普通车床的数控改造方法及设计中英文翻译、外文翻译、外文文献翻译

外文原文：

The number of common lather controls reformation method and

design

Abstract：The tool machine number controls currently the market of turn the reformation still has very big development space in the our country, now our country the tool machine number control to turn a rate not to arrive 3%.Use the product that the common tool machine process widespread existence quality bad, the species be little, the file time be low, cost Gao, provide a goods period long, thus in the nations, local lack a competition ability on the market, directly influence a product, market, performance of business enterprise, influence existence and development of business enterprise, so have to strongly raise the number of tool machine to control to turn a rate.This text with the number of lather control a reformation for example, introduced a tool machine number to control the method of reformation, include it structural of reformation design, the choice of function and accuracy and finally reform the assurance of project.

Keywords：The number control; Reform; Lather

1. The tool machine number control the meaning of reformation

(1)Economical funds. The number of tool machine's controling a reformation to together purchase new tool machine to compare generally can save 60% or so expenses and the large and special equipments is particularly obvious.Generally large tool machine reformation need to spend new tool machine purchase commodity of 1/3.Even carry on the structure of the original tool machine to thoroughly reform to get stripe to also need to cost to purchase new tool machine 60% expenseses, and can make use of existing foundation.

(2)The function stabilizes credibility.Because of original each foundation of tool machine piece through long-term time limited efficacy almost will not produce to transform in response to the dint but influence accuracy.

(3) Raise a production efficiency. Tool machine after count controling a reformation can immediately carry out a processed automation efficiency can compare traditional tool machine to raise 3-500%.To complicated spare parts the difficulty more high effect raise more many.And can

need not or little pack with the work, not only economized expenses but also can shorten production to prepare a period.

2. The number of common lather control to turn a reformation design

The number of tool machine controls a reformation, mainly is the design which carries on a creation to the structure of the original tool machine, end make the tool machine attain more ideal appearance.The number controls lather is machine electricity the integral whole turn of typical model representative, its machine structure together common tool machine have many likeness of place.However, modern of number's controling tool machine be then to in brief control a traditional tool machine equipment last number system, is not a foundation in traditional tool machine either and only play chess a department to take in to improve but become.(those are subjected to a funds etc. condition restriction, but refit traditional tool machine suggest number control be another matter of tool machine)The traditional tool machine exists some weaknesses and flap sex such as the rigid shortage, anti- bad, hot transform greatly, glide noodles of friction resistance big and spread the existence cleft of the of move the component etc., and is hard to be competent number control tool machine to process requests such as accuracy, surface quality, rate of production and service life etc..The number of modern controls a technique, especially process center, regardless is it accept a parts, lord to spread to move system and enter to spread to move system, knife to have system and lend support to function etc. parts structure, still whole layout, exterior shape's etc.s all have already veried greatly took place to change and have already become number control the special machine structure of tool machine.Therefore, we in the process of carrying on a number to control a reformation to the common tool machine, should while consider various circumstance make various function index signs of common tool machine possibly control tool machine with number to connect near.

3. Count to control the function of the lather and the choice of the accuracy

Ising not all old tool machines can carry on a number to control a reformation and the reformation of tool machine mainly should have two conditions:The first, the tool machine foundation piece has to be enough rigid.The second, the expenses of reformation wants accommodation, economy good.Do a decision to the function index sign of tool machine before refitting lather.The lather which refits behind can process a work piece of biggest turn round

diameter and the biggest length, main electric motor power's etc. generally and will not change.Process the flat surface degree, straight line degree, cylinder degree of work piece and rough degree's etc. basically still are decide in the tool machine original level.Mainly have next say the choice of function and accuracy to need before refit an assurance.

(1)The stalk becomes soon method, series, turn soon scope, power and whether need the few controls to move a parking etc..

