定语从句中作时间状语。

例如:

This was the time when he arrived.

这是他到达的时间。

(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,where在定语从句中作地点状语。

例如:

This is place where he works.

这是他工作的地点。

(3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,why在定语从句中做原因状语。

例如:

Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.

没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。

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