2013年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2013年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. Writing

Structure and V ocabulary

1．______one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world.

A．On

B．By

C．At

D．Of

正确答案：C

解析：at one time为固定词组，意义为“曾经”。句意是，曼彻斯特曾经是世界上最大的纺织厂基地。所以正确答案是C选项。

2．If you come to Tokyo, I can put you______in an apartment near my company.

A．across

B．down

C．out

D．up

正确答案：D

解析：四个选项的意思分别是put across使……被理解；put down放下，镇压；put out熄灭，赶走；put up供给……住宿。句意是，如果你来东京，可以住在位于我公司附近的一处公寓里。所以正确答案是D选项。

3．It seems oil______from this pipe for some time. We’ll have to take the machine apart to put it right.

A．had leaked

B．is leaking

C．leaked

D．has been leaking

正确答案：D

解析：现在完成进行时表示在一段时间内持续进行的动作，并对现在产生一定的影响。句意是，似乎石油从管道泄漏已有一段时间了。我们将不得不把机器拆开修理。所以正确答案是D选项。

4．He will agree to do what you require______him.

A．of

B．from

C．to

D．for

正确答案：A

解析：四个选项的意思分别是require of sb．要求某人；require sth．from sb．要求某人某事；require to do sth．要求做某事。句意是，他将同意做任何你要求他的事情。所以A是正确答案。

5．Though he was born and brought up in America, he can speak______Chinese.

A．fluid

B．smooth

C．fluent

D．flowing

正确答案：C

解析：四个选项的意思分别是fluid流动的，不安定的；smooth光滑的，平静的；fluent<言语>流利的，流畅的；flowing流动的，平滑的。句意是，尽管他生于美国，长于美国，但他能讲流利的中文。因此正确答案是C选项。

6．We look forward to______to the opening ceremony.

A．invite

B．be invited

C．having been invited

D．being invited

正确答案：D

解析：look forward to期待，盼望。这里to为介词，后面接名词或动词ing 形式。句子的意思是我们期待能被邀请去参加开幕仪式。很明显，句子为被动语态，所以正确答案是D选项。

7．If people feel hopeless, they don’t bother to______the skills they need to succeed.

A．adopt

B．acquire

C．accumulate

D．assemble

正确答案：B

解析：四个选项的意思分别是adopt采取，吸收；acquire获得，学成；accumulate 积聚，累积；assemble集合，装配。句意是，如果人们感到绝望时，他们不会费神去获得他们成功所需的技能。所以正确答案是B选项。

8．Professor Wang,______ for his informative lectures, was warmly received by his students.

A．knowing

B．known

C．to be known

D．having known

正确答案：B

解析：被动态。be known for sth．表示“以……而闻名”。空格处为省略了who was，直接用过去分词做状语。句意是，王教授以其信息型讲座而闻名，深受学生欢迎。所以正确答案是B选项。

9．She just had no faith in me. It was William______she still had her faith.

A．that

B．who

C．whom

D．in whom

正确答案：D

解析：have faith in sb．表示”信任某人”。in放在引导词whom前面，in whom 引导定语从句，修饰William。句意是，她只是不信任我而已，她相信的人是威廉。因此正确答案是D选项。

10．The conference______a full week by the time it ends.

A．must have lasted

B．will have lasted

C．would last

D．has lasted

正确答案：B

解析：by the time到什么时候为止，是一个完成时的标志用语。根据英文“主将从现”原则，即主句和状语从句都是将来的动作，状语从句一般用一般现在时表将来，所以虽然句中用ends，表示的是将来的时间，故主句用将来完成时。句意是，到它结束时，大会将持续整整一周的时间。根据句意推出正确答案是A 选项。

11．“Bob certainly has a low opinion of Sue.”—“It can’t be any worse than______of him.”

A．her

B．hers

C．she

D．she does

正确答案：B

解析：句意是，“鲍伯对苏的评价很低。”——“不可能比她对他的评价更低。”空格处表示“苏对鲍伯的评价”，B选项hers为she的所有格形式，因此正确答案是B选项。

12．The woman has not yet______the loss of her son.

A．got up

B．got by

C．got over

D．got round

正确答案：C

解析：四个选项的意思分别是get up起床，晋升；get by通过，勉强生存；get over克服，从中恢复过来；get round避免，说服。旬意是，这个妇女还没从丧子之痛中恢复过来。根据句意推出正确答案是C选项。

13．Eighty percent of mothers cradle their______in their left arms, holding them against the left side of their bodies.

