华东师范大学2014年博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题(含答案)

华东师范大学2014年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题

考试科目：英语

共12页

时间：180分钟

Paper One

(注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效)

Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%)

Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then

mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the

center.

1. Teaching students of threshold level is hard work but the effort is very ________.

A. precious

B. rewarding

C. worth

D. challenging

2. The explorer lost his way so he climbed to the top of the hill to ________ himself.

A. spot

B. locate

C. place

D. situate

3. The city has decided to ________ smoking.

A. do away with

B. take away

C. get away with

D. put away

4. The old building is in a good state of ________ except for the wooden floors.

A. observation

B. preservation

C. conservation

D. compensation

5.____me most was that the young boy who had lost both arms in an accident could handle a pen with his feet.

A. That amazed

B. It amazed

C. Which amazed

D. What amazed

6. Recycling wastes slows down the rate ________ which we use up the Earth’s finite resources.

A. in

B. of

C. with

D. at

7. Gasoline is ________ by the spark plugs in the engine.

A. ignited

B. inspired

C. excited

D. illuminated

8. The travelers ________ their journey after a short break.

A. recovered

B. resumed

C. renewed

D. restored

9. Cultural ________ indicates that human beings hand their languages down from one generation to another.

A. translation

B. transition

C. transmission

D. transaction

10. We must look beyond ________ and assumptions and try to discover what is missing.

A. justifications

B. illusions

C. manifestations

D. specifications

11. No one imagined that the apparently ________ businessman was really a criminal.

A. respective

B. respectable

C. respectful

D. realistic

12. Hurricanes are killer winds, and their ________ power lies in the physical damage they can do.

A. cumulative

B. destructive

C. turbulent

D. prevalent

13. In some countries, students are expected to be quiet and ________ in the classroom.

A. skeptical

B. faithful

C. obedient

D. subsidiary

14. After four years in the same job his enthusiasm finally ______.

A. deteriorated

B. dispersed

C. dissipated

D. drained

15. For years now, the people of that faraway country have been cruelly ______ by a dictator.

A. depressed

B. immersed

C. oppressed

D. cursed

16. Ever since the rise of industrialism, education has been ______ towards producing workers.

A. harnessed

B. hatched

C. motivated

D. geared

17. The prospect of increased prices has already ______ worries.

A. provoked

B. irritated

C. inspired

D. hoisted

18. You should have put the milk in the ice box; I expect it ________ undrinkable by now.

A. became

B. had become

C. has become

D. becomes

19. Codes are a way of writing something in secret; ________, anyone who doesn't know the code

will not be able to read it.

A. that is

B. worse still

C. in short

D. on the other hand

20. Our house is about a mile from the station and there are not many houses ________.

A. in between

B. among them

C. far apart

D. from each other

21. Understanding the cultural habits of another nation, especially ________ containing as many

different subcultures as the United States, is a complex task.

A. one

B. the one

C. that

D. such

22. You can't be ________ careful in making the decision as it was such a critical case.

A. very

B. quite

C. too

D. so

23. The ratio of the work done by the machine ________ the work done on it is called the

efficiency of the machine.

A. against

B. with

C. to

D. for

24. ________ the flood, the ship would have reached its destination on time.

A. In case of

B. In spite of

C. Because of

D. But for

25. I ________ to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards.

A. ought to have written

B. must have written

C. couldn't have written

D. needn't have written

26. No longer are contributions to computer technology confined to any one country; ________ is

this more true than in Europe.

A. hardly

B. little

C. seldom

D. nowhere

27. ____in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for the wedding gown.

A. Unpopular has as white been

B. White has been as unpopular

C. Unpopular has been as white

D. Unpopular as white has been

28. ____for a long time, the fields are all dried up.

A. There has been no rain

B. Having no rain

C. There having been no rain

D. There being no rain

29. Joseph’s car has a flat tire. now is to walk to the nearest telephone.

A. That he can do

B. All what he can do

C. All that he can do

D. He can do something

30. Televisions enable us to see things happen almost at the exact moment____.

A. which they are happening

B. they are happening

C. which they happen

D. they have happened

Part Ⅱ Cloze (20%)

Directions: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable word(s) marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of

the word(s) you have chosen with a single bar across the bracket on Answer SheetⅠ.

