华东交通大学1001英语2014--2019年考博真题+答案

华东交通大学1001英语2014--2019年考博真题+答案

中山大学肿瘤学考博历年真题

精品文档 中山大学肿瘤学 考博真题 (临床部分看万德森的临床肿瘤学;基础部分结合曾益新的肿瘤学及温伯格的癌生物学一起理解看;06及17年真题实在找不齐,抱歉。)

2002年 一、必答题 1、试述放射生物学的“4R”及临床意义 2、肿瘤外科手术治疗的临床意义 . 精品文档 3、化学治疗根治肿瘤的理论基础及临床应用原则 4、癌变的二阶段学说 5、 p53的生理功能及功能异常与肿瘤的关系 6、细胞凋亡的特征及生理意义 二、选答题 1、放射治疗的远期并发症是什么?如何预防? 2、肿瘤基因治疗的方法。 3、大剂量MTX治疗及用CF解救的方法及原理。 4、上颌窦癌的临床表现及治疗原则。 5、鼻窥镜在鼻咽癌诊治中的应用 6、简述作用于抗癌新靶点的药物并举例说明 7、试述90年代后使用于临床的对恶性肿瘤有效的新药物,并举例说明 8、试述ⅢB期非小细胞肺癌获取细胞学或病理学诊断的方法。 9、中上段食管癌的临床表现 2003年 一、必答题 1、癌发生的二阶段学说 2、基因突变的方式与原癌基因活化 3、p53基因生物学特性与意义 4、信号传导通路的组成 二、选答题 5、调亡的特点及生物学意义 6、肿瘤多步骤转移基本过程 7、基因突变形式几检测方法 8、化疗药物多药耐药性发生机制 9、基因治疗策略 10、腹部肿块的类型并举例 11、说明胸部肺癌转移的各站淋巴结 . 精品文档 12、食道癌的X线表现 13、四度白细胞减少患者合并严重感染的处理

14、简述抗肿瘤药物的副作用及代表药物 15、拓扑异构酶I和II的作用及区别,抑制剂的代表药物 16、简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤治疗中的作用 2004年 一、必答题 、简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤综合治疗中的作用。1 、术前放疗的原则2 3、根治性化疗的理论基础和原则 4、肿瘤免疫治疗有哪些方法? 5、蒽环类最常见的副作用有哪些?如何防治? 6、肿瘤细胞信号传导有哪些基本组成要素? 7、信号转导的组成二、选答题 8、肺癌淋巴引流分组 9、肿瘤外科发展趋势 10、试述肿瘤的异型性 11、Herceptin的原理、适应症及禁忌症 12、什么是预防性手术,有哪些 13、低恶性非霍奇金淋巴瘤治疗原则 14、凋亡特征及发展机制 15、中晚期胸上段食管癌的临床症状有哪些,为什么? 16、AFP在肝癌诊治中的意义 17、肝动脉栓塞化疗的 18、基因突变有哪些及有哪些检查方法 19、常见致癌因素及其致癌特点 20、烃化剂作用机理,举出3种药物 . 精品文档 21、抗癌药物的不良反应有哪些,各举1例 22、根治性颈淋巴洁清扫并发症有哪些,如何预防 23、提高结肠癌疗效有哪些方法 24、肿瘤局部,远处扩散机制 25、鼻咽癌放疗后主要远期后遗症有哪些,哪些方法预防或减少发生 2005年 一、必答题 1、恶性肿瘤细胞放疗损伤的4R 变化及其临床意义。 2、肿瘤外科在恶性肿瘤多学科综合治疗中的地位。 3、自体造血干细胞移植的适应症。对何种肿瘤最有效。 4、拓扑异构酶对恶性肿瘤的意义?举出针对拓扑异构酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ的化疗药名称各一个。 5、肿瘤多步骤转移机制。 6、细胞信号传导途径的基本组成要素。 二、选答题 7、从放疗的局部治疗角度论述放射治疗领域的新进展。(何领域?何进展?反正是这 方面 8、目前抗癌药物的开发和应用,除细胞毒药物外,尚有那些药物作用靶点。并举例说

