(完整版)大学跨文化交际期末总结word打印版

Chapter 1 Culture

Definitions:

1 Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. 文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。(P12/P29)

2 Cultural Identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.

文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。(P19/29)

3 Subculture exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域.(P23/29)

4 Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as culture do.相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。(P25/30)

?Case 2 (P8)

The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text.

Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath.

Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.

Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication

Definitions:

?Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。）(P37/P60)

?Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。）

?Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。）

?Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message. （渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。）

?Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.

信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人.

?Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。）

?Feedback: The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.（反馈：反馈指信息接收者对信息源信息所做出的反应。）

?Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise.

（干扰：干扰指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。包括外界干扰，生理干扰，心理干扰和语义干扰。）(P54/61)

?Context: A context is the setting or situation within which communication takes place , including physical context, social context and interpersonal context.（语境：语境指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语境。）

?Intercultural communication: It is the communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.( 跨文化交际：跨文化交际指的是那些在文化认知和符号系统上存在差异的人们之间的交际。这些差异足以改变整个交际事件。) (P54/61)

?International communication: it takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized. (国际交流：国际交流是指发生在国家和政府之间而非发生在个人之间的交际；此种交际非常正式和仪式化。) (P55)?Interracial communication: It occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races. (跨种族交际：跨种族交际是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者来自不同的种族的交际。)

?Interethnic communication: It is the communication between or among people from different ethnic groups in a country or culture.（跨民族交际：跨民族交际是指来自一个国家或文化内部的不同民族群体的人们之间的交际。）(P56)

?Intracultural communication: it is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture.（文化内交际：文化内交际是指同一文化内部的成员之间的交际。）

?Case 12 (P57)

This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication

Chapter 3 Culture’s Influence on Perception

Definitions

?Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment.（感觉：感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。) (P68/97)?(2) Perception: It is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and especially people and their behaviors through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information. (知觉：知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、人和人的行为的过程。它是解释感觉信息更为高阶的认知过程。) (P70/97)

?Selection: It is a process in which we screen out what we need from all the stimuli and information around us.（选择：选择是从周围选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。) (P70/97)

?Need: Needs affect what people are more likely to attend to. (需求：需求会影响人们选择更愿意参与哪些事物）

?Organization: It is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way. （组织：组织是把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式整理，组合的过程。）

?Interpretation: It refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding.（释义：释义是赋予感觉信息意义的过程，类似于解码过程。）

?Case 16 (P81)

This case can reflect different culture can give different influences on human sensation. No two of people can assume that their sensations are the same, especially when they come from different cultures.

Chapter 4 Intercultural Communication Barriers

Definitions:

?Anxiety: It occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.（焦虑：当人们不知道如何迎合他人对自己的期待，过多的关注自己情绪以至不能全心投入到交际事物中去时，就会产生焦虑。）(P104/125)

?Uncertainty: It refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other’s feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety.

(不确定：不确定是指人们无法从认知的角度去解释交际活动中自己或他人的感觉及行为，这种认知角度解释能力的欠缺是某种引起焦虑的含糊情境导致的。) ?Assuming similarity instead of difference: It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person’s situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is. 假定一致性：假定一致性是指认为来自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的处境与自己的处境相似，而事实上却并非如此。(P106/126)

?Ethnocentrism: It refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture.（民族优越感：民族优越感指从本国文化的标准出发，消极地审视另一文化。）(P109/126)

?Stereotypes: They refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.（文化定势：文化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。）(P110/126)

?Prejudice: It refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation.（偏见：偏见是指对于某一特定群体、种族、宗教、或性取向的无端地憎恶和怀疑。）(P113/126)

?Racism: It refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.（种族主义：种族主义是指基于种族把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任一政策、做法、信仰或态度。）(P114/126)?Case 21 (P107)

This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference. When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”.