Why does a company want to 31 its money with other people? There are several reasons. First, the company may 32 very well. It may need money to 33 . By selling shares of 34 , the company can get the money it needs. Sometimes, it is 35 for the company to go public for tax reasons. Because of the tax 36 , the company may save money on taxes by selling shares on the stock exchange. Sometimes, a company may owe a lot of money 37 banks. By selling shares of stock, it may be able to pay the banks. Many companies sell stock for this reason. However, the reasons why companies sell their stocks on the stock exchange are often 38 . In general, all companies 39 sell shares of stock on the stock exchange need to 40 money for one reason or another.

Investors 41 buy shares of stock in a company may make money in two ways. They may begin to make money 42 . Suppose that a person invests in a company, and the company makes money. The company shares this money with the 43 . This money that is shared is called a 44 . Dividends are usually sent to investors once every three months while they 45 the stock. A second way that investors may 46 is to sell the stock at a higher price than they 47 when they bought it. The 48 of each share of stock goes up if the company does well. It may also 49 for many other reasons. But when it does go up, a person may sell it and make a 50 .

31. A. distract B. permeate C. share D. recede

32. A. have done B. be doing C. do D. have been doing

33. A. perplex B. dominate C. integrate D. expand

34. A. stake B. stock C. stalk D. stack

35. A. potential B. advantageous C. sensitive D. actual

36. A. utilities B. contributions C. earnings D. laws

37. A. to B. for C. on D. from

38. A. complex B. essential C. comprehensive D. understandable

39. A. what B. that C. which D. while

40. A. locate B. admit C. proclaim D. raise

41. A. who B. which C. until D. if

42. A. by mistake B. to date C. on earth D. right away

43. A. observer B. director C. investor D. instructor

44. A. tuition B. postage C. tip D. dividend

45. A. offer B. own C. convince D. equip

46. A. sell money B. share money C. take money D. make money

47. A. confronted B. extracted C. spilled D. paid

48. A. price B. investment C. cost D. value

49. A. tighten up B. stock up C. go up D. stir up

50. A. profit B. benefit C. award D. input

Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (25%)

Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and

D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠwith

a single line through the center.

(1)

Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one’s side, or that in Italy and som e Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.

Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that “Gift” means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm’s length away from others. Latinos and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.

Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.

Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.

When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. Then attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives—usually the richer—who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation’s diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.

For many years, American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.

51. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would

most probably ________.

A. stand still

B. jump aside

C. step forward

D. draw back

52. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ________.

A. cultural self-centeredness

B. casual manners

C. indifference towards foreign visitors

D. arrogance towards other cultures

53. In countries other than their own most Americans ________.

A. are isolated by the local people

B. are not well informed due to the language barrier

C. tend to get along well with the natives

D. need interpreters in hotels and restaurants

54. According to the author, Americans’ cultural bl indness and linguistic ignorance will ________.

A. affect their image in the new era

B. cut themselves off from the outside world

C. limit their role in world affairs

D. weaken the position of the US dollar

55. The author’s intention in writi ng this article is to make Americans realize that ________.

A. it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friends

B. it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs

C. it is necessary to use several languages in public places

D. it is time to get acquainted with other cultures

(2)

Your friends might be in Australia or maybe just down the road, but they are all just a few clicks away. Life has changed for millions of teenagers across the world who now make friends online. Whether you use chat rooms, QQ, MSN or ICQ, you are part of a virtual community.

“I rarely talk with my parents or grandparents, but I talk a lot with my old friends on QQ,” said Fox’s Shadow, the online nickname used by a Senior 2 girl in China. “Eighty percent of my classmates use QQ after school.”

QQ is the biggest messaging service in China. A record shows 4 million people used it one Saturday night in October, according to Tencent, the company which developed QQ.

And Fox's Shadow might well have been one of them. “I log in on Friday nights, and Saturdays or Sundays when I feel bored. I usually spend about 10 hours chatting online every week,” she said. “But I rarely talk with strangers, especially boys or men.”

Even though she likes chatting, she is careful about making friends with strangers online. “You don’t know who you’re talking to. You should always be careful about who you trust online.”

Many people would like to meet offline when they feel they have got to know someone very well. Fox’s Shadow once met one of her online friends face to face. It was a girl who was a comic fan like herself and they went to a comic show together.