2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案【十篇】

2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案【十篇】 仰望天空时,什么都比你高,你会自卑;俯视大地时,什么都比你低,你会自负;只有放宽视野,把天空和大地尽收眼底,才能在苍穹泛土之间找到你真正的位置。无须自卑,不要自负,坚持自信。以下我无忧考网为考生整理的《2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案第二部分【十篇】》供您查阅。 2018考博英语翻译练习:泡腊八蒜 考博英语翻译题型多为汉译英,各博士招生院校大多都有此题型,考博英语复习初期阶段新东方在线考博频道为考博生们整理了一些考博英语翻译练习,供大家平日复习。 泡腊八蒜是中国北方,尤其是华北地区的一个习俗。顾名思义,就是在阴历腊月初八的这天来泡制大蒜。其实材料非常简单,就是醋和大蒜瓣儿。做法也是极其简单,将剥了皮的蒜瓣儿放到一个可以密封的罐子、瓶子之类的容器里面,然后倒入醋,封上口放到一个冷的地方。慢慢地,泡在醋中的蒜就会变绿,最后会变得通体碧绿的,如同翡翠碧玉。老北京人家,一到腊月初八,过年的气氛一天赛过一天,

华北大部分地区在腊月初八这天有用醋泡蒜的习俗。 译文参考: Laba garlic bulbs in the north,particularly in North China,a custom. As the name suggests,at the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar day the Chinese people are apt to cook garlic.In fact,the materials is very easy, that is,vinegar and garlic petal.Approach is extremely simple too,the rinded garlic cloves can be sealed into a jar,flasks and the favor inside the container,then pour vinegar,sealed port into a cold location. Slowly, the garlic drenched in vinegar ambition turn green,and finally transform entire body green as emerald jade.Old Beijing human,1 to the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar month,one day outdo the air of Chinese New Year day in most parts of north China this day be serviceable in the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month vinegar and garlic bulbs custom. 解析: 大蒜:garlic

考博英语历年真题

考博英语历年真题 北大2013年考博士英语真题及答案 Part Two:Structure and Written Expression20 Directions:In each question decide which of four choices given will most suita bly complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.Mark your choices on the ANSWERSHEET. 21.The nuclear family__________a self-contained,self-satisfying unit compose d of father,mother and children. A.refers to B.defines C.describes D.devotes to 22.Some polls show that roughly two-thirds of the general public believe that e lderly Americans are________by social isolation and loneliness. A.reproach ed B.favored C.plagued D.reprehended 23.In addition to bettering group and individual performance,cooperation_____ ___the quality of interpersonal relationship. A.ascends https://www.360docs.net/doc/419403617.html,pels C.enhances D.prefers 24.In the past50years,there________a great increase in the amount of resea rch_____on the human brain. A.was…did B.has been…to be done C.was…doing D.has been…done 25. “I must have eaten something wrong.I feel like_____.”“We told you not t o eat at a restaurant.You’ d better_______at hom e when you are not in the shape.” A.to throw up… to eat B.throwing up…eating C.to throw up…eat D.throwing up…eat 26.Parent shave to show due concerns to their children’ s creativity and emotional output;otherwise what they think beneficial to t he kids might probably_______their enthusiasm and aspirations. A.hold back B.hold to C.hold down D.hold over 27.According to psychoanalysis,a person’ s attention is attracted________by the intensity of different signals____ ____by their context,significance,and information content. A.not less than…as B.as…just as C.so much…as D.not so much… as28.They moved to Portland in1998and lived in a big house,_______to the south. A.the windows of which opened B.the windows of it opened C. its windows opened D.the windows of which opening 29.The lady who has_______for a night in the dead of the winter later turned o ut to be a distant relation of his. A.put him up B.put him out C.put him on D.put him in30.By standers, _______,_________as they walked past lines of ambulances. A.bloody and cov ered with dust,looking dazed B.bloodied and covered with dust,looked daze

