西安邮电大学 专业英语重点

1. We see Cloud Computing as a computing model, not a technology. In this model “customers” plug into the “cloud” to access IT resources which are priced and provided “on-demand”. Essentially, IT resources are rented and shared among multiple tenants much as office space, apartments, or storage spaces are used by tenants. Delivered over an Internet connection, the “cloud” replaces the company data center or server providing the same service. Thus, Cloud Computing is simply IT services sold and delivered over the Internet. Refer to section of Types of Cloud Computing.

译文：我们看到，云计算作为一种计算模式，而不是技术。在这个模型中的“客户”插入到“云”访问IT资源定价，并提供“按需”。从本质上讲，IT资源租用及使用多个租户之间共享办公空间，公寓，或存储空间高达租户。“云”交付了一个互联网连接，取代该公司的数据中心或服务器提供相同的服务。因此，云计算是简单的在互联网上出售及交付的IT服务。参考部分云计算的类型。

2. PaaS（platform as a Service)

Delivers virtualized servers on which customers can run existing applications or develop new ones without having to worry about maintaining the operating systems, server hardware, load balancing or computing capacity. These vendors provide APIs or development platforms to create and run applications in the cloud –e.g. using the Internet. Managed Service providers with application services provided to IT departments to monitor systems and downstream applications such as virus scanning for e-mail are frequently included in this category.

译文：提供虚拟化服务器上，客户可以运行现有应用程序或者开发新的，无需担心维护操作系统，服务器硬件，负载均衡或计算能力。这些供应商提供API或开发平台来创建和运行在云中的应用程序- 例如使用互联网。托管服务提供商与应用服务提供给IT部门经常被包括在这一类的监视系统和下游应用，如电子邮件病毒扫描.

3、Being subject oriented means that the data will provide information about a specific subject rather than the information about the functions of a company. Because a data warehouse is subject oriented, it will allow you to analyze information that is connected to a specific subject. Being integrated means that the data that is collected within the data warehouse can come from different sources, but can be combined into one unit that is relevant and logical. Having a time-variant means that all the information within the data warehouse can be found with a given period of time.

译文：作为面向主题意味着数据将提供有关特定主题的，而不是关于一个公司的功能信息。由于数据仓库是面向主题的，它可以让你分析连接到一个特定主题的信息。即整合意味着在数据仓库中收集到的数据可以来自不同的来源，但也可以合并成一个单元，其相关的和合乎逻辑的。具有随时间变化的装置，该数据仓库内的所有的信息可以与一个特定的时间期间内被发现。

4、It is important that the information contained within a data warehouse is stable. While data can be added, it should never be deleted. This property is referred to as being non-volatile. When a company uses a data warehouse that is stable, this will

allow them to get a better understanding of the operations within their company. Despite the fact that these terms were first coined in the 1990s, they are still highly accurate today. However, it should be noted that some data warehouses are volatile. The reason for this is because many modern data warehouses deal with terabytes of data. Because they must store terabytes of data, many companies are forced to delete some of their information after a certain period of time. For instance, some companies will systematically delete data that has reached three years of age. Before a data warehouse can be built, the correct data must be located. Generally, the information that will be added to the warehouse will come from daily information or historical information. The historical information may be stored in a legacy system, and is challenging to extract.

译文：重要的是，包含在一个数据仓库中的信息是稳定的。虽然数据可以被添加，它不应该被删除。此属性称为是非易失性的。当一个公司使用了数据仓库是稳定的，这将使他们能够得到他们的公司内部更好地理解操作。尽管这些条款是在上世纪90年代第一次创造，他们仍然是高度精确的今天。然而，应该指出的是，一些数据仓库是挥发性的。这样做的原因是因为许多现代数据仓库处理TB级的数据。因为他们必须存储数TB的数据，很多企业都被迫在一段时间后删除一些自己的信息。例如，一些公司将系统地删除已达到三岁的数据。之前可以建一个数据仓库中，正确的数据必须位于。通常，将要加入到仓库中的信息将来自每日信息或历史信息。历史信息可以被存储在一个传统的系统中，并且是具有挑战性的提取。

5、The copyright system grew up with printing---a technology for mass production copying. Copyright fit in well with this technology because it restricted only the

mass producers of copies. It did not take freedom away from readers of books. An ordinary reader, who did not own a printing press, could copy books only with pen and ink, and few readers were sued for that.