A．infants

B．hoses

C．handkerchiefs

D．fences

正确答案：A

解析：四个选项的意思分别是infant婴儿；hose软管；handkerchief手帕；fence栅栏。句意是，80％的母亲用左臂抱婴儿，靠在她们身体的左侧。根据句子意思推出正确答案是A选项。

14．The explorers came forward with gifts of ducks and flour-cakes and______troughs of water for the horses to drink.

A．held in

B．held with

C．held under

D．held up

正确答案：D

解析：四个选项的意思分别是hold in控制，抑制；hold with赞成，容忍；hold under镇压，制服；hold up举起，支撑。句意是，探险者们带着作为礼物的鸭子和蛋糕前行，还举起水槽让马饮水。根据句意推出正确答案是D选项。

15．He likes to take a hand in everything, even those that hardly concern him.

A．offer help to

B．get mixed up in

C．have a part in

D．make a fuss over

正确答案：C

解析：take a hand in参与，介入。四个选项的意思分别是offer help to向……提供帮助；get mixed up in使卷入，使牵连进；have a part in参与，关联；make a fuss over对某事大惊小怪。句意是，他喜欢任何事都插一手，甚至是那些与他毫不相干的事。所以正确答案是C选项。

16．A______examination for the post of department manager will be held next Tuesday.

A．classifying

B．comparing

C．contrasting

D．competitive

正确答案：D

解析：四个选项的意思分别是classifying分类的；comparing可比较的；contrasting形成鲜明对比的，截然不同的；competitive竞争性的。句意是，下周二将举行部门经理竞聘上岗考试。所以正确答案是D选项。

17．Mother was so weak after her operation that the doctors wondered if they would be able to______her through.

A．pull

B．cure

C．push

D．save

正确答案：A

解析：四个选项的意思分别是pull through渡过难关，恢复健康；push through 挤过去，设法完成。句意是，母亲在手术后如此虚弱，所以医生们都在想他们能否帮她渡过这一难关。所以正确答案是A选项。

18．Go and see what your mother is______now.

A．for

B．at

C．about

D．busy

正确答案：C

解析：四个选项的意思分别是for为了，至于；at对(准)……，向……；about 从事……，忙于；busy繁忙，后面不能直接接宾语。句意是，去看看你母亲现在在忙什么。所以正确答案是C选项。

19．With three young children to take care of, Cathy is kept on the run every

minute of the day.

A．walking

B．at full speed

C．busy

D．on foot

正确答案：C

解析：on the run意思为“活动，忙碌”。四个选项的意思分别是walk走路；at full speed以高速度；busy繁忙；on foot步行，在进行中。句意是，由于有三个孩子需要照料，凯茜一天每分钟都在不停忙碌中。根据句意可推出正确答案是C选项。

20．Since his retirement, Peter Smith, who was______a teacher, has written four novels.

A．lately

B．usually

C．formerly

D．already

正确答案：C

解析：四个选项的意思分别是lately近来，最近；usually通常，大抵；formerly 从前，以前；already早已，已经。句意是，彼特·史密斯以前是老师，在退休后已经写了四本小说。根据句意可推出正确答案是C选项。

21．We must______on our reputation to expand the business.

A．improve

B．build

C．develop

D．weigh

正确答案：B

解析：四个选项的意思分别是improve on改良，更新；build on将……建立[在……基础上]；weigh on成为[人、心上的]重担，压迫。句意是，我们必须建立我们的声誉，以此扩大业务。所以正确答案是B选项。

22．______it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.

A．Believe

B．To believe

C．Believing

D．Believed

正确答案：D

解析：被动态。由于句子主语为his discovery，所以分句要用被动态。四个选项中只有D为过去分词形式，所以正确答案是D选项。

23．______does business with that fellow is bound to lose money.

A．Whoever

B．Who

C．No matter who

D．However

正确答案：A

解析：四个选项的意思分别是Whoever(……的)任何人，不论是谁，为带先行词的不定关系代名词；Who谁；No matter who不管谁……(都)，无论什么人……(都)，引导让步状语从句；However然而，不过。句意是，无论谁和那个人做生意都注定要损失金钱。所以正确答案是A选项。

24．Ann never dreams of______for her to be sent abroad very soon.