?Case 23 (P123)

This case can reflect one of the translation problems: the lack of conceptual equivalence, which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different language

Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication

Definitions

◆Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural

backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.来自不同文化背景的人用言语进行的交际即言语跨文化交际(P132/131)

◆Dialect is a form of language peculiar to a group of people, as distinguished from the

literary language of the whole people. 方言是某一群体特有的语言，与整个群体的言语不同。(P148/161)

◆Sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style. （社会方言指由于社会阶

级或言语风格不同而产生的方言。）

(P149/162)

?Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or lends languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 洋泾浜，是一种特殊的语言变体，指为贸易等目的将两种或几种语言混合使用。(P150/162)

?Taboo refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive and impolite. 禁忌语指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不礼貌行为。

(P1152/162)

?Case 25 (P131)

?One of the sources of the frustration and misunderstandings that occurred in this case was different notions of what was verbally relevant，which reflects different verbal communication styles—direct and indirect styles, self-enhancement and self-effacement styles

Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication

Definitions

?Nonverbal communication: It refers to the messages sent without using words. （非言语交际：不运用言语语言传递信息被称为非言语交际。) (P170/196)?Paralanguage is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning. (副语言/辅助语行为：为增强其含义，伴随言语性语言产生的可听到的声音符号系统）(P175/196)

?Chronemics: It is the study of how people perceive and use time.（时间行为：对于人们如何理解和利用时间的研究。）（P178/197)

?Proxemics: It refers to the study of spatial relations.（时空行为：时空行为对空间关系的研究。）(P180/197)

?Oculesics: It is the study of communications sent by the eyes.（目光语：对于由眼睛所传达的信息的研究。不同的文化对于交际时眼神的接触有不同的要求。）(P184/197)?Olfactics: It is the study of communication via smell.（气味行为：研究气味对于交流的影响的学科。）(P180/197)

?Haptics: It refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact.（触觉行为：指通过身体接触来交流。）(P186/197)

?Kinesics: It refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body positions, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relation to communication.（身势语行为：身势语（也称体态语），指手势、面目表情、眼神交流、身体姿势、肢体运动和问候方式以及和他们与交际的关系。）(P186/197)

?Chromatics: It refers to the study of color use in affecting people’s perceptions, behaviors and impressions of others.（色彩学：色彩学指对于影响人们认知、行为和他人印象的色彩的研究。）(P190/197)

?Attire：Clothing and physical appearance are usually called attire.(着装：服饰和外表通常被称作着装学）(P191/197)

?Case 33 （P169）

This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual intercultural communication, especially facial expression differ according to different cultures, which implies the Kinesics.

?Case 36 (P182)

This case can reflect different cultures have different opinions to spatial relations. Different cultures have very different opinions about an individual’s unconsciously structuring the microspace immediately surrounding the physical body, which implies Proxemics

Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns

Definitions

?Context：It is the information that surrounds an event, and is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event.（语境是指事件发生时周围的信息，对事件的意义解

读具有重要参考价值。）(P215/239)

?High context communication: is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message. （高

语境交际是指在交际过程中大部分的信息靠交际人本身传递，只有少量信息被明确

地用语言的形式传递。）(P215/239)

?Low context communication: is one in which the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code. （低语境交际是指大量的信息通过明确的语言编码被传递的交际。）?Uncertainty avoidance：deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty. （不确定性规避指某一文化的成员对于不确定性因素的规避程度。）(P230/239)

?Power distance：is the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally. （权力距离是指机构或组织

中权利较小的成员对权利被不平等分配的接受程度。）(P232/239) ?Case 41 (P213)

Jay was frustrated in large part because many of the norms he was used to didn't apply in Saudi Arabia, and many Saudi norms did not make sense to him.

Cultural patterns’ components--norms

?Case 43 (P226)

Following their individualistic orientations, Mr. Patterson and Mr. Wyman were perfectly comfortable with the idea of creating team leaders within the individual sales groups, which is typical in the United States. In collectivistic cultures, however, workers may be motivated by being a part of a cohesive and productive team.

This case reflects the conflict between individualism and collectivism.

?Case 44 (P236)

Uncertainty avoidance orientation can be seen in this case. In the dialogue presented below, Kelly and Keiko are interacting about a dinner invitation. Kelly, from the United States, possesses a relatively low uncertainty avoidance index, while Keiko, from Japan, comes from a culture with a relatively high uncertainty avoidance index.

Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Contexts

Definitions

?Communication is not devoid of external influence: all human interaction is influenced to some degree by the social, physical, and cultural settings in which it occurs. This is known as the communication context. （交际无法脱离外部环境的影响：所有的人类交际都或多或少受到社会、物理和文化场景的影响。这些场景被称为交际语境。）(P245/271)

?Ramadan（斋戒月）: Ramadan is an Islamic religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic calendar; the month in which the Qur’an, according to tradition, was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. It is the Islamic month of fasting, in which participating Muslims do not eat or drink anything from true dawn until sunset.（穆斯林的圣月斋戒月是伊斯兰历法的第九个月。根据传说，在这个月份中，古兰经被透露给先知穆罕默德。这是伊斯兰教的斋月，全世界穆斯林在这一个月中白天禁食。）(P254)

?Obon（盂兰盆节）: Obon is one of the most important traditions for Japanese people.