译文：版权制度一起长大---印刷技术大量生产复制。版权所有来搭配这个技术，因为它限制复制的只有大众生产。它没有采取自由远离书籍的读者。一个普通的读者，谁没有自己的印刷机，只能用钢笔和墨水复印书本，和一些读者被起诉的。

6、Digital technology is more flexible than the printing press: when information has digital form, you can easily copy it to share it with others. This very flexibility makes a bad fit with a system like copyright. That's the reason for the increasingly nasty and draconian measures now used to enforce software copyright. Consider these four practices of the Software Publishers Association (SPA):

译文：数字技术是比印刷机更灵活：当信息具有数字形式，你可以轻松地将它复制到与他人分享。这种非常灵活，使一件不适合与像的版权制度。这就是现在用来执行软件著作权日益肮脏和严厉的措施的原因。考虑软件出版商协会（SPA）这四个做法：

7、All four practices resemble those used in the former Soviet Union, where every copying machine had a guard to prevent forbidden copying, and where individuals had to copy information secretly and pass it from hand to hand as ``samizdat''. There is of course a difference: the motive for information control in the Soviet Union was political; in the US the motive is profit. But it is the actions that affect us, not the motive. Any attempt to block the sharing of information, no matter why,

leads to the same methods and the same harshness.

译文：所有四种做法类似那些在前苏联，在那里每一个复印机有一个警卫，防止禁止复制使用，使个人不得不偷偷复制信息，并从手工把它传递给手的``地下出版物''。有当然是有区别的：在动机在苏联控制信息是政治，美国的动机是利润。但它是影响我们的行为，而不是动机。任何企图阻止信息的共享，无论什么原因，导致了相同的方法和相同的生硬。

8.Currently, there are a number of ways that data is transferred from device to device. CDMA (code division multiple access) is one popular technology, and TDMA (time division multiple access) is a second. CDMA transfers a number of different data packets on one channel, using codes to distinguish between different receivers. TDMA, on the other hand, again uses one channel but allots each different data packet a time slot.

译文：目前，有许多的数据是从设备传送到设备的方法。CDMA（码分多址）是一种流行的技术，和TDMA（时分多址）是一秒钟。CDMA传输多个不同的数据分组的一个通道上，用不同的代码接收器之间进行区分。TDMA，另一方面，再次使用一个信道，但下发的每个不同的数据分组的时隙。

9.OFDM differs from these technologies significantly; the channel itself is divided into narrow bands, and data packets are sent through each band individually. This method proves to be much more efficient than the previously used technologies, hence it is considered to be an integral part of the 4G revolution.Read more

译文：OFDM不同于这些技术显著;通道本身分为窄频带，并且数据包通过每个频带分别发送。这种方法被证明是比以前使用的技术更有效的，因此它被认为是4G革命的一个组成部分。了解更多：

10、Developed by the 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) group, LTE is a new wireless broadband technology that differs from WiMAX. LTE places great emphasis on IP addresses, since it is closely based upon the TCP/IP networking skeleton. The idea is to create enough IP addresses so that each device has a unique one.

译文：由3GPP（第三代合作伙伴计划）小组开发，LTE是一种新的无线宽带技术，它不同于WiMAX技术。LTE地方上的IP地址非常重视，因为它是密切基于TCP / IP网络骨架。我们的想法是创造足够的IP地址，使每个设备都有一个独特的一个。

11、We’re using the internet in ways its creators couldn’t possibly have imagined, from the rise of video to the sheer number of connected devices[1]. We’re constantly pushing the i nternet’s capacity, stability and security, and inevitably cracks are beginning to show.