A．there being a chance

B．there to be a chance

C．there be a chance

D．being a chance

正确答案：A

解析：there be句型充当dream of的宾语，由于of为介词，be动词变成being。四个动词只有A选项的形态符合。句意是，安做梦也没有想到她这么快就有去国外的机会。所以A是正确答案。

25．Frequently single-parent children______some of the functions that the absent adult in the house would have served.

A．take off

B．take after

C．take in

D．take on

正确答案：D

解析：四个选项的意思分别是take off起飞；take after学……的榜样，仿效；take in让……进入，改小；take on承担。句意是，通常单亲家庭的孩子要承担家里不在的那个大人所应履行的某些职责。根据句意推出正确答案是D选项。

26．Whenever a big company______a small one, the product almost always gets worse.

A．gets on with

B．cuts down

C．takes over

D．puts up with

正确答案：C

解析：四个选项的意思分别是get on with继续做：cut down削减，砍倒；take over接收，接管；put up with忍受，容忍。句意是，任何时候当一个大公司收购一个小公司时，产品几乎总是变得更差。所以正确答案是C选项。

27．Samuel was obliged to compromise on lesser questions.

A．was compelled

B．was delighted

C．was prepared

D．was only too ready

正确答案：A

解析：was obliged to不得不。四个选项的意思分别是was compelled被迫；was delighted乐于做……；was prepared准备好做……；was only too ready太愿意做某事。句意是，撒母耳不得不就提出更少的问题妥协，所以正确答案是A 选项。

28．Children tend to______while playing, even if they make a promise before.

A．lose all count of time

B．keep all count of time

C．be aware of the passage of time

D．waste time

正确答案：A

解析：四个选项的意思分别是lose all count of time忘记时间；keep all count of time计算时间；be aware of the passage of time意识到时间的流逝；waste time浪费时间。句意是，孩子们玩起来时易忘记时间，尽管他们之前做出过承诺。所以正确答案是A选项。

29．A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region,______were surprising.

A．as results

B．which results

C．the results of it

D．the results of which

正确答案：D

解析：which引导的定语从句。旬意是，在那个地区展开了新生儿死亡率的调研，其结果令人非常吃惊。根据句意推出正确答案是D选项。

30．Our manager is so______in his thinking, he never listens to new ideas.

A．stiff

B．rigid

C．tense

D．tight

正确答案：B

解析：四个选项的意思分别是stiff僵硬的，不灵活的：rigid<人>[在……方面]固执的，顽固的；tense拉紧的，绷紧的；tight严厉的，吝啬的。句意是，我们经理对自己的想法非常固执，从来听不见新的想法。根据句意推出正确答案是B选项。

Reading Comprehension

Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we “fit” in society. As we go about our everyday lives, we mentally attempt to place people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our property is thief or a meter reader, and so on. The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change throughout life. Most of us can, at very high speed, assume the statuses that various situations require. Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in relation to us. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult than others, most of us perform it rather effortlessly. A status has been compared to ready-made clothes. Within certain limits, the buyer can choose style and fabric. But an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince. We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society. Furthermore, our choice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by our pocketbook. Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain alterations made, but apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks. Statuses too come ready made, and the range of choice among them is limited.

31．In the first paragraph, the writer tells us that statuses can help us______.

A．determine whether a person is fit for a certain job

B．behave appropriately in relation to other people

C．protect ourselves in unfamiliar situations

D．make friends with other people

正确答案：B

解析：推理题。根据第一段第一句话“Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable usto get along with one another and to determine where we“fit”in society”可知，身份让我们知道该如何与他人很好地相处，确定我们自己在社会中的位置。由此可以推出，身份告诉我们，在与他人交往过程中，我们该怎么做。B选项符合基于原文的推断。A和C选项文中并未提及。D选项“与他人交朋友”属于过度推断。所以正确答案是B选项。

32．According to the writer, people often assume different statuses______.

A．in order to identify themselves with others

B．in order to better identify others

C．as their mental processes change

D．as the situation changes

正确答案：D

解析：细节题。根据第二段第一句话和第二句话“The statuses we assume often vary withthe people we encounter,and change throughout life．Most of us can，at very high speed，assumethe statuses that various situations require”可知，当情况发生变化时，我们所认定的身份常常也会随之变化。所以正确答案是D选项。

33．The word “appraisal”(Sentence 4, Paragraph 2)most probably means______.

A．involvement

B．appreciation

C．assessment

D．presentation

正确答案：C

解析：词义辨析题。这句话的意思为“这意味着基于评价和阐释的这种持续的心理过程，我们让自己的行为适应其他人。”appraisal这里表示“对他们进行评估，判断”，C选项最符合这一意思。所以正确答案是C选项。

34．In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the pronoun “it”refers to “______”.

