美国研究生课程-工作激励制度-emotions

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Emotional Displays
• How EL is Defined:
o Expressions of work role-specified emotions that may or may not require conscious effort
• Central Concepts:
o Emotional Harmony o Emotional Deviance o Authenticity
Research Evidence
• Counterproductive work behavior is much more likely to result from momentary (state) hostility or experiences of injustice than from stable personality characteristics (Judge et al., 2006)
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Integrating the Approaches
• Can’t use one approach to the exclusion of others • EL is the result of dynamic interactions among occupational requirements, emotional displays and intrapsychic processes • Grandey et al’s Definition:
Research Evidence
• Emotional contagion (Barsade, 2002): Group members “catch” each others’ emotions through:
o Subconscious, primitive, a utomatic mimicry o Conscious comparison display what is appropriate
Research Evidence
• Studies using ESM have found…
o Emotions and moods contribute to JS, but are unique from JS (Fisher, 2000)
o The effect of negative environmental events on mood was five times stronger than the effect of positive events, even though positive events were reported more frequently than negative events (Miner et al., 2005)
o Emotion management/regulation o EL Jobs o Display Rules
• Measurement: Qualitative; O*Net • Proposed Outcomes: EL is functional for the organization but dysfunctional for the employee
• Study guide and practice questions are Angel
Emotions
Intense feelings directed at someone or something
This is in contrast to Affect or Moods Emotions are typically expressed through facial expressions
Affective Circumplex
Emotions can be organized along two dimensions: Activation & Pleasantness Emotions that are more closely located are more strongly correlated
Why do moods and emotion matter?
• Negative emotions can hinder performance, affect employee well-being, and hurt organizations/business • Emotional labor: Employees are required to display certain emotions, but faking can be taxing • Emotions can facilitate many organizational processes: decision making, leadership, motivation, etc.
• Measurement: Observer ratings of expressive behavior • Proposed Outcomes: EL is functional for the organization and employee; only dysfunctional if highly effortful and inauthentic
Emotion and Mood on the Job
• Fisher (2000): Emotions and moods are not captured by the typical measures of job satisfaction • Moods and emotions fluctuate and therefore are best captured using experience (or event) sampling method (ESM)
• Researchers cannot agree on a definition • EI can’t be measured • EI is Old Wine in New Bottles
Emotional Labor
• A situation in which an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions at work • Displaying Fake Emotions:
Sources of Emotion and Mood
• Fun
o Social activities increase positive mood
• Exercise! • Age
o Older individuals experience less negative emotion!
• Sleep
• Measurement: Actor Self-Report • Proposed Outcomes: EL is deep acting is function for the employee and organization; surface acting and dissonance are dysfunctional
Emotional Intelligence
• The ability to detect and manage emotional cues and information
Conscientiousness
Perceive Emotions in Self and Others
Cognitive Ability
Understand the Meaning of Emotions
Emotional Stability
Regulate Emotions
EI: The Case For
• Intuitive Appeal • It works • It’s Biologically Based
EI: The Case Against
Occupational Requirements
• How EL is Defined:
o Jobs that require managing feelings to crease an emotional display in exchange for a wage
• Central Concepts:
o Positive experiences at work reduce end-of-day feelings of fatigue (Zohar et al., 2003) and increase general feelings of well-being (Harris et al., 2003)
o Surface Acting o Deep Acting
Emotional Labor
• 3 Main Perspectives
o EL as Occupational Requirements o EL as Emotional Displays o EL as Intrapsychic processes
What effects our moods?
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
9:00 AM Noon 3:00 PM 6:00 PM 9:00 PM Midnight
Negative Affect Positive Affect
Time of the day
Watson (2000): Mood and Temperament; adapted by Judge & Robbins, 2008
Sources of Emotion & Moods
• Personality
o Built in tendencies to experience certain moods and emotions more frequently than others
• Stress
o Effects of stress build over time
What effects our moods?
6 5 4 3 Negative Affect Positive Affect
2
1 0
Sun. Mon. Tue. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat.
Day of the week
Watson (2000): Mood and Temperament; adapted by Judge & Robbins, 2008
Positive & Negative Affect
• Positive Affect: A mood dimension that consists of specific positive emotions, such as excitement, selfassurance, and cheerfulness, at the high end • Negative Affect: A mood dimension that consists of emotions such as nervousness, stress and anxiety at the high end
Intrapsychic Processes
• How EL is Defined:
o Effortful managing of ones emotions while interacting with others at work
• Central Concepts:
o Surface Acting o Deep Acting o Emotional Dissonance
Emotions.
March 25, 2014
Announcements
• Reading for Next Week: Landy & Conte
o It is being scanned
• Exam is on Thursday
o 45 Questions o 75 Minutes o Bring pencil
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