However, not all teenagers have been so fortunate. At the beginning of this year, a 17-year-old girl in Liaoning Province was raped after meeting a friend she had found on QQ. The criminal wasn’t caught until last month.

A 16-year-old Beijing boy, known online as Bart Simon, dislikes QQ users. “I used to chat on QQ, but I found that most people were talking nonsense,”he said. Now he chats online in English, using MSN. “I only chat online because I’ve got friends in Japan, the US and Singapore,”he said.

“I want to learn more about foreign cultures.” But he spends little time chatting as he sees it a waste of time and money.

“If you are really addicted to it, sometimes you just can’t concentrate in class,” he said. “And the friends in your real life are always more important than those so-called friends you meet online.

56. This passage centers on .

A. teenagers making friends online

B. the advantages of the Internet

C. the functions of chat rooms, QQ, MSN, or ICQ

D. the internet changing your life

57. Which of the following is true about Fox’s Shadow?

A. She often talks with her relatives on QQ.

B. She has a strong sense of self-protection.

C. She is a senior at college.

D. She logs in every night.

58. What can be inferred from the passage?

A. People, both old and young, like to get online.

B. Girls prefer QQ better than boys.

C. There is no danger for male QQ users, even if they meet each other.

D. QQ users like to talk face to face after sometime of intercourse online.

59. What is Not the Beijing boy’s opinion of chatting online?

A. He can’t practice oral English if he uses QQ.

B. Chatting online with Chinese friends is a waste of time and money.

C. Most topics for conversation on QQ are meaningless.

D. He can learn foreign cultures through MSN.

60. This passage may be a .

A. a lecture

B. an essay

C. a report

D. an editorial

(3)

What most people don’t realize is that wealth isn’t the same as income. If you make $ 1 million a year and spend $ 1 million, you’re not getting wealthier, you’re just living high. Wealth is what you accumulate, not what you spend.

The most successful accumulators of wealth spend far less than they can afford on houses, cars, vacations and entertainment. Why? Because these things offer little or no return. The wealthy would rather put their money into investments or their businesses. It’s an attitude.

Millionaires understand that when you buy a luxury house, you buy a luxury life style too. Your property taxes skyrocket, along with the cost of utilities and insurance, and the prices of nearby services, such as grocery stores, tend to be higher.

The rich man’s attitude can also be seen in his car. Many drive old unpretentious sedans. Sam Walton, billionaire founder of the Wal-Mart Store, Inc., drove a pickup truck.

Most millionaires measure success by net worth, not income. Instead of taking their money home, they plow as much as they can into their businesses, stock portfolios and other assets. Why? Because the government doesn’t tax wealth; it taxes income you bring home for consumption, the more the government taxes.

The person who piles up net worth fastest tends to put every dollar he can into investments, not consumption. All the while, of course, he’s reinvesting his earnings from investments and watching his net worth soar. That’s the attitude as well.

The best wealth-builders pay careful attention to their money and seek professional advice. Those who spend heavily on cars, boats and buses, I’ve found, tend to skimp on investment advice. Those who skimp on the luxuries are usually more willing to pay top dollar for good legal and financial advice.

The self-made rich develop clear goals for their money. They may wish to retire early, or they may want to leave an estate to their children. The goals vary, but two things are consistent: they have a dollar figure in mind--the amount they want to save by age 50, perhaps -- and they work unceasingly toward that goal.

One thing may surprise you. If you make wealth--not just income--your goal, the luxury house you’ve been dreaming about won’t seem so alluring. You’ll have the attitude.