A．fitting our actions to those of other people appropriately

B．identification of other people’s statuses

C．selecting one’s own statuses

D．constant mental process

正确答案：A

解析：细节题。根据第二段最后一句话“Although some of us find the task more difficultthan others，most of us perform it rather effortlessly”可知，it这里指代这句话中的the task。然后再根据上下文可知，the task指代的是前面一句话中的“we fit our actions to those of otherpeople based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation”，由此可推出，it指代“we fit our actions to those of other people”，所以正确答案是A选项。

35．By saying that “an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince”(Sentence 3, Paragraph 3), the writer means______.

A．different people have different styles of clothes

B．ready-made clothes may need alterations

C．statuses come ready made just like clothes

D．our choice of statuses is limited

正确答案：D

解析：推理题。在我们选择衣服时，必须在社会所提供的服饰中进行选择。因此，美国人不可能随意挑选中国农民或印度王子的服饰，因为在美国社会中不会提供类似服饰。作者通过将身份比作衣服，说明身份像衣服一样，受到社会的限制，选择的范围有限。因此，正确答案是D选项。

Humanity uses a little less than half the water available worldwide. Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts are causing famine and distress in some areas, and industrial and agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies. Since the world’s population is expected to double in the next 50 years, many experts think we are on the edge of a widespread water crisis. But that doesn’t have to be the outcome. Water shortages do not have to trouble the world - if we start valuing water more than we have in the past. Just as we began to appreciate petroleum more after the 1970s oil crises, today we must start looking at water from a fresh economic perspective. We can no longer afford to consider water a virtually free resource of which we can use as much as we like in any way we want. Instead, for all used except the domestic demand of the poor, governments should price water to reflect its actual value. This means charging a fee for the water itself as well as for the supply costs. Governments should also protect this resource by providing water in more economically and environmentally sound ways. For example, often the cheapest way to provide irrigation water in the dry tropics is through small-scale projects, such as gathering rainfall in depressions and pumping it to nearby cropland. No matter what steps governments take to provide water more efficiently, they must change their institutional and legal approaches to water use. Rather than spread control among hundreds or even thousands of local, regional, and national agencies that watch various aspects of water use, countries should set up central authorities to coordinate water policy.

36．What is the real cause of the potential water crisis?

A．Only half of the world’s water can be used.

B．The world population is increasing faster and faster.

C．Hall of the world’s water resources have been seriously polluted.

D．Humanity has not placed sufficient value on water resources.

正确答案：D

解析：推理题。解题点在第二段。文章提到“Water shortages do not have to trouble theworld—if we start valuing water more than we have in the past”，由此可以推出，如果人类重视水资源，就不会出现水资源缺乏的危机。所以正确答案是D 选项。

37．As indicated in the passage, the water problem______.

A．is already serious in certain parts of the world

B．has been exaggerated by some experts in the field

C．poses a challenge to the technology of building reservoirs

D．it underestimated by government organizations at different levels

正确答案：A

解析：细节题。根据第一段中第二句话“Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts arecausing famine and distress in some areas”可知，水资源的短缺和干旱导致了一些地区饥荒和穷困的发生，因此正确答案是A选项。

38．According to the author, the water price should______.

A．be reduced to the minimum

B．stimulate domestic demand

C．correspond to its real value

D．take into account the occurrences of droughts

正确答案：C

解析：细节题。根据第三段第一句话中的“…governments should price water to reflect itsactual value”可知，作者认为政府应当向使用者征收费用，以此来反映水的真正价值。所以正确答案是C选项。

39．The author says that in some hot and dry areas it is advisable to______.

A．build big lakes to store water

B．construct big pumping stations

C．build small and cheap irrigation systems

D．channel water from nearby rivers to cropland

正确答案：C

解析：细节题。根据第四段第二句话“often the cheapest way to provide irrigation waterin the dry tropics is through small-scale projects，such as gathering rainfall in depressions andpumping it to nearby cropland”可知，作者认为在干旱地区，应通过小规模项目来提供灌溉水，如把凹地处聚集的雨水引用到附近的庄稼地。因此，正确答案是C选项。

40．In order to raise the efficiency of the water supply, measures should be taken to______.