It is a Buddhist event and is the period of praying for the repose of the souls of one’s ancestors. People believe that their ancestors’ spirits come back to their homes to be reunited with their family during obon. Obon was originally celebrated around the 15th day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar. （盂兰盆节，梵文Ullam-bana 的音译，亦称“盂兰盆斋”、“盂兰盆供”，是佛教重要节日之一，人们在此期间祈祷先人的灵魂安息。人们相信，他们祖先的灵魂在盂兰盆节会回到自己的家园与家人重新团聚。每逢农历七月十五日，佛教徒为追荐祖先均举行重要法事活动。）(P254)

?Sabbath（安息日）: Sabbath is the day of the week when members of some religious groups do not work. The Jewish Sabbath is on Saturday and the Christian Sabbath is on Sunday.（安息日，一些宗教组织成员在一星期里不用工作的日子。犹太人的安息日是周六，而基督教徒的安息日是周日。）

?Namaste（（印度）合十礼）: Namaste is a common spoken greeting or salutation in the Indian subcontinent. It is derived from Hinduism.（合十礼源自印度教，是在印度次大陆一种常见的口语问候语或招呼语。）

?Case 48 (P257)

Chinese people love giving gifts. Usually, the value of the gift is an indication of how important the receiver is in the sender’s eyes. Most people giving gifts are concerned about whether the gift will be seen as valuable enough. An inexpensive gift means a loss of face. North American companies do occasionally receive gifts out of appreciation for the friendship and assistance the manager may provide. Such gifts are treasured; however, the value usually is fairly small, a bottle of wine, a music CD, a small book, or other tokens.

?Case 50 (P269)

In the case just described, the U.S. American medical team system for making sense of the situation demanded that people be seen in order of the seriousness of their injuries or illness. However, the cultural system working for those on the Virgin Islands demanded that elders be seen and treated first. So the case reflect the different roles of family and gender in the health care context in different cultures.

Chapter 9 Intercultural Adaptation

Definitions

?Acculturation：It refers to an individual’s learning and adapting to the norms and values of the new host culture. （文化适应：文化适应指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观念的过程。）(P278/305)

?Assimilation：It is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture, losing their culture in the process. (同化：同化指一个民族群体的人们逐渐失去自己原有的文化，接受新的主流文化的过程。) (P278/306)?Integration: It takes place when some people desire a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture. This kind of acculturation is called integration. (文化融合：文化融合指人们在文化适应过程中高度接受新的主流文化，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性)。(P279/306)?Separation：When individuals prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated microcultural groups while desiring a close connection with, and reaffirmation of, their native culture, the mode of acculturation is called separation.

（分离：分离指人们在文化适应过程中对自己原有文化进行重新肯定认同、保留了原有文化，对新的主流文化及与其相关的微观文化不接受不认可）。(P280/306)?Segregation：It occurs when the more politically and economically powerful culture does not want the intercultural contact, the separation is initiated and enforced by the dominant society.（隔离：隔离当经济和政治上更强大的新主流文化不接受人们与它进行文化接触，人们就会被这种文化隔离在外。）(P281/306)

?Marginalization：It occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture. (边缘化：边缘化指人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且无法融入新的主流文化。) (P281/306)

?Culture shock: It refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture. （文化冲击/文化休克：文化冲击/文化休克指人们在进入一种新文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。）(P286/306)?Intercultural adaptation: It refers broadly to the process of increasing our level of fitness to meet the demands of a new cultural environment. (跨文化适应：跨文化适应指人们不断提高自己的适应能力，以期达到新文化环境的需要。)(P293/306) ?Case 54 (P291)

This case reflects that the boy is experiencing culture shock, which may bring him some psychological symptoms.

?Case 55 (P299)

This case can reflect reverse culture shock. When people return home after an extended stay in a foreign culture, they experience another round of culture shock in their native culture and they must proceed through the four stages of the U-curve pattern once again, which is known as W-curve pattern.