(2)Enter to sport:

Enter to the speed:Z to;(usually is a 8~400 mms/min)X to.(usually is a 2~100 mms/min) Fast ambulation:Z to;(usually is a 1.2~4 ms/min)X to.(usually is a 1.2~3 ms/min) Pulse equivalent:At selection inside the 0.025~0.005 mms, usually Z to is a X to of 200%.

Process pitch scope:Include can process a pitch type(metric system, English system, mold number, path stanza and awl thread etc.), general pitch at 10 mms in not all difficult attain.

(3)Enter to drive a way for sport.(generally and all choose to enter electrical engineering to drive with the step)

(4)Spread to move for sport whether need to be refit roll bead silk Gang to spread to move.

(5)Whether knife needs to install an au to turn a knife or not, if install a demand certain the work number.

(6)Other function index signs choose:

Put to repair function:The lather processes to need to have straight line and arc to put to repair function.

The knife has to compensate and the cleft be in expiation of:For promising to certainly process accuracy, generally need to consider that the constitution knife repairs to compensate function with cleft.

Show:A tube still a LCD of the adoption figures perhaps display show, show of number how much etc. problem want to process function effective demand to make sure according to the lather, generally speaking show more simple the cost be more low and also easily carry out.

Diagnose function:In bar of operation importation of the procedure be wrong and immediately appear of false action, can at number control reformation system to design join necessary spare part and software, make it be able to indicate a tool machine to appear to break down perhaps function expiration of parts of etc., carry out limited diagnosis function.

Above is the lather number control reformation the lather number needs to be consider of some in general use function index signs, have of lather reformation according to need would also some specialized requests, pare a big pitch thread such as the car and work under the bad environment of dust palliative interference, the car knife high accuracy to knife etc., should have a specialized design of aim at sex this time.

4. The lather number control a reformation project a choice

When the number controls the contentses such as function and accuracy etc. of lather basic make selection after, can make sure a reformation project according to this.Currently tool machine number's controling a reformation technique has already be gradually maturing, the appropriation turn of the tool machine number control function and function that the reformation system have generally and all can satisfy the normal regulations of lather to process a request.Therefore, more typical lather number controls a reformation project and can choose for:Install appropriation lather a number to control reformation system, replace into give the glide silk Gang for exercise spread to move for roll bead silk Gang to spread to move, the adoption tread to drive into the electrical engineering into give to exercise, allocation the pulser carry out a thread to process function, allocation auto turn a knife realization to automatically change the knife function.Currently more typical economic type appropriation lather the number control reformation system to have following and basic allocation and function:

(1)Adopt a single slice tiny machine to control CPU for the lord, have straight line and arc to put to repair, the code plait distance, knife have repair and cleft to compensate function, figures to take care of two sit mark to show and automatically turn the control, thread of a knife to process in the meantime etc. control function.

(2) Have a step to enter electrical engineering to drive system, pulse equivalent or control accuracy generally for:The Z is a 0.01 mms, X to for the 0.005 mms.(want and correspond silk Gang of lead the distance to match each other a set)

(3)Process procedure to mostly depend a front-panel keystroke, the code draw up and drop to give or get an electric shock an automatic protection a saving machine saving;Can carry on the spot to edit modification and try movement operation to the procedure.

(4)Have the list tread or continuous performance procedure, circulation performance procedure,

machine extreme limit position automatically only for, super distance, and enter to automatically terminate to wait to the speed procedure each kind of number control basic function.