A．guarantee full protection of the environment

B．centralize the management of water resources

C．increase the sense of responsibility of agencies at all levels

D．encourage local and regional protection of water resources

正确答案：B

解析：细节题。解题点在文章的最后一段最后一句话。根据最后一句话中的

“…countriesshould set up central authorities to coordinate water policy”可知，作者认为提高水资源的利用效率，国家应设立中央机构来调和水政策，所以正确答案是B选项。

Every night she listened to her father going around the house, locking the doors and windows. She listened: the back door closed; she could hear the fastener of the kitchen window’s click, and the restless pad of his feet going back to try the front door. It wasn’t only the outside doors he locked; he locked the empty kitchen too. He was looking something out, but obviously it was something capable of entering into his first defenses. He raised his second line all the way up to bed. In fourteen years, she thought unhappily, the house will be his; he had paid twenty-five pounds down and the rest he was paying month by month as rent. “Of course,” he was in the habit of saying, “I’ve improved the property.”“Yes,” he repeated, “I’ve improved the property,” looking around for a nail to drive in, a weed to uproot. It was more than a sense of property; it was a sense of honesty. Some people who bought their homes through the society let them go to rack and ruin and then cleared out. She stood with her ear against the wall, a small, dark, angry, immature figure. There was no more to be heard from the other room; but in her inner ear she still heard the footsteps of a property owner, the tap-tap of a hammer, the scrape of a spade, the whistle of radiator steam, a key turning, a bolt pushed home, the little busy sounds of men building barriers. She stood planning.

41．Which of the following is TRUE of the father in the passage?

A．He thought a lot about his daughter’s future.

B．He saved a lot of money for his daughter.

C．He thought that he was secure.

D．He avoided his neighbors on purpose.

正确答案：D

解析：推理题。本题的解题点在第一段。根据第一段可知，她父亲会锁上外面所有的门，包括空置厨房的门。他在寻找着什么，但显然有些东西还是穿过他的第一道防线。他设置的第二道防线一直延伸到床边。由此可以推出，她父亲是一个防御心理十分强的人。D选项说“他有意防着他的邻居”符合基于原文的推断，所以正确答案是D选项。

42．From the passage we can see that the father is______.

A．kind to his daughter and neighbors

B．cruel to his daughter and neighbors

C．systematical in his actions

D．careful about his appearance

正确答案：B

解析：推理题。根据第一段可推出，他有意防着他邻居。根据第二段可知，

他女儿一想到是她父亲的房子就很不开心，而且他总是习惯说是他改善了全家人贫苦的条件。由此可以推出，他对邻居和女儿都不友善，比较无情。所以正确答案是A选项。

43．According to the passage, the daughter’s attitude toward his Father is of______.

A．slight dislike

B．great disapproval

C．strong love

D．grateful acceptance

正确答案：A

解析：推理题。从本文的描述可知，女儿每晚不睡觉，趴在墙上听自己父亲在屋子里走来走去锁门关窗的声响。14年以来，一想起这是她父亲的房子就很不开心。由此可以推出，女儿并不是很喜欢父亲，甚至有点害怕父亲。所以正确答案是A选项。

44．Which of the following feelings is conveyed in the passage?

A．Tenseness.

B．Peace.

C．Nervousness.

D．Happiness.

正确答案：C

解析：推理题。根据作者全文的描述可知，父亲对女儿比较无情，女儿也不是很喜欢父亲。虽然父亲的脚步声听不见了，但女儿内心深处却一直有各种响声。她静静地趴在墙上，听着外面传来的动静。表现的是女儿胆小焦躁的心情。所以正确答案是C选项。

45．All of the following are true EXCEPT that______.

A．the father built his defenses carefully

B．some property owners let their homes go worse

C．the daughter was thin and very young

D．the father punished the girl when she was young

正确答案：D

解析：细节题。根据第二段最后一句话“Some people who bought their homes through thesociety let them go to rack and ruin and then cleared out．”可知，有些房主会毁坏房子。根据最后一段第一句话“She stood with her ear against the wall，a small，dark，angry, immature figure．”可推出，女儿很瘦小，年纪也比较小。根据最后一段倒数第二句话“the little busy sounds of menbuilding barriers”可知，他修建栅栏很用心。由此可推出，A、B和C选项均为文章细节内容。本题选不正确选项，因此正确答案是D选项。

