2016年贵阳高中化学12月学业水平考试真题及答案

2016年贵阳高中化学12月学业水平考试真题及答案
2016年贵阳高中化学12月学业水平考试真题及答案

化学试卷 第1页 共10页

机密★开考前

贵州省2016年12月普通高中学业水平考试

化 学 试 卷

注意事项:

1.本试卷分为必修模块卷和选修模块卷,必修模块卷为全体考生必做。选修模块卷含选修1《化学与生活》、选修4《化学反应原理》,由考生根据所学内容选择其中一个模块作答。本试卷共8页,47题,满分150分。考试用时90分钟。 2.答卷前,考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名、考生号填写在答题卡上。将条形码横贴在答题卡“考生条码区”。

3.每题选出答案后,用2B 铅笔把答题卡上对应题目选项的答案信息点涂黑,如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案,答案不能答在试卷上。 4.考生必须保持答题卡的整洁。考试结束后,将试卷和答题卡一并交回。 可能使用到的相对原子质量: H —1 C —12 N —14 O —16 Fe —56

必修模块卷(必修《化学1》、必修《化学2》)

一、(本题包括26小题,每题3分,共计78分。每题给出的四个选项中,只有一项....

是符合题意的)

1.配制一定物质的量浓度的溶液时,其中一个操作为“转移”。下列“转移”操作正确的是

A

B

C D

2.下列官能团的名称与其结构简式不.相吻合的是 A .羧基(-COOH ) B .羟基(OH -

)

C .氯原子(-Cl )

D .硝基(-NO 2)

3.铝热反应可用于焊接钢轨,其反应方程式为:2Al +Fe 2O 3 2Fe +Al 2O 3,反应类型是

A .置换反应

B .分解反应

C .化合反应

D .复分解反应

4.氨的喷泉实验体现了氨的哪一种性质

A .还原性

B .比空气轻

C .很易液化

D .极易溶于水

化学试卷 第2页 共10页

5.当光束通过下列分散系时,不产生...丁达尔效应的是 A .雾 B .稀豆浆 C .CuSO 4溶液 D .Fe(OH)3胶体 6.下列分离物质的方法中,根据粒子大小进行分离的是 A .过滤

B .分液

C .蒸馏

D .萃取

7.区别二氧化硫和二氧化碳气体的最佳方法是 A .根据它们的颜色 B .根据其溶于水后溶液的酸碱性 C .分别将其通入品红溶液

D .分别将其通入澄清石灰水 8.欲证明某溶液中是否含有SO 24-

,下列操作正确的是

A. 加入BaCl 2溶液

B. 先加稀硫酸再滴加BaCl 2溶液

C. 滴加紫色石蕊溶液

D. 先加稀盐酸再滴加BaCl 2溶液 9.某种建筑材料含有一种对人体有害的放射性核素氡(22286Rn),该原子核内的中子数是

A .136

B .86

C .50

D .222

10.某元素原子结构示意图为 ,该元素在周期表中的位置是 A .第三周期IIIA 族 B .第四周期IIIA 族

C .第三周期IV A 族

D .第四周期IV A 族

11.下列含有共价键的化合物是

A .Al

B .CaO

C .KI

D .HCl 12.下列物质中,属于芳香化合物的是

A .丁烷

B .乙醇

C .苯

D .丙烯

13.下列说法不正确...的是 A .乙酸是食醋的主要成分

B .无水乙酸又称冰醋酸,其水溶液的酸性比碳酸弱

C .乙醇的燃烧产物对大气无污染,是一种优良的燃料

D .交警可通过乙醇与酸性重铬酸钾反应的颜色变化来判断司机是否酒驾 14.已知:既能与酸又能与碱反应生成盐和水的化合物称为两性化合物。下列物质属于两

性化合物的是 A .A1 B .Na 2CO 3

C .A1(OH)3

D .(NH 4)2SO 4

15.下列各组离子在水溶液中能大量共存的是

A .Fe 3+、H +、24SO -

B .Ca 2+、-

3NO 、-

23CO

C .H +、NO -3、OH -

D .Mg 2+、Cl -、OH -

16.井水冒泡、有异味和变浑浊是地震的常见征兆,其中可能涉及地下硫铁矿(FeS 2)发生的反应:FeS 2+H 2O=X +S +H 2S↑ (已配平),则物质X 是