5. The lather number control to reform a solid example

Reform object to control to turn a reformation for the common lather number of the CA6140 type, it adopted 1 kind more and in brief but more and typically refits a project, the lather which reforms behind enter to sport from tread to drive into the electrical engineering AN and the B, they install in the bedside box(or bed body coda) and drag along at the back of the plank respectively and pass deceleration wheel gear and maneuver to arouse maneuver of lather toward the silk Gang into give sport.Can well develop the effect that the number controls lather for the lather which makes to reform an empress, maneuver to generally need to be transpose toward the silk Gang Luo female pair roll the bead silk Gang Luo a mother pair.When make use of original silk Gang Luo a mother pair, for the sake of decrease reformation workload, lengthways drive electrical engineering and deceleration box generally pack a coda at the bed body and link lather to spread to move system(principal axis system) at first at this time and lengthways silk Gang's spreading a dynamic clutch haven't tore down, work hour should make to be placed in to take off to open position.Together manage, shed off a Gua pole etc. original horizontal auto enter to the organization if tored down, work should also make it be placed in blank on schedule(empty block) position. After reform of enter to the quantity value of pulse equivalent depend tread to be apart from Cape and decelerate a wheel gear ratio, silk Gang to lead a distance into the electrical engineering step three moderate an assurance.The of threes converts a relation can the following type mean: (θ /360)×(ac/bd) × T=δ

θ In type-tread to gather Cape(degree) into the electrical engineering step;

T-the silk Gang drive lead a distance(mm);

A, b, c, d-wheel gear Chi number, be single reduce several:00, it equal the c, d 1;

The δ -pulse equivalent be worth(mm).

Tread into the parameter of electrical engineering according to the resistance Ju and slice size and tool machine model number of scraps dosage to choose, the number of common lather(like C6140, C620 etc.ses) controls to much adopt in the reformation 0.08-0.15(N?M)the quiet dint Ju tread into the electrical engineering, if choose 0.08(N?M)of conduct and actions be horizontal to

enter to the electrical engineering;Choose 0.15(N?M)of conduct and actions lengthways enters to the electrical engineering.If demand, can change the original knife in to automatically turn a knife, then can control conversion knife to carry on slicing scraps to process with the procedure number.When the number controls system to send out to change the knife signal, first after the electric appliances K1 action, change the knife electric motor is turn to drive a Gua round a Gua pole organization, make to rise up the knife body.When the top knife body rise certain height, leave to match to turn dish to rise a function, arouse to revolve to carry on choosing knife up the knife body.The knife sends letter dish above in to have 1 to spread a feeling machine in response to each knifes Anne, be to revolve a certain knife up the knife body, the spread of the knife's feeling machine controls system exportation signal toward the number, number control system knife signal and instruction knife the signal carry on a comparison, be two signal homologies, explain that the last knife body has already revolved the knife choose.Count to control a system control to release after the electric appliances K1 at this time, absorb to match after the electric appliances K2, change the knife electric motor reversal, the activity sell at anti- depend dish top beginning fixed position.Under the function that activity sell anti- depend, the Luo pole arouses to descend up the knife body, until the Chi tooth dish bites to match, completion Jing fixed position, and pass a Gua round a Gua pole to lock tight Luo mother, make knife tightly solid.Count to control a system control to release after the electric appliances K2 at this time, change the knife electric motor to stop to turn, complete to change the knife action.Can also reserve an original knife to still adopt to move conversion knife to have, but have to establish procedure pause while change the knife.If need to process a thread, then want outside principal axis to carry or other appropriate parts pack the previous pulser C, sends out pulse to make the step enter electrical engineering to match with a revolve of principal axis accurately but produce to homologously enter to sport with it, then promise the principal axis turn each time and the car knife moves 1 to lead a distance.

Above-mentioned reformation project in, don't replace a silk Gang's method to be number control system to appear break down, still can process, but glide the silk Gang Luo female pair to easily wear away past need to usually check to fix, and power with process the accuracy all and rather rolls the bead silk Gang Luo mother pair drive a way.Moreover drag along lead of plank and bed body a track not enough parallelism or perpendicularity, and their friction lead greatly, the silk Gang stalk line with lead the track's existence parallelism's error margin's etc.'s problem all will