Where Is the News Leading Us? Not long ago I was asked to join in a public symposium on the vole of the American press. Two other speakers were included on the program. The first was a distinguished TV anchorman. The other was the editor of one of the nation’s leading papers, a newsman to the core-tough, aggressive, and savvy in the ways and means of solid reporting. The purpose of the symposium, as I understood it, was to scrutinize the obligations of the media and to suggest the best ways to meet those obligations. 【R1】______Why, he asked, are the newspapers and television news programs so disaster-prone? Why are newsmen and women so attracted to tragedy, violence, failure? The anchorman and editor reacted as though they had been blamed for the existence of bad news. Newsmen and newswomen, they said, are only responsible for reporting the news, not for creating it or modifying it. 【R2】______The gentleman who had asked it was not blaming them for the distortions in the world. He was just wondering why distortions are most reported. The news media seem to operate on the philosophy that all news is bad news. Why? Could it be that the emphasis on downside news is largely the result of tradition —the way newsmen and newswomen are accustomed to respond to daily events? 【R3】______News is supposed to deal with happenings of the past 12 hours-24 hours at most. Anything that happens so suddenly, however, is apt to be eruptive. A sniper kills some pedestrians; a terrorist holds 250 people hostage in a plane; OPEC announces a 25 percent increase in petroleum prices; Great Britain devalues by another 10 percent; a truck conveying radioactive wastes collides with a mobile cement mixer. 【R4】______Civilization is a lot more than the sum total of its catastrophes. The most important ingredient in any civilization is progress. But progress doesn’t happen all at once. It is not eruptive. Generally, it comes in bits and pieces, very little of it clearly visible at any given moment, but all of it involved in the making of historical change for the better. It is this aspect of living history that most news reporting reflects inadequately. The result is that we are underinformed about positive developments and oveninformed about disasters. This, in turn, leads to a public mood of defeatism and despair, which in themselves tend to be inhibitors of progress. An unrelieved diet of eruptive news depletes the essential human energies a free society needs. 【R5】______ I am not suggesting that “positive”news he contrived as an antidote to the disasters on page one. Nor do I define positive news as in-depth reportage of functions of the local YMCA. What I am trying to get across is the notion that the responsibility of the news media is to search out and report on important events-whether or not they come under the heading of conflict, confrontation, or catastrophe. The world is a splendid combination of heaven and hell, and both sectors call for attention and scrutiny.A. Focusing solely on these details, however, produces a misshapen picture.B. Perhaps it would be useful here to examine the way we define the word news, for this is where the problem beginsC. A mood of hopelessness and cynicism is hardly likely to furnish the energy needed to meet serious challenges.D. During the open-discussion period, a gentleman in the audience addressed a question to my two colleagues.E. It didn’t seem to me that the newsmen had answered the question.

46．【R1】

正确答案：D

解析：根据该空格后面出现的人称代词he可推知，空格处应填与he相对应的人相关的句子。五个选项中，只有D选项出现了“a gentleman”，因此正确答案是D选项。

47．【R2】

正确答案：E

解析：空格前面一段说这两名发言人对这位先生的提问予以了回答。空格后面又接着说这位先生并没有谴责他们的意义。由此可知，空格处起承上启下的作用。剩余四个选项中，只有E选项与这名先生的提问相关，所以答案是E选项。

48．【R3】

正确答案：B

解析：空格后面解释了新闻是什么，由此可推断，空格处应与新闻的定义相关。剩余选项中，只有B选项符合。所以正确答案是B选项。

49．【R4】

正确答案：A

解析：在最后剩下的两个选项中进行选择。A选项说“然而，单单只关注于这些细节会形成一幅残缺的画面。”C选项说“无助和愤世嫉俗的情绪几乎不可能提供迎接重大挑战所需的能量。”根据上下文可知，这里在讲述新闻报道多报道负面新闻的原因，并没有讲述情绪相关的内容。A选项能符合空格处所需内容。所以正确答案：是A选项。

50．【R5】

正确答案：C

解析：根据空格前面说“human energies”，可以推知这里在讲述能量相关内容，C选项符合这一推论。同时，前面四个空均已填完，通过排除法可以很快得出正确答案是C选项。