译文：我们使用互联网的方式它的创作者不可能想象的，从视频的兴起为连接的设备数量之多[1]。我们不断推动互联网的能力，稳定性和安全性，并不可避免地裂缝开始显现。

12、With the existing internet, security is something that’s largely been bolted on as an afterthought – but the FIA program expects security to be a key consideration from the outset[2]. That’s leading to some interesting ideas, including one security

system that takes its cues from Facebook. Davis Social Links (DSL) adds a “social control layer” to the network that identifies you not by your IP address but by your social connections. If it works –and DSL is in the very, very early stages of development – it could make a major dent in problems such as spam and denial of service attack。

译文：与现有的互联网，安全的东西，在很大程度上是被闩上的事后补充- 但国际汽联程序期望的安全性是从一开始就一个重要的考虑因素[2]。这导致了一些有趣的想法，其中包括安全系统，它的灵感来自于Facebook的。戴维斯社交链接（DSL）增加了一个“社会控制层”来识别您不是您的IP地址，而是由你的社会关系网络。如果它的工作原理- 和DSL 是在发展的非常非常早期的阶段- 它可以使问题如垃圾邮件和拒绝服务攻击的主要凹痕。

13、Some time after a web page has been crawled by the search bot or crawler, the search engine then processes or indexes the page to determine what search words and phrases the page is relevant to as well as how relevant that page is compared with other web pages for those phrases. During this processing the search engine looks at many different factors including how many times each word and phrase occurs on the page, which words are in headings or bold, the domain name of the site, filename of the page, the pages that link to the page, and many more.

译文：网页一段时间后已经抓取的搜索机器人或爬虫的搜索引擎然后处理或索引页，以确定哪些搜索词和短语的网页是相关的，以及如何与该网页与其他网页相比对于那些短语。在此处理过程中的搜索引擎着眼于许多不同的因素，包括有多少次每个单词和短语的页面出现，这词在标题或加粗上，网站，在页面的文件名，链接到的网页的域名页，等等。

14、Exactly which factors a search engine looks at and how they’re weighted is called t he search engine’s search ranking algorithm. It’s like the search engine’s “secret sauce.” Each search engine’s algorithm is different and each is a heavily guarded secret.

译文：究竟哪些因素在搜索引擎看和他们是如何加权称为搜索引擎的搜索排名算法。这就像搜索引擎的“秘密武器”。每个搜索引擎的算法是不同的，各自是一个戒备森严的秘密。

15、Because each search algorithm is a heavily guarded secret nobody outside of a few select engineers at each search engine knows exactly how much each particular factor weighs into the rankings of each search engine. But, people who spend their professional lives helping sites rank better in search engines have gained very good idea as to what factors matter most.

译文：因为每个搜索算法是一些特定的工程师外戒备森严的秘密没有人在每个搜索引擎知道到底有多少每个特定因素的重量为每个搜索引擎的排名。但是，谁花自己的职业生涯，帮助网站更好的排名在搜索引擎的人都获得了很好的思路，以什么因素最为重要。

16、AI addresses one of the ultimate puzzles. How is it possible for a slow, tiny brain, whether biological or electronic, to perceive, understand, predict, and manipulate a world far larger and more complicated than itself? How do we go about making something with those properties? These are hard questions, but unlike the search for faster-than-light travel or an antigravity device, the researcher in AI has solid evidence that the quest is possible. All the researcher has to do is look in the mirror to see an example of an intelligent system.

译文：人工智能解决的终极难题之一。这怎么可能为一个缓慢的，微小的大脑，无论是生物或电子，感知，理解，预测和操纵的世界远远大与比自己更复杂？如何做才好做一些与这些属性？这些都是难以回答的问题，但搜索速度快于光速旅行或反重力装置不同的是，在人工智能的研究人员有证据显示，这个任务是可能的。所有的研究人员所要做的就是照照镜子，看看智能系统的一个例子。

17、AI is one of the newest disciplines. It was formally initiated in 1956, when the name was coined, although at that point work had been under way for about five years. Along with modern genetics, it is regularly cited as the ''field I would most like to be in'' by scientists in other disciplines. A student in physics might reasonably feel that all the good ideas have already been taken by Galileo, Newton, Einstein, and the rest, and that it takes many years of study before one can contribute new ideas. AI, on the other hand, still has openings for a full-time Einstein.