A .Fe 2O 3

B .FeO

C .Fe(OH)2

D .Fe(OH)3

17.下列叙述正确的是

A.CH4的摩尔质量为16g

B.1molH2O的质量为18g/mol

C.3.01×1023个CO2的质量为22g

D.1molNaCl溶解于1L水中,溶液中

NaCl的物质的量浓度为1mol/L

18.实验室用锌与稀硫酸反应制取H2,欲使产生H2的速率加快,下列措施可行的是A.加水稀释B.加少量NaOH溶液

C.降低温度D.将锌片改为锌粉

19.乙烷的球棍模型是

A B C D

20.将一小段镁带投入到盛有稀盐酸的试管中,发生剧烈反应。一段时间后,用手触摸试管外壁感觉烫手。这个实验事实说明该反应

A.为放热反应B.为吸热反应

C.过程中热能转化为化学能D.反应物的总能量低于生成物的总能量21.用右图所示装置分别进行下列溶液的导电性实验,灯泡最亮的是

A.5%蔗糖溶液B.75%乙醇溶液

C.20%葡萄糖溶D.1 mol/L NaCl溶液

22.下列关于浓硫酸的叙述中,正确的是

A.浓硫酸具有吸水性,能使蔗糖炭化

B .浓硫酸是一种干燥剂,可干燥NH3、H2等气体

C.浓硫酸在常温下可迅速与铜片反应放出二氧化硫气体

D.浓硫酸在常温下能够使铁、铝等金属表面形成致密的氧化膜而钝化

23.下列有关化学用语的使用,正确的是

A.含8个中子的碳原子的符号:12C B.Cl一的结构示意图:

C.N2电子式: D. 乙醇的结构简式:CH3CH2OH 24.右图为番茄电池的示意图,下列说法正确的是

A.电子由铜通过导线流向锌

B.负极反应为Zn-2e-=Zn2+

C.一段时间后,铜片质量会减少

D.一段时间后,锌片质量会增加

25.与4.6g 甲酸(CH2O2)所含的氧原子数相等的葡萄糖(C6H12O6)的质量为A.3.2g B .4.6g C.6.0g D.18.0g

26.某铁的氧化物(Fe x O)1.52g溶于足量盐酸中,向所得溶液中通入标准状况下112mLCl2,恰好将Fe2+完全氧化。x值为

A.0.80 B.0.85 C.0.90 D.0.93

化学试卷第3页共10页

二、选择题(本题包括9小题,每题4分,共计36分。在每题给出的四个选项中,有一.

个或两个

....选项符合题意,全部选对的得4分,选对但不全的得2分,有选错的得0分)27.下列有关煤、石油、天然气等资源的说法中,正确的是

A.煤是单质B.石油是纯净物

C.天然气的主要成分是甲烷D.煤、石油、天然气是不可再生资源28.某工厂发生Cl2泄漏,以下应对措施中主要是基于Cl2的物理性质考虑的是A.向被污染的土壤洒石灰

B.向远离污染源的高处撤离

C.用浸有纯碱溶液的毛巾捂住口鼻迅速撤离

D.来不及撤离时可用纯碱溶液浸湿的棉被堵好门窗

29.对下列反应类型的判断正确的是

A.乙烯与溴的四氯化碳溶液反应(加成反应)

B.乙烯与水在催化剂等条件下反应(取代反应)

C.氯气与甲烷在光照条件下反应(取代反应)

D.氯气与苯在氯化铁催化下反应(加成反应)