Surveys have shown that most football and basketball injuries involve the knee, either through twisting or through application of lateral force. Surgery for such injuries has become much simpler with the invention of a thin device containing a fiber optics light that can be inserted into a thin slit in the knee. Repair can be accomplished through this narrow opening. Long-distance runners also suffer knee injuries, but a more common problem for runners is stress fracture, which is a weakening of the front of the shinbone caused by overuse, with pain and possible

bone cracking as the result. Ligament tears are more common in gymnastics. Almost all these conditions heal with rest. Prevention of injuries depends primarily on good conditioning. Athletes are also protected by the use of better padding materials and of face masks and eye protectors in rough sports. The improper or illegal use of drugs and substances for the temporary improvement of athletic performance in competitions has been a frequent subject of inquiry since the 1960s, when drug misuse by athletes to gain an unfair advantage began to rise dramatically. Anabolic steroids supposedly improve strength and endurance, but they can also have harmful side effects as liver damage. Tests for drugs such as heroin and other stimulants were introduced at the Olympic Games in 1968. Anabolic steroids were not banned until 1974, when a suitable test was developed. The illegality of some drugs has not been accepted by a number of other international and national amateur athletic federations, for reasons including testing uncertainties, doubts about banning certain medicinal substances or common drugs such as caffeine, and simple lack of concern. Controversy has also arisen over the legality of the practice of “blood doping,”in which an athlete receives a blood transfusion just before an event. The resulting increase in red blood cells apparently increases the athlete’s aerobic power.

51．In addition to knee injuries, what will also heal with rest?

正确答案：Stress fracture and ligament tears

解析：根据第一段中的“Long-distance runners also suffer knee injuries，but a more common problem for runners is stress fracture，which is a weakening of the front of the shinbone caused by overuse，with pain and possible bone cracking as the result．Ligament tears are more common in gymnastics．Almost all these conditions heal with rest．”可知，通过休息就能复原的损伤包括长跑运动员容易产生的应力性骨折，以及体育运动中常见的韧带撕裂等。

52．What does the word “slit” in Para. 1 most probably mean?

正确答案：narrow opening

解析：根据这句话以及后面一句话“a fiber optics light that can be inserted into a thin slit inthe knee．Repair can be accomplished through this narrow opening．”可知，this narrow opening即指a thin slit in the knee。

53．When were the tests for drugs used at the Olympic Games?

正确答案：In 1968

解析：根据第二段中的“Tests for drugs such as heroin and other stimulants were introducedat the Olympic Games in 1968．”可知，奥运会在1968年开始对药品进行检测。

54．According to the passage, drug misuse by athletes is considered as______.

正确答案：gaining an unfair advantage in competitions

解析：根据第二段第一句话中的“…when drug misuse by athletes to gain an unfairadvantage began to rise dramatically．”可知，运动员滥用药物被认为是在比赛中获取不公平的有利条件。

55．Controversy arises over the illegality of some common drugs due to______.

正确答案：testing uncertainties，doubts about banning certain medicinal substances or commondrugs such as caffeine，and simple lack of concern 解析：根据第二段中的“The illegality of some drugs has not been accepted by a numberof other international and national amateur athletic federations，for reasons including testinguncertainties，doubts about banning certain medicinal substances or common drugs such ascaffeine，and simple lack of concern．”可知，针对一些普通药物的违法性产生争议的原因包括检测的不确定性、对禁用咖啡因等一些药用物质或普通药品所产生的怀疑以及简单地只是不关心此问题。

English-Chinese Translation

Doing a PhD is certainly not for everybody, and I do not recommend it for most people. However, I am really glad I got my PhD rather than just getting a job after finishing my Bachelor’s. The number one reason is that I learned a hell of a lot doing the PhD, and most of the things I learned I would never get exposed to in a typical software engineering job. 【T1】The process of doing a PhD trains you to do research: to read research papers, to run experiments, to write papers, to give talks. It also teaches you how to figure out what problem needs to be solved. You gain a very sophisticated technical background doing the PhD, and having your work subject to the intense scrutiny of the academic peer-review process - not to mention your thesis committee. I think of the PhD a little like the Grand Tour, a tradition in the 16th and 17th centuries where youths would travel around Europe, getting a rich exposure to high society in France, Italy, and Germany, learning about art, architecture, language, literature, fencing, riding ~ all of the essential liberal arts that a gentleman was expected to have experience with to be an influential member of society. Doing a PhD is similar: You get an intense exposure to every subfield of Computer Science, and have to become the leading world’s expert in the area of your dissertation work. 【T2】The top PhD programs set an incredibly high bar: a lot of coursework. teaching experience, qualifying exams, a thesis defense, and of course making a groundbreaking research contribution in your area. Having to go through this process gives you a tremendous amount of technical breadth and depth. Some important stuff I learned doing a PhD: How to read and critique research papers. As a grad student you have to read thousands of research papers, extract their main ideas, critique the methods and presentation, and synthesize their contributions with your own research. As a result you are exposed to a wide range of CS topics, approaches for solving problems, sophisticated algorithms, and system designs. This is not just