make to drive resistance increment.For reducing resistance is tread with exaltation efficient into the dint Ju of electrical engineering with process accuracy. As to it's should the tool machine reformation also carry on gearing to adjust to try and check and accept after complete.Generally speaking, in response to special ttention position and foundation of the gearing, make the tool machine be placed in a good and stable work environment.It secondly is the circumstance of conjunction circumstance and each oil road, electric circuit which checks each spare part, plug-in completely, carry on the conjunction that the number controls system again.When complete the adjustment that the number controls system, had the tool machine allied machine to switch on electricity the condition of run-in, can cut off number control the power supply of system, link the motive line of electric motor, the instauration reports to the police enactment, prepare to switch on electricity run-in.The purpose of run-in is the gearing which investigates tool machine whether firmness, each spread to move, manipulate, control, lubricate, the liquid press, annoy to move etc. whether system is normal or not with intelligent and dependable.The acceptance that the number after reform controls tool machine is with gearing to adjust to try a work synchronously carry on.One set tool machine the number control to reform intact empress of examination acceptance the work be a complicated work, it experiment examination means and technique request to be very high also, it needs to use various instrument of high accuracy, to the machine of tool machine, electricity, liquid, annoy each part of and whole machines to carry on single-item function comprehensive function examination, include circulate just degree and heat transformed etc. a series experiment, controled the examination of function in response to the special attention tool machine number among them, end get the comprehensive evaluation of that tool machine.

6. Conclusion

Pass by a great deal of fulfillment proves that the common tool machine number controls to turn a reformation to have must economy, function and stability.Its reformation involves realms, such as machine, electricity and calculator...etc., is that an ories is deep and practices strong system engineering.Should work well to reform ex- technique preparation while carrying on a number to control a reformation.Reform process in, the machine fixs to combine together with electricity reformation, first easy empress difficult, first partial empress overall situation.

译文：

普通车床的数控改造方法及设计

摘要：目前机床数控化改造的市场在我国还有很大的发展空间，现在我国机床数控化率不到3％。用普通机床加工出来的产品普遍存在质量差、品种少、档次低、成本高、供货期长，从而在国际、国内市场上缺乏竞争力，直接影响一个企业的产品、市场、效益，影响企业的生存和发展，所以必须大力提高机床的数控化率。本文以车床的数控改造为例，介绍了机床数控改造的方法，包括其结构的改造设计，性能与精度的选择以及最后改造方案的确定。

关键词：数控；改造；车床

1、机床数控改造的意义

（1）节省资金。机床的数控改造同购置新机床相比一般可节省60%左右的费用，大型及特殊设备尤为明显。一般大型机床改造只需花新机床购置费的1/3。即使将原机床的结构进行彻底改造升级也只需花费购买新机床60%的费用，并可以利用现有地基。

（2）性能稳定可靠。因原机床各基础件经过长期时效，几乎不会产生应力变形而影响精度。

（3）提高生产效率。机床经数控改造后即可实现加工的自动化效率可比传统机床提高3至5倍。对复杂零件而言难度越高功效提高得越多。且可以不用或少用工装，不仅节约了费用而且可以缩短生产准备周期。

2、普通车床的数控化改造设计

机床的数控改造，主要是对原有机床的结构进行创造性的设计，最终使机床达到比较理想的状态。数控车床是机电一体化的典型代表，其机械结构同普通的机床有诸多相似之处。然而，现代的数控机床不是简单地将传统机床配备上数控系统即可，也不是在传统机床的基础上，仅对局部加以改进而成（那些受资金等条件限制，而将传统机床改装成建议数控机床的另当别论）。传统机床存在着一些弱点，如刚性不足、抗振性差、热变形大、滑

动面的摩擦阻力大及传动元件之间存在间隙等，难以胜任数控机床对加工精度、表面质量、生产率以及使用寿命等要求。现代的数控技术，特别是加工中心，无论是其支承部件、主传动系统、进给传动系统、刀具系统、辅助功能等部件结构，还是整体布局、外部造型等都已经发生了很大变化，已经形成了数控机床的独特机械结构。因此，我们在对普通机床进行数控改造的过程中，应在考虑各种情况下，使普通机床的各项性能指标尽可能地与数控机床相接近。