译文：AI是最新的学科之一。它正式成立于1956年，当时的名称是杜撰发起的，虽然在这一点上的工作一直在进行约五年。随着现代遗传学，这通常被认为是该领域的''我最想的科学家在其他学科是在''。在物理学学生可以合理认为所有的好想法已经采取了伽利略，牛

顿，爱因斯坦，剩下的，并且，它需要多年的研究才可以提供新的思路。AI，另一方面，仍然有开口全职爱因斯坦。

18、When molecular biologists started to generate DNA sequence data 27 years ago, it was natural that computer scientists and mathematicians would take a keen interest. Here in the messy, wet, analog world of biology was digital information: a linear string of four chemical groups encoding the entire blueprints for the protein machinery of the living cell. How could you not be interested in cracking that code? 译文：当分子生物学家开始生成DNA序列数据27年前，它是自然的，计算机科学家和数学家将采取了浓厚的兴趣。在这里的杂乱，湿，模拟生物世界是数字的信息：编码用于活细胞的蛋白质机器的整个蓝图4的化学基团的线性字符串。你怎么会不感兴趣开裂的代码？

19、You will never have to go hunting for a pen or piece of paper again, and never worry about searching for that missing napkin with the new system design scrawled on it.In a manner similar to the development of multimedia PCs, all consumer electronics -- Music CD players, fax machines, pagers, audio journals -- will be integrated into the wearable design. One device will be able to handle all forms of electronic media, whether it be audio, visual, or wireless digital communication.A seldom realized aspect of wearable computing is augmented reality: the seamless integration of real and virtual worlds. Electronically stored information is extremely useful when overlayed over a view of the outside world. For example: captions displayed with museum exhibits, names over faces (via face recognition), wiring schematics associated with the current project.

译文：你将永远不会有去打猎了笔纸或一块一遍，再也不必担心寻找那个失踪餐巾潦草地写上了新的系统设计。在类似的多媒体个人电脑，所有的消费电子产品发展的方式- 音乐CD 播放机，传真机，寻呼机，音频期刊- 将被集成到可穿戴式设计。一台设备将能够处理所有形式的电子媒体，无论它是音频，视频，或无线数字通信。可穿戴计算的很少意识到方面是增强现实：现实世界和虚拟世界的无缝集成。当叠加了外部世界的看法电子存储信息是非常有用的。例如：字幕显示与博物馆的展品，在脸上名称（通过面部识别），与当前项目相关的接线原理图。

20、The Private Eye,manufactured by Reflection Technology,is a LED based display that can produce a monochrome image at 720-780 resolution。It uses a vibrating mirror to create this image。

译文：私家侦探，通过反射技术制造，是一个基于LED显示屏，可以在720-780的分辨率产生黑白图像，它使用振镜来创建此图像。

21、At Cyrano Sciences, Inc. we are commercializing an electronic nose technology invented at the California Institute of Technology. This technology involves an array of sensors composed of polymers that are filled with conductive particles. When these sensors come in contact with a vapor, the polymer expands changing the resistance of the composite. This change in resistance is transmitted to a computer and the pattern derived from the sensor array is used to determine the type, quantity or quality of the odor that was sensed. This type of information is useful in a wide range of industries including the chemical, automotive, medical, petroleum, food, and fragrances. 译文：在西哈诺科学,inc .我们是商业化电子鼻技术发明了加州理工学院的技术。该技术包括传感器组成的数组,将填充聚合物导电粒子。当这些传感器接触一个蒸汽,聚合物扩大改变电阻的复合。这种变化在电阻会传送到一台电脑和模式来自传感器阵列是用于确定类型、数量或质量的气味,感觉到。这种类型的信息是有用的在一个广泛的行业包括化工、汽车、医药、石油、食品和香水。

22、Deodorants, soaps, perfumes and wines are all consumer products developed with the help of human sensory panels. Replacing or augmenting the human approach with an objective electronic nose is currently under investigation. This tool would not only be useful in the development of new products but also for quality control in the manufacturing environment. Many manufacturing floors are equipped with automated visual inspection.

