In recent years

In recent years, with China's accession to the WTO, some of China's current foreign trade groups using food standards and the "international food international Codex Alimentarius Commission to develop" (CAC) standard is inconsistent, use the "TBT Agreement" (TBT) and the "Health and implementation of Sanitary and Phytosanitary agreement "(SPS), and so the relevant WTO agreements, and by setting various technical barriers to refuse imports of Chinese aquatic products. This article selection process of urbanization and industrialization, openness and high exports of aquatic products and is one of the main areas of the coastal city of Ningbo example empirical research to explain the impact of the WTO TBT framework Ningbo.

First, the problem faced by Ningbo export of aquatic products

The specific circumstances of the current technical barriers to international trade, the major developed countries such as the United States, Japan, the EU and other countries, with its own technical and economic advantages, developed a stringent technical standards, technical regulations and certification systems and other technology, and in recent years, the constant introduction of new standards renovation, export trade of developing countries had a huge limiting.

(A) the United States, Japan, the European Union every year technical trade barriers

Breaking new

1. USA

America's economic strength in the world, the market capacity, wide range of imports of seafood high quality requirements, market changes quickly, seasonal sales, is China's major trading partners seafood. United States laws and regulations in the world is relatively sound and perfect, especially food security, mainly through strict technical regulations, standards, certification and harsh mandatory quarantine to strengthen technical trade restrictions on imports of agricultural and livestock products. For food US week adopted a more stringent requirement. American "fish and shellfish products, country of origin labeling interim regulations" in 2005 4

May 4 after the entry into force.

2. Japan

13 is the largest export market of aquatic products, aquatic products is one of the largest varieties of agricultural products export to 13. Implementation of the "positive list system" impact on Ningbo seafood exports. A substantial increase in test items, improve testing standards, resulting in a substantial increase in costs and testing costs, and extend the clearance rate, increased export difficult. Since 2002, under the "safe and secure" the goal of food safety-related legal system and administrative agencies conducted a series of reforms, such as the development of "Food Safety Basic Law" (July 2003 started), set up a "food safety Committee ", May 2006 2913 officially executed" positive list "system, through strict inspection standards to regulate the import of aquatic products.

3. EU

EU countries were the first to realize the national technical barriers to international trade, and technical barriers to the most serious of its member countries are also set. 2000 The European Commission has issued a 24,42,48,57,5S / EEC Directive, the provisions of the highest in the EU member states limited the circulation of the highest pesticide residues in agricultural products, more than those who banned the sale and import. EC Council of Ministers also stipulates requirements for products enter the European Union to strengthen security checks, regardless of the port from which the member states to come, are required to undergo security and health checks

in accordance with uniform standards. Any customs, as long found during the inspection of imported products do not comply with EC standards, may endanger the health and safety of consumers, not only have the right to suspend customs formalities, customs ports should also immediately notify the other.

(B) the coastal Ningbo dependence of agriculture on seafood exports continue to enhance the reform and opening up, Ningbo, aquaculture, especially marine aquaculture industry to create a remarkable achievement. Nearly 10 years increased by nearly 20 times, and many farmed fish become masters of export products. But in recent years, the export of aquatic products in Ningbo City, encountered new challenges, namely repeated foreign technical barriers to trade. Now with technical standards, health standards, product identification and other main green barriers and food safety, organic food preferences, greater restrictions on the export of aquatic products in Ningbo City. 2003 Ningbo City aquatic systems aquatic exports to 26,790 tons, 32,740 tons of aquatic products for, earning $ 126.3 million, an increase of 8.06% and 20.86% over the previous year. 2004 Ningbo City, 3.3498 million tons of aquatic products exports grew 21 percent over last year, earning 1.261 $ 100 million, in 2005 export of aquatic products 3.2793 million tons, down 2.1l% over the previous year, earning one. $ 284.6 billion. With the expansion of domestic and international trade in seafood market, a Ningbo City, forming a group to export-oriented export-oriented enterprises, some famous special new seafood production and processing of the international market has a high degree of dependence.

Second, the impact of TBT on Ningbo seafood exports

(A) aquatic certification system

13 MAFF decided before 2005, the establishment of good agricultural certification system for the production and sales process, to properly authenticate the agricultural grant certification and grant certification mark, before entering the Japanese market. U.S. exports of aquatic products to the United States provides enterprise must establish seafood HACCP quality assurance body Department of Chinese aquatic products into the American market, the country must first be reviewed by the inspection and quarantine agencies, US-made seafood HACCP verification certificate and after a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the record, in order to enter the United States market. Since the end of 2000, South Korea were found in 29 batches containing metal foreign body in Zhejiang province's aquatic products. Since 200r, Korea export of aquatic products enterprises in Ningbo registration system, and sent officials random sample of companies. Since 2002, the South Korean side in the export of fish and eel Ningbo detected oxytetracycline. Oxolinic acid, therefore, South Korea implemented the "China-ROK Aquatic Health Management Agreement" in addition to micro-organisms, chemical residues requirements for metallic foreign body detection also raised the demanding requirements of enterprises lose Korea aquatic registration, and requires companies must be equipped with metal detection devices.