3、数控车床的性能和精度的选择

并不是所有的旧机床都可以进行数控改造，机床的改造主要应具备两个条件：第一，机床基础件必须有足够的刚性。第二，改造的费用要合适，经济性好。在改装车床前，要对机床的性能指标做出决定。改装后的车床能加工工件的最大回转直径以及最大长度、主电动机功率等一般都不会改变。加工工件的平面度、直线度、圆柱度以及粗糙度等基本上仍决定于机床本身原有水平。主要有下述性能和精度的选择需要在改装前确定。

（1）轴变速方法、级数、转速范围、功率以及是否需要数控制动停车等。

（2）进给运动：

进给速度：Z向（通常为8～400mm/min）；X向（通常为2～100 mm/min）。

快速移动：Z向（通常为1.2～4m/min）；X向（通常为1.2～3m/min）。

脉冲当量：在0.025～0.005mm内选取，通常Z向为X向的2倍。

加工螺距范围：包括能加工螺距类型（公制、英制、模数、径节和锥螺纹等），一般螺距在10mm以内都不难达到。

（3）进给运动驱动方式（一般都选用步进电机驱动）。

（4）给运动传动是否需要改装成滚珠丝杠传动。

（5）刀架是否需要配置自动转位刀架，若配置需要确定工位数。

（6）其他性能指标选择：

插补功能：车床加工需具备直线和圆弧插补功能。

刀具补偿和间隙补偿：为了保证一定的加工精度，一般需考虑设置刀补和间隙补偿功能。显示：采用数码管还是液晶或者显示器显示，显示的位数多少等问题要根据车床加工功能实际需要确定，一般来说，显示越简单成本越低，也容易实现。

诊断功能：为防止操作者输入的程序有错和随之出现的错误动作，可在数控改造系统设计时加入必要的器件和软件，使其能指示出机床出现故障或者功能失效的部分等，实现有限

的诊断功能。

以上是车床数控改造时需要考虑的一些通用性能指标，有的车床改造根据需要还会有些专门的要求，如车削大螺距螺纹、在恶劣的环境下工作的防尘干扰、车刀高精度对刀等，这个时候应有针对性的专门设计。

4、车床数控改造方案选择

当数控车床的性能和精度等内容基本选定后，可根据此来确定改造方案。目前机床数控改造技术已经日趋成熟，专用化的机床数控改造系统所具备的性能和功能一般均能满足车床的常规加工要求。因此，较典型的车床数控改造方案可选择为：配置专用车床数控改造系统，更换进给运动的滑动丝杠传动为滚珠丝杠传动、采用步进电机驱动进给运动、配置脉冲发生器实现螺纹加工功能、配置自动转位刀架实现自动换刀功能。目前较典型的经济型专用车床数控改造系统具有下列基本配置和功能：

（1）采用单片微机为主控CPU，具有直线和圆弧插补、代码编程、刀具补偿和间隙补偿功能、数码管二坐标同时显示、自动转位刀架控制、螺纹加工等控制功能。

（2）配有步进电机驱动系统，脉冲当量或控制精度一般为：Z为0.01mm，X向为0.005mm（要与相应导程的丝杠相配套）。

（3）加工程序大多靠面板按键输入，代码编制，掉电自动保护存储器存储；可以对程序进行现场编辑修改和试运行操作。

（4）具有单步或连续执行程序、循环执行程序、机械极限位置自动限位、超程报警，以及进给速度程序自动终止等各类数控基本功能。

5、车床数控改造实例

改造对象为CA6140型普通车床数控化改造，它采用了一种比较简单但是较为典型的改装方案，改造后的车床进给运动由步进电机A和B驱动，它们分别安装在床头箱内（或床身尾部）和拖板后方，通过减速齿轮和纵横向丝杠带动车床的纵横进给运动。为使改造后的车床能充分发挥数控车床的效能，纵横向丝杠螺母副一般需要调换成滚珠丝杠螺母副。当利用原丝杠螺母副时，为了减少改造工作量，纵向驱动电机及减速箱一般装在床身尾部，这时连接车床原传动系统（主轴系统）和纵向丝杠传动的离合器尚未拆除，工作时应使处于脱开位置。同理，脱落蜗杆等原横向自动进给机构若未拆除，工作时也应使其处于空档（空挡）位置。改造后的进给脉冲当量的量值靠步进电机步距角、减速齿轮比、丝杠导程三者协调确定。三者之间换算关系可以以下式表示：