译文：除臭剂、肥皂、香水和葡萄酒都是消费产品开发的帮助人类感官面板。替换或增加人类的方法与客观电子鼻是目前正在接受调查。这个工具不仅会很有用,在新产品的开发,也为质量控制生产环境。许多制造地板配有自动视觉检测。

23.<1>、human-computer interfaces (HCIs), the links between computers and their users；<2>、augmented perception, tools that increase normal perception capabilities of humans；<3>、automatic media interpretation, which provides an understanding of the content of modern digital media, such as videos and movies, without the need for human intervention or annotation；<4>、video surveillance and biometrics.

译文：1、人机界面（HCIS），计算机及其用户之间的联系；2、增强感知，这些工具可以提高人类的正常认知能力；3、自动媒体解读，它提供了先进的数字媒体，如视频和电影的内容的理解，而不需要人工干预或注解；4、视频监控和生物识别技术。

24.The first step consists of detecting all the moving objects in the scene by subtracting an estimated “background image”—one that represents only the static objects in the scene—from the current frame (Figures 3a and 3b, left). The next step is to distinguish people from moving vehicles on the basis of a form factor, such as the height:width ratio, and to locate their heads as the top region in their silhouette. In this way, the head’s speed at each frame is automatically determined. Then, a series of speed samples are repeatedly measured for each person in the scene. Each series covers an interval of about 10 s, which is enough to detect suspicious behavior patterns.

译文：第一步包括通过减去估计的“背景图像”- 1，它表示仅在静态对象的场景，从当前帧（图3a和3b，左）检测场景中的所有的运动物体。下一步是区分的形状因子，如高度的基础上，移动车辆人：宽之比，并以查找他们的头的顶部区域中的轮廓。在这种方式中，头部的速度在每一帧被自动确定。然后，一系列速度样品重复测量每个人的场面。每个系列占地面积约10秒的间隔，这足以侦测可疑行为模式。

25.Algorithms for comparing sequences and finding similar regions are at the heart of bioinformatics. At many different levels, they are used to find genes, determine their functions, study their regulation and assess how they, and, entire genomes have evolved over time.

译文：算法序列比较，并找到类似的地区是在生物信息学的心脏。在许多不同的层面，它们被用来寻找基因，确定其职能，研究他们的监管和评估如何，以及整个基因组随着时间而演变。

26.The problem, in my opinion, is that our current computers are both deaf and blind: they experience the world only by way of a keyboard and a mouse. Even multimedia machines, those that handle audiovisual signals as well as text, simply transport strings of data. They do not understand the meaning behind the characters, sounds and pictures they convey. I believe computers must be able to see and hear what we do before they can prove truly helpful. What is more, they must be able to recognize who we are and, as much as another person or even a dog would, make sense of what we are thinking.

译文：这个问题，在我看来，我们当前的电脑都是又聋又盲：他们体验世界只有通过键盘和鼠标。即使是多媒体机器，那些处理音像信号和文本一样，只是运输字符串的数据。他们不了解他们传达的字符，声音和图片的背后意义。我相信计算机必须能够看到和听到我们在做什么在证明的很有帮助之前。更重要的是，他们必须能够认识到我们是谁，尽可能多的另一个人或甚至一只狗会，理解我们所思考的。

27.Our end product takes advantage of the fact that Pfinder follows the user’s position at all times. Borrowing this information, the speech-recognition system electronically “steers” an array of fixed microphones so that they reinforce only those sounds coming from the direction of the user’s mouth. It is an easy job. Because sound travels at a fixed speed, it arrives at different locations at slightly different times. So each sound location yields a different pattern of time delays. Thus, if the system takes the outputs from a fixed array of microphones and adds them to time delays that characterize a certain location, it can reinforce the sound from that location. Then it need only compare the sound with those of known words until a match is found.

译文：我们的最终产品利用了事实，Pfinder 遵循用户的位置在所有时间。借贷这信息，语音识别系统电子“引导”一组固定的麦克风，以便他们加强只有那些声音的方向，用户的嘴。这是一个容易的工作。因为在一个固定的声音传播速度，他到达不同的位置在稍微不同的时代。所以每一个声音位置的不同模式的收益率时间延迟。因此，如果系统需要的输出和一个固定的阵列麦克风，并将其添加到时间延迟，描述一个特定的位置，它可以从该位置加强声音。然后他只需要比较声音与已知的单词，直到找到匹配。