about gaining the knowledge in those papers(which is pretty important), but also about becoming conversant in the scientific literature. How to write papers and give talks. Being fluent in technical communications is a really important skill for engineers. I’ve noticed a big gap between the software engineers I’ve worked with who have PhDs and those who don’t in this regard. 【T3】PhD-trained folks tend to give clear, well-organized talks and know how to write up their work and visualize the result of experiments. As a result they can be much more influential. How to run experiments and interpret the results: I can’t overstate how important this is. A systems-oriented PhD requires that you run a zillion measurements and present the results in a way that is both bullet-proof to peer-review criticism(in order to publish)and visually compelling. Every aspect of your methodology will be critiqued(by your advisor, your co-authors, your paper reviewers)and you will quickly learn how to run the right experiments, and do it right. 【T4】How to figure out what problem to work on: This is probably the most important aspect of PhD training. Doing a PhD will force vou to cast away from shore and explore the boundary of human knowledge.(Matt Might’s cartoon on this is a great visualization of this.)I think that at least 80% of making a scientific contribution is figuring out what problem to tackle: a problem that is at once interesting, open, and going to have impact if you solve it. There are lots of open problems that the research community is not interested in(c.f, writing an operating system kernel in Haskell). There are many interesting problems that have been solved over and over and over(c.f, file system block layout optimization; wireless multi hop routing). There’s a real trick to picking good problems, and developing a taste for it is a key skill if you want to become a technical leader. 【T5】So I think it’s worth having a PhD, especially if vou want to work on the hardest and most interesting problems. This is true whether vou want a career in academia. a research lab, or a more traditional engineering role. But as my PhD advisor was fond of saying, “doing a PhD costs you a house.”(In terms of the lost salary during the PhD years - these days it’s probably more like several houses.

56．【T1】

正确答案：读博士的过程就是训练你做研究的能力，包括阅读文献、做实验、写论文、做演讲。同时，还教授你如何甄别出急需解决问题的能力。

57．【T2】

正确答案：项尖的博士课程设置了难以置信的高标准，包括繁多的课程、授课经历、资格考试、论文答辩，当然还包括在你的研究领域做出开创性的研究贡献。

58．【T3】

正确答案：接受过博士训练的人讲话意思更清楚、结构更明晰，并且知道如

何详细描述他们的工作以及将实验结果可视化。因此，他们更具影响力。

59．【T4】

正确答案：如何找到所需研究的问题：这可能是博士训练最重要的一方面。读博士学位将会迫使你扬帆起航去探索人类知识的边界。

60．【T5】

正确答案：因此，我认为获得博士学位是值得的，尤其是你如果想攻克最困难也是你最感兴趣的问题。无论你是否想留在学术圈，或在研究型的实验室工作，还是想成为一名更传统的工程师，这都是值得的。

Writing

61．You are asked to write an essay on the following topic: Many universities and colleges offer qualification: through some sort of distance learning using the Internet, rather than by face-to-face contact in a classroom. In your opinion, do the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages of learning in this way? You should write at least 250 words. You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.

正确答案：Online Learning Never Outweigh Face-to-face Learning With the development of internet technology, many educational institutions including some colleges and universities begin to provide online courses for those who cannot or are not willing to attend the class. Undoubtedly, it is very convenient for people, especially those in remote areas to learn knowledge. They neither need to move into the same city or county nor quit their jobs. However, in my opinion, the traditional way of learning is much better than the online learning. First, distance learning does not always offer all the necessary courses online. It is possible for you to take a history course online, however, you cannot perform nursing clinicals online. Such courses can only be completed by you attending the class regularly. However, you can learn any course you want if you go to college. Beside a wider choice for courses, you can enjoy a systematical lecture and engage in practice if necessary, thus, you can learn much more knowledge and get a deeper understanding. Second, distance learning does not offer immediate feedback:. Some online learning courses do not provide services of answering to the learners or reviewing their work. So, if they have any question about the course, they have nobody to turn to. Even if some online courses provide such services, the learners have to wait for feedbacks. However, in a traditional classroom setting, teachers can directly and immediately asses a student’s performance through questions and informal testing. In a word, the traditional way of face-to-face learning in a classroom can avoid the problems caused by online learning. The students can learn much more knowledge and improve the learning