(B) the price competitiveness

In order to achieve market access threshold, enterprises must increase investment in export trade during the importing country or importers tend to designated foreign certification bodies. The foreign certification bodies and testing fees are very expensive, directly increases the cost of export enterprises. 2004 on the eve of the shrimp production enterprise in Zhejiang Zhoushan gathered, there are 2l companies jointly responding to the U.S. anti-dumping agreement, but the province and another 14 companies are not prepared to participate in the respondent, including four Ningbo enterprises. Ningbo City, shrimp prices no one responding. A person in charge of

shrimp prices are not responding to the reasons explained admits: statistical data. "Responding to the high cost, time and length, calling the enterprise will collapse," the fisheries sector shows: a few years ago the European Union on Chinese seafood after the injunction, Ningbo City, basically shrimp exported to America, Japan, South Korea-based. At present, Ningbo City, the United States annually exports of shrimp and shrimp processed $ 2,000,000, accounting for about one tenth of total exports of shrimp, Ningbo City. Thus, in 2005, shrimp exports Ningbo was hit in the United States market.

Third, measures to deal with technical barriers to trade

(A) enterprises to improve product quality awareness

To make aquaculture enterprises in Ningbo City as soon as possible with international standards, in addition to outside the relevant management functions should be strengthened at all levels of government, all farming enterprises themselves should strive to improve product quality awareness to the health of aquatic product quality standards of importing countries as the basis, production of aquaculture products meet the export requirements. Currently, HACCP foodborne hazards identified include trematode infection, pathogen infection, heavy metal pollution and chemical residues and other drugs, the source of these problems is food safety, aquaculture products, the deterioration of many farming environment, improper use of disease outbreaks, food and drugs is the main cause of such harm [2]. Therefore, farming enterprises should be targeted to take various measures to effectively prevent the various factors causing decline in the quality of aquaculture products.

'(B) aquatic enterprises to adapt to the rules

Aquatic enterprises should adopt internationally accepted standards to organize production and international trade, while the use of rules to protect and develop themselves. Meanwhile, enterprises should actively participate in various international standardization organizations, and strengthen bilateral or multilateral cooperation with developed countries and standardization project of China's major trading partner countries. By participating, participate and cooperate, not only to international standards and foreign advanced standards absorbed over, more importantly strive to standardize our intentions and standards reflect the inside. For discriminatory foreign technical trade measures, must be resolutely counterattack, dare to fight international lawsuit, with bilateral consultations or taken by the government to resort to WTO dispute settlement mechanism, to protect their own interests.

One is to improve fish quality inspection system, the establishment of several provincial Aquatic Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Center (station) and quality certification agencies in the province, while the establishment of a number of county-level detection points, and give some financial support: the second is to strengthen quality sampling and law enforcement, giving the team the quality of supervision and law enforcement duties aquatic law enforcement to develop penalties, from the source of a k monitoring the implementation of quality and safety of aquatic products to fishery drugs production, operation and use of key monitoring aspects, expanded inspection, testing the scope and number, investigate and punish illegal enterprises and substandard products: three is to improve the quality management system, establish and improve the development and production logging system, production logging system for fishing, aquatic products processing of raw materials and water environment monitoring system monitoring system, and gradually achieve the quality and safety of the whole monitoring and traceability.

Fourth, encourage the development of green and famous aquatic products, vigorously implement the brand strategy.

(D) strengthen the scientific and technological means to study

First, pay special attention to the positive development of safe, pollution-free green products. Green aquatic products, to implement green production, green packaging, get the green flag, and establish a green image. Second, establish and improve the water environment monitoring system to provide supporting information aquatic origin, in order to ensure the safety of seafood sources. Strengthen the artificial breeding technology, health breeding technology, disease prevention and cure technology scientific research again. Finally, we should actively develop low-cost, high-performance, consistent with fish medicines, new varieties of fish feed international trade requirements.

(Five) take full advantage of the efforts to develop the international market, with demand both international and domestic market-oriented, to develop aquaculture Mingte by farming, especially in the international market to increase the competitive advantage of aquaculture products; vigorously development of deep processing of aquatic products, and constantly improve the technological level, increase the added value of aquatic products; continue to explore international fish trade channels, and establish a multi-level and wide-ranging, multi-channel sales network of aquatic products, expanding market share in the international market ; improve product publicity, create a good image of the product, the superior products to cultivate

A brand-name products occupy the international market.