61. Which of the following statements is true?

A. Wealth is judged according to the life style one has.

B. Inheritance builds an important part in one’s wealth.

C. High income may make one live high and get rich t the same time.

D. Wealth is more of what one has made than anything else.

62. By the author’s opinion, those who spend money on luxury houses and cars_____.

A. will not be taxed by the government

B. have accumulated wealth in another sense

C. live high and have little saved

D. can show that they are among the rich

63. The rich put their money into business because_____.

A. they can get much in return to build their wealth

B. they are not interested in luxury houses and cars

C. their goal is to develop their company

D. that is the only way to spend money yet not to be taxed by the government

64. The U.S. government doesn’t tax what you spend money on _____.

A. cars

B. houses

C. stock

D. boats

65. To become wealthy, one should______.

A. seek as much income as he can

B. work hard unceasingly

C. stick to the way he lives

D. save up his earnings

(4)

Seeking a competitive advantage, some professional service firms (for example, firms providing advertising, accounting, or health care services) have considered offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. Such guarantees specify what clients can expect and what the firm will do if it fails to fulfill these expectations. Particularly with first-time clients, an unconditional guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the client is very cautious, the firm’s fees are high, the negative consequences of bad service are grave, or business is difficult to obtain through referrals and word-of-mouth.

However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that failure is possible, the guarantee may, paradoxically, cause clients to doubt the service firm’s ability to deliver th e promised level of service. It may confl ict with a firm’s desire to appear sophisticated, or may even suggest that it is begging for business. In legal and health care

services, it may mislead clients by suggesting that law suits or medical procedures will have guaranteed outcomes. Indeed, professional service firms with outstanding reputations and performance to match have little to gain from offering unconditional guarantees. And any firm that implements an unconditional guarantee without undertaking a corresponding commitment to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick.

66. The primary purpose of this passage as a whole is to .

A. account for the popularity of a practice

B. evaluate the usefulness of a practice

C. demonstrate how to institute a practice

D. explain the reasons for pursuing a strategy

67. Which of the following statements concerning unconditional guarantees is Not mentioned in

the passage?

A. They are helpful when firms want to retain their long-standing clients.

B. They are effective when firms want to get business through client recommendations.

C. They are useful when firms charge substantial fees for its services.

D. They are feasible when firms suffer from significant adverse effects of poor service.

68. Which of the following is a goal of some professional service firms in offering unconditional

guarantees of satisfaction?

A. To limit their liability.

B. To compete successfully with their rivals.

C. To justify their fee increases.

D. To attain an outstanding reputation in a field.

69. An unconditional guarantee may create an impression on the client that the firm .

A. tends to be suspicious of the client’s financial status

B. does not want to beg for business

C. may have some problems with its management

D. is not sophisticated enough to be able to provide good service

70. Which of the following is true, according to the passage’s description of the issue raised by

unconditional guarantees for health care or legal services？

A. The standards of practice of the legal and medical professions could be violated by attempts

to fulfill such unconditional guarantees.

B. The result of a lawsuit or medical procedure can hardly be predicted by the professionals

handling a client’s case.

C. The dignity of the legal and medical professions could be undermined by any attempts at

marketing professional services, such as offering unconditional guarantees.

D. Clients whose lawsuits or medical procedures have unsatisfactory outcomes cannot be

adequately compensated by financial settlements alone.

(5)

Recent studies on the male-female wage gap predict that even though entry-level salaries for males and females in the same occupation are nearly equal because women’s market skills have improved vastly, the chances of the overall gap closing in the foreseeable future are minimal. This is due to several factors that are likely to change very slowly, if at all. An important reason is that

women are concentrated in occupation —service and clerical —that pay less than traditional male jobs. It is possible that more women than men in their twenties are hesitant to commit themselves to a year-round lifetime career or job for many reasons. There is lingering attitude on both the part of women and their employers that women are not cut out for certain jobs. Not only does this attitude channel women into lower-paying work，but it also serves to keep them from top management positions.

Another significant factor in the widening wage gap between men and women after entering the work force, even in comparable jobs, is that women often drop out at critical points in their careers to have a family. Women still have the primary responsibility for child rearing; even if they continue to work, they often forgo overtime and promotions that would conflict with home responsibilities. The ages of 25 to 35 have been shown repeatedly to be the period when working consistently and hard is vital to advancement and job security. These are precisely the years when women are likely to have children and begin to slide away from men in earning power. Consequently, a woman’s income is more likely to be s een as secondary to her husband’s.

