高考名词知识点

高考名词知识点
高考名词知识点

名词

一:名词的分类

专有名词:指某人,某地,某机构等专有的名称,其首字母要大写。

如Hong Kong, China, Bill Clinton, Red Cross

个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如 student, book

名普可数名词

词通集体名词:表示若干个体组成的集合体,如:family, school,

group, people

词不可数名词物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:cotton, air, tea

抽象名词:表示抽象概念,如:work,happiness, news

二、名词的数

1:可数名词有单、复数形式,规则名词单复数变化:

1)绝大多数在词尾加s。如:book, books; bag, bags; cup, cups; face, faces.

2)以ch, sh, s, x, o结尾的名词加es。如:

watch, watches; brush, brushes; hero, heroes; class, classes;

3)以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y改为i,再加es。例如:baby, babies; family, families;

以元音字母+y结尾的名词,直接加s。例如:boy, boys; key, keys

4)以f或fe结尾的名词,先将f或fe改为v,再加es构成复数形式,

如:leaf, leaves; wife, wives.

2. 不规则名词单复数变化:

(1)单复数同形:

sheep, deer, fish, means, species, works(工厂), Chinese, Japanese, Swiss

(2)改变字母:

man --men, woman --women, policeman --policemen, saleswoman --saleswomen, foot --feet, tooth --teeth, goose --geese, Mouse --Mice , phenomenon --phenomena

(3)增加字母: child --children, ox –oxen

(4)以o结尾的词:加s: photo, radio, piano, zoo, studio, bamboo, tobacco, kangaroo

加es: tomato, potato, hero, Negro, dingo

(5)以f或fe结尾的词:

直接加s:roof, proof, belief, chief, gulf,

变f为v再加es:life, wife, knife, half, leaf, wolf, thief

另外:handkerchief(handkerchiefs或handkerchieves)

3. 名词单复数的特殊情况:

(1) 集体名词只用作复数police , cattle , people , the youth

(2) 集体名词用作不可数名词: clothing, furniture, luggage (baggage),wealth

(3) 集体名词视具体情况而定单复数:

family, class, population, group, team, company, government, committee, audience, enemy

(4) 只有复数形式的名词:

clothes, trousers, jeans, twins, glasses, scissors, goods ,thanks, wishes, tears, troops,

(5) 以s结尾但不表示复数:

1.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。

2.news是不可数名词。

3.the United States,the United Nations (应视为单数)

(The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。)

4.以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。

("The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. )

5. 表示由两部分构成的东西,

glasses(眼镜)trousers (长裤)clothes (衣服)

若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双) a pair of glasses two pairs of trousers

6. 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思goods (货物)waters (水域)fishes (各种鱼)

(6) 有没有s结尾意义不同:

glass –glasses, cloth –clothes, work –works, water –waters,

wood –woods, good–goods, time –times(时代), paper –papers(论文),

custom –customs(海关),spirit –spirits(酒精,情绪), experience –experiences(经历),

arm –arms(武器),

(7) 姓氏后加s并带冠词,表一家人或夫妇俩: the Greens

(8) 合成名词的复数形式:

①将合成名词中的主体名词变为复数:looker(s)-on, passer(s)-by, mother(s)-in-law

②将最后一部分变为复数:

grown-up(s), go-between(s) (中间人),good-for-nothing(s) (无用之人)

③含boy, girl, lady等的合成的名词:

它们始终为单数,其后的名词则用复数形式。如:boy students, girl friends

④含man或woman的合成名词:

它们随其后名词单复数的变化而变化。如:a man doctor, two men doctors

(9)名词只能用复数形式的短语:

?do exercises(做操)take notes(做笔记)take turns (轮流)

?make repairs(搞修理)change trains (改换火车)make friends with(交朋友)shake hands with (握手as follows(如下)in rags(衣衫褴褛)

?in dozens (成打的)

三:名词做定语

1:表材料、地点、用途、性质、泛指时间、整体等普通名词可以作定语,一般用单数形式。

stone figures(石像);paper money(纸币);country music(乡村音乐);table cloth(桌布);river bank(河岸);school gate(校门口);book stores(书店);traffic lights(交通灯);summer holidays(暑假);evening dress(晚礼服)。

2:但有些名词做定语必须用复数:

sports meeting 运动会students reading-room 学生阅览、talks table 谈判桌the foreign languages department 外语系

3:man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。

men workers、women teachers、gentlemen officials

4:有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。

goods train (货车)、arms produce(武器生产)、

customs papers (海关文件)、clothes brush (衣刷)

5:数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。

two-dozen eggs(两打/(二十四个鸡蛋)) a ten-mile walk (十里路)

two-hundred trees (两百棵树) 、 a five-year plan.(一个五年计划)

a seven-years child (一个七岁的孩子)

四:名词的格

1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:

(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。

Child ren’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)

(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。Teachers’ Day(教师节)

特殊的名词复数仍要加’s如children就是child的名词复数形式它变所有格时则必须加’s

(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s.

today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),

Chi na’s population(中国的人口).

(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。

a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿)

表示无生命东西的名词所有格,一般与of 构成短语表示前者属于后者

(5)表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格后省去shop, house等名词。

如:the tailor’s 裁缝店,the barber’s理发店,go to the doctor’s上诊所,

at my uncle s在我叔叔家

2:名词双重所有格

(1)什么叫双重所有格

所谓双重所有格就是指将-’s 所有格与of 所有格结合起来一起使用:

a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一位朋友

a photo of Mr Smith’s 史密斯先生的一张照片

(2)双重所有格的使用场合

①当被修饰名词前有指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时,一般要用双重所有格:

I don’t like that big nose of David’s. 我不喜欢大卫的那个大鼻子。

Which nov el of Dickens’ are you referring to? 你谈的是狄更斯的哪部小说?

Some friends of my brother’s will come. 我兄弟的一些朋友要来。

【注】被双重所有格修饰名词前有指示代词时,通常带有一定的感情色彩(如赞赏、不满、厌恶等):

That little daughter of your cousin’s is really a dear. 你表哥的那个小女儿真是逗人爱。(表赞赏)

That daughter of your cousin’s is constantly complaining. 你表哥的那个女儿老是在报怨。(表厌恶)

另外,被双重所有格修饰的名词前可以用不定冠词,但通常不用定冠词:

可以说:a poem of Shelly’s, a novel of Dickens’

不能说:the poem of Shelly’s, the novel of Dickens’

②有时既可用双重所有格也可用of 所有格,但含义稍有差别。比较:

a photo of Mary’s 玛丽收藏的一张照片 a photo of Mary 玛丽照的一张照片

a criticism of William’s 威廉提出的批评 a criticism of William 对威廉的批评

五:名词的注意事项

1、主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)

2、集体名词(family, class, team, group, row, police, school………)做句子主语时,

如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:His family is large.(她的家人很多)

如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:His family are all teachers(她的家人都是老师)

3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。

There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊)

There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)

4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:

The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)

5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:

The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)

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