（θ/360）×（ac/bd）×T=δ

式中θ——步进电机步聚角（度）；

T——所驱动丝杠导程（mm）；

a,b,c,d——齿轮齿数，当单级减数时，令c、d等于1；

δ——脉冲当量值（mm）。

步进电机的参数根据阻力矩及切屑用量的大小和机床型号来选择，普通车床（如C6140、C620等）的数控改造中多采用0.08——0.15（N·m）静力矩的步进电机，如选0.08（N·m）的作为横向进给电机；选0.15（N·m）的作为纵向进给电机。若需要，可将原刀架换成自动转位刀架，则可以用程序数控转换刀具进行切屑加工。当数控系统发出换刀信号时，首先继电器K1动作，换刀电动机正转驱动蜗轮蜗杆机构，使上刀体上升。当上刀体上升到一定的高度时，离合转盘起作用，带动上刀体旋转进行选刀。刀架上方的发信盘中对应每个刀位都安有一个传感器，当上刀体旋转到某个刀位时，该刀位的传感器向数控系统输出信号，数控系统将刀位信号与指令刀位信号进行比较，当两信号相同时，说明上刀体已旋转到所选刀位。此时数控系统控制继电器K1释放，继电器K2吸合，换刀电动机反转，活动销在反靠盘上初定位。在活动销反靠的作用下，螺杆带动上刀体下降，直到齿牙盘咬合，完成精定位，并通过蜗轮蜗杆锁紧螺母，使刀架紧固。此时数控系统控制继电器K2释放，换刀电动机停转，完成换刀动作。也可以保留原刀架仍采用手动转换刀具，但在换刀时必须设置程序暂停。如果需要加工螺纹，则要在主轴外端或其他适当部位装上一个脉冲发生器C，用它发出脉冲使步进电机准确地配合主轴的旋转而产生相应的进给运动，即保证主轴每转一转，车刀移动一个导程。上述改造方案中，不更换丝杠方法当数控系统出现故障时，仍可以加工，但滑动丝杠螺母副容易磨损故需要经常检修，而且功率和加工精度均不如滚珠丝杠螺母副驱动方式。另外，拖板与床身的导轨不够平行或垂直，以及两者之间摩擦力过大，丝杠轴线与导轨间存在平行度误差等问题均会使驱动阻力增加。为了减阻力以提高步进电机的力矩有效率和加工精度. 机床改造完毕后，还应该对其进行安装调试及验收。一般来说，应特别注意安装的位置和基础，使机床处于良好稳定的工作环境。其次是全面检查各器件、插件的连接情况以及各油路、电路的情况，再进行数控系统的连接。当完成数控系统的调整，具备了机床联机通电试车的条件，可切断数控系统的电源，连接电动机的动力线，恢复报警设定，准备通电试车。试车的目的是考核机床的安装是否稳固，各传动、操纵、控制、润滑、液压、气动等系统是否正常和灵敏可靠。改造后的数控机床的验收是和安装调试工作同步进行的。一台机床数控改造完好后的检测验收工作是一项复

杂的工作，其试验检测手段及技术要求也很高，它需要使用各种高精度的仪器，对机床的机、电、液、气各部分及整机进行单项性能综合性能检测，包括运行刚度和热变形等一系列试验，其中应特别注意机床数控功能的检验，最后得出该机床的综合评价。

6、结论

经过大量实践证明普通机床数控化改造具有一定经济性、实用性和稳定性。其改造涉及到机械、电气、计算机等领域，是一项理论深、实践强的系统工程。在进行数控改造时，应该做好改造前的技术准备。改造过程中，机械修理与电气改造相结合，先易后难、先局部后全局。