71. According to recent studies on the male-female wage gap, ____ .

A. there is much hope of narrowing the male-female wage gap in the near future

B. working women will have many opportunities to hold high-paying jobs in the near future

C. women’s pay will still stay at a level below that of men in the near future

D. salaries for males and females in the same occupation will be equal in the near future

72. Women are kept from top management positions partly because they .

A. decide to devote themselves to certain lifetime jobs in their twenties

B. are inclined to rank family second to work

C. tend to have more quarrels with their employers

D. still take an incorrect attitude towards themselves

73. Which of the following is implied in the passage as a partial reason for women’s concentration

in certain occupations？

A. Social division of labor.

B. Social prejudice against them.

C. Employment laws.

D. Physiological weakness.

74. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that .

A. men’s jobs are subject to change

B. women tend to be employed off and on at the same job

C. men’s chances of promotion are minimal

D. women used to be employed all the year round

75. Which of the following statements is NOT true？

A. Women’s market skills have improved greatly.

B. Child care is still chiefly women’s work.

C. Women are typically employed in clerical and service jobs.

D. Domestic duties no longer conflict with women’s jobs.

Paper Two

（注意：以下各题的答案必须写在Answer Sheet Ⅱ上）

Part Ⅳ Translation (25%)

Section A (10%)

Directions: Put the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.

Faith and science have at least one thing in common: both are lifelong searches for truth. But while faith is an unshakable belief in the unseen, science is the study of testable, observable phenomena. The two coexist, and may at times complement each other. But neither should be asked to validate or invalidate the other. Scientists have no more business questioning the existence of God than the theologians had telling Galileo the Earth was at the center of the universe.

Science is in a perpetual state of becoming. Yesterday’s observations give rise to today’s theories, which will be tested through painstaking research. Just as any good scientist must be ready to abandon a bad idea, he or she must continue to support the results of unbiased evidence and experimentation.

Section B (15%)

Directions: Put the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.

1995年，第四次世界妇女大会在北京召开，这使得中国妇女的状况备受世界关注。1949年新中国的成立标志了中国妇女开始在各方面均享有和男子平等的权利。今天的中国妇女已做到了同工同酬，她们不再像以前一样要依靠她们的丈夫。她们可以做过去只是男子做的工作，不少人甚至成为领导干部。虽然中国妇女在平等方面取得了巨大的进步，但还未完全实现平等就业机会。例如，在工作中她们往往最后被雇佣，而当就业形势下滑时，她们又常常是第一个下岗。显然，在争取平等的努力中，她们还有很长的路要走

Part ⅤWriting (15%)

Directions: Please write an argumentation based on the following topic and elaborate your point of view in about 200 words. Remember to write your composition neatly and clearly

on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.

Some people feel that in order to improve the quality of our education, we should encourage students to evaluate and criticize their teachers. Others feel it will cause the loss of respect and discipline in the classroom. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Keys

Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%)

1~5 BBABD 6~10 DABCB 11~15 BBCDC

16~20 DACAA 21~25 ACCDD 26~30 DDCCB

Part Ⅱ Cloze

31-35 CBDBB 36-40 DAABD 41-45 ADCDB 46-50 DDACA

Part III Reading Comprehension (25%)

51~55 DABCD 56-60 ABDAC 61~65 DCACB

66~70 BABDB 71~75 CDBB

Part Ⅳ Translation

英译汉：

信仰和科学至少有一个共同点，即两者都需要终生寻求真理。但信仰是一种对不可见事物的坚定信念，而科学则是对可测试可观测事物的研究。信仰和科学并存，有时候还能相辅相成，但它们却不应用来证实或否定对方。正如神学家没有义务告诉伽利略地球位于宇宙中心一样，科学家也没有义务怀疑上帝的存在。

科学永远处于变化的状态。昨日的观察导致今日的理论，而且人们还将不辞辛劳地对理论进行测试。一个优秀的科学家既必须随时准备抛弃无价值的想法，还应不断支持客观的证据和实验结果。

汉译英：

The Fourth World Conference on Women held in Beijing in 1995 has brought Chinese women to the world attention. The founding of new China in 1949 marks the beginning of the times when Chinese women can enjoy equal rights with men in all spheres. Women in China now receive equal pay for equal work and cease to be dependent upon their husbands as they once were. Traditionally male professions are now open to women, many of them even rising to leadership positions. It is true that Chinese women have made enormous strides toward equality. But the goals of equal opportunity of employment for women have not been fully realized. For example, at work, they are often the last to be hired and the first to be fired when employment drops off. Obviously, women still have a long way to go in their efforts for equality.