2019年中山大学考博英语真题

中山大考博英语真题 Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet. 31. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files. A) rebuked B)teased C) washed D) accused 32. The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane. A) Involved B) evolved C) devolved D) revolved 33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their, quality. A) Indistinctive B) indisputable C) indispensable D) indistinguishable 34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English. A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D) testify 35. I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation. A) meditate B) complement C) elaborate D) compliment 36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem. A) deduce B) notify C) highlight D) pinpoint 37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _ A) abolition B) demolition C) disruption D) dismantling 38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, agencies in the city. A) set out B) set to C) set about D) set off 39. The police decided to the department store after they had received a bomb warning. A) evict B) expel C) abandon D) evacuate 40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often, A) affirm B) restrain C) assert D) maintain 41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it. A) eliminate B) terminate C) illuminate D) alleviate 42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations. A) implement B) endowment C) enforcement D) engagement 43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly. A) overthrew B) overtook C) overturned D) overruled 44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences A). B) demanding C) imparting D) imposing 45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity. A) variety B) scarcity C) solidarity D) commodity 46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area. A) guard B) care C) alert D) alarm

2012四川大学考博英语真题及答案详解

四川大学2012考博英语真题及答案详解 阅读 1)Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born With, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people. When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher. Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the “hand talk” his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? I t was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing a s “substandard”. Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说). It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. “What I said,” Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it’s brain stuff.” 21. The study of sign language is thought to be _____C___. A) a new way to look at the learning of language B) a challenge to tradi t ional, views on the nature of language C) an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language D) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language(C) 22. The, present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by ___C_____. A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brain B) a leading specialist in the study of liberal arts C) an English teacher in a university for the deaf D) some senior experts in American Sign Language(C) 23. According to Stokoe, sign language is _____B___. A) a Substandard language B) a genuine language C) an artificial language D) an international language(B)

(完整版)复旦大学2015年考博英语试题回忆版整理

2015年考博 单选: 有少部分原题(出自曾建彬《研究生英语》《研究生高级英语》) 阅读理解: 第一篇:Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, most of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form. of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks—that purchasable wells of wisdom—what would civilization be like without its benefits? So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births—but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and the capacity of a man is to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form. of "college" imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect every- body is equipped for life. It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry, which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents' and therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child. (选自新概念) 第二篇:关于在Internet site上挂条幅广告销售商品的。第一题问:文章开头是什么意思,我选择了,和传统广告一样,互联网广告也是为了促使消费者冲动消费。有一题问:下列哪些选项作者没提及:我选了传统广告在较长的竞争中必然会战胜网络广告方式。有一题关于互联网广告的:我选择了需要做些change来保持他的竞争性什么的。最后一题问作者对互联网广告的态度:uncertain,objective,X,X.另两个记不清了,我选的客观的。 第三篇:关于脸书,推特等这些网络平台火的原因,强调以前的网络平台web1.只是让你看别人提供的content,而web 2.如这些社交平台是让你能跟别人交流自己creat content,而不是enjoy 别人提供的content.一题问:Myspace社交平台火的原因:我选了有content的那个选项。有题问下面哪个选项作者没提及:我选了大家怀念web1.那个选项。 第3篇This reading comprehension focuses on social networks. It's followed by key vocabulary

2018年中山大学考博英语真题

2018年中山大考博英语真题 Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet. 31. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files. A) rebuked B)teased C) washed D) accused 32. The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane. A) Involved B) evolved C) devolved D) revolved 33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their, quality. A) Indistinctive B) indisputable C) indispensable D) indistinguishable 34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English. A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D) testify 35. I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation. A) meditate B) complement C) elaborate D) compliment 36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem. A) deduce B) notify C) highlight D) pinpoint 37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _ A) abolition B) demolition C) disruption D) dismantling 38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, agencies in the city. A) set out B) set to C) set about D) set off 39. The police decided to the department store after they had received a bomb warning. A) evict B) expel C) abandon D) evacuate 40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often, A) affirm B) restrain C) assert D) maintain 41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it. A) eliminate B) terminate C) illuminate D) alleviate 42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations. A) implement B) endowment C) enforcement D) engagement 43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly. A) overthrew B) overtook C) overturned D) overruled 44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences A). B) demanding C) imparting D) imposing 45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity. A) variety B) scarcity C) solidarity D) commodity 46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area. A) guard B) care C) alert D) alarm

哈工大考博英语真题及答案

General English Admission Test For Non-English Major Ph.D. program (Harbin Institute of Technology) Passage One Questions 1-7 are based on the following passage: According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because the y had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression. The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors. These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible. 1. The author is primarily concerned with . A. advocating a return to an older methodology. B. explaining the importance of a recent theory. C. enumerating differences between two widely used methods D. describing events leading to a discovery 2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein

江南大学考博英语历年考题汇总附答案

Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage: When Kathie Gifford ’s face was splashed across the newspapers in 1996 after her lucrative line of Wal mart clothing was exposed as the work of underpaid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown, the Department of Labor and the White House teamed up to condemn such practices. With much fanfare, President Clinton’s administration launched the “No Sweat” campaign, which pressured retailers and manufacturers to submit to periodic independent inspection of their workplace conditions.; This campaign urged manufacturers to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct, a promise to self regulate that has since been adopted by a handful of retailers and many of the nation ’s largest manufacturers, including Nike and L.L. Bean. However, the Department of Defense, which has a $ 1 billion garment business that would make it the country’s 14th largest retail apparel outlet, has not signed the Code of Conduct. In addition, it has not agreed to demand that its contractors submit to periodic inspections.; Because the Department of Defense has not agreed to adhere to the code, the job of stopping public sector sweatshops falls to the Department of Labor. Federal contractors that persist in violating wage laws or safety and health codes can lose their lucrative taxpayer financed contracts. But Suzanne Seiden, a deputy administrator at the Department of Labor, says that to her knowledge, the department has never applied that rule to government apparel manufacturers. “I just assume that they are adhering to safety and health requirements,” she says. According to records obtained by Mother Jones, through a Freedom of Information Act request, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has cited Lion 32 times for safety and health violations in the past 12 years. 21.What is this passgage mainly concerned with? A)The functions of the Department of Labor in America. B)A serious problem threatening American economy. C)The successful attempt of regulating sweatshops in America. D)The seriousness of the problem of sweatshops in America. 22.According to the passage, Kathie Gifford ____. A) was one of the underpaid laborers in New York City’s Chinatown B) was one of the well paid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown C) made much money from cheap laborers in New York City’s Chinatown D) wrote a newspaper article exposing the practice of employing cheap laborers 23.The underlined p hrase “to submit to” is closest in meaning to ____. A) to accept unwillingly B) to refuse coldly C) to welcome warm heartedly D) to blame strongly 24.Which of the following statements about the Department of Defense is true? A) It will become the count ry’s 14th largest retail apparel manufacturer. B) It hasn’t acted according to the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) It has demanded its contractors to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct. D) It has teamed up with the Department of Labor to launch a campaign. 25.What was the purpose of President Clinton’s administration launching the “No Sweat” campaign? A) To urge manufacturers to obey the Workplace Code of Conduct. B) To remind the manufacturers of the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) To urge the Department of Labor to take its responsibility. D) To urge the Department of Defense to inspect manufacturers. Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: The term investment portfolio conjures up visions of the truly rich-the Rockefellers, the Wal Mart Waltons, Bill Gates. But today, everyone-from the Philadelphia firefighter, his part time receptionist wife and their three children, to the single Los Angeles lawyer starting out on his own-needs a portfolio.; A portfolio is simply a collection of financial assets. It may include real estate, rare stamps and coins, precious metals and even artworks. But those are for people with expertise. What most of us need to know about are stocks, bonds and cash (including such cash equivalents as money market funds).; How do you decide what part of your portfolio should go to each of the big three? Begin by understanding that stocks pay higher returns but are more risky; bonds and cash pay lower returns but are less risky.; Research by Ibbotson Associates, for example, shows that large company stocks, on average, have returned 11.2 percent annually since 1926. Over the same period, by comparison, bonds have returned an annual average of 5.3 percent and cash, 3.8 percent.; But short term risk is another matter. In 1974, a one year $1000 investment in the stock market would have declined to $735.; With bonds, there are two kinds of risk: that the borrower won’t pay you back and that the money you’ll get won’t be worth very much. The U.S. government stands behi nd treasury bonds, so the credit risk is almost nil. But the inflation risk remains. Say you buy a $1000 bond maturing in ten years. If inflation averages about seven percent over that time, then the $1000 you receive at maturity can only buy $500 worth of today’s goods.; With cash, the inflation risk is lower, since over a long period you can keep rolling over your CDs every year (or more often). If inflation rises, interest rates rise to compensate.; As a result, the single most imortant rule in building a portfolio is this: If you don’t need

相关文档
最新文档