30.下列物质的性质与用途对应关系正确的是

选项性质用途

A Cu具有良好的导电性Cu可以用作制导线的原料

B Na具有强还原性Na可以置换CuSO4溶液中的Cu2+

C Fe2O3呈红棕色Fe2O3常用作红色油漆和涂料

D 晶体硅熔点高、硬度大晶体硅常用作半导体材料

31.从海带中提取碘单质,成熟的工艺流程如下。下列有关说法不正确

...的是

A.实验室在烧杯中灼烧干海带,并用玻璃棒搅拌

B.含I-的滤液中加入稀硫酸和双氧水后,碘元素被氧化

C.在碘水中加入几滴淀粉溶液,溶液变成蓝色

D.在碘水中加入CCl4得到I2的CCl4溶液,该操作为“萃取”

32.下列离子方程式对应的化学方程式不.正确

..的是

CO=CaCO3↓Ca(NO3)2+Na2CO3=CaCO3↓+2NaNO3 A.Ca2++-2

3

CO+2H+=CO2↑+H2O CaCO3+2HCl=CaCl2+CO2↑+H2O B.-2

3

C.Cu2++2OH-=Cu(OH)2↓CuCl2+2NaOH=Cu(OH)2↓+2NaCl

D.H++OH-=H2O Ba(OH)2+H2SO4=BaSO4↓+2H2O

化学试卷第4页共10页

33.下列有关实验现象的描述不正确

...的是

A.向氨水中滴加紫色的石蕊溶液,无色溶液变成红色

B.向硫酸铁溶液中滴加氢氧化钠溶液,出现红褐色沉淀

C.向氯化铝溶液中逐滴滴加氢氧化钠溶液,先有白色沉淀后沉淀消失

D.向无水乙醇中加入金属钠,金属钠表面有气泡产生

34.短周期元素W、X、Y、Z在元素周期表中的相对位置如图所示,这四种元素的原子

最外层电子数之和为20。下列说法不正确

...的是

A.最高价氧化物对应的水化物的酸性:X<Z

B.原子半径大小:Y<W

C.工业上用电解熔融的W与Z所形成的化合物来制取W

D.W和Y形成的化合物可与氢氧化钠溶液发生反应

物质V2O5V2O4K2SO4SiO2Fe2O3Al2O3

质量分数/% 2.2~2.9 2.8~3.1 22~28 60~65 1~2 <1 从废钒催化剂中回收V2O5(工业生产硫酸的催化剂)的工艺流程路线如下:

资料:(1)“酸浸”时V2O5→VO

2

+,V

2

O4→VO2+;(2)“氧化”时VO2+→VO

2

+。

则下列推断不正确

...的是

A.“酸浸”时反应的离子方程式为:V2O5+2H+=2VO

2

++H

2

O,V2O4+4H+=2VO2++2H2O B.“废渣1”的主要成分是Al2O3和SiO2

C.“氧化”中欲使6.0mol VO2+完全转化成VO

2

+,至少需要加入1.0mol KClO

3 D.“流出液”中阳离子最多的是H+

选修模块卷

请在两个模块中选择一个模块作答,务必在答题卡中填涂所选答模块的标记

.................,两个标

...

记都不涂或都填涂的

.........,按选答第一模块计分

.........。本卷共12小题,每题3分,共计36分。每

题给出的四个选项中,只有

..一项

..是符合题意的。

《化学与生活》选修模块

36.不能够

...被人体消化吸收的物质是

A.葡萄糖B.淀粉C.纤维素D.蛋白质

X Y

W Z

化学试卷第5页共10页

37.下列说法不正确

...的是

A.青少年应当合理选择饮食、正确使用药物和培养良好的生活习惯,以确保身心健康B.水在人体内,不仅是进行反应的介质,同时也是一种必不可少的反应物

C.食物的酸碱性与化学上所指溶液的酸碱性是一致的

D.葡萄、橙子等水果属于碱性食物

38.下列说法不正确

...的是

A.硅酸盐工业使用的每一种原料中都含有硅

B.诗句“春蚕到死丝方尽”中的“丝”属于蛋白质

C.水泥、普通玻璃、塑料都是混合物

D.钢铁的电化学腐蚀比化学腐蚀更普遍

39.下列药物与用途对应关系,不正确

...的是

A.阿司匹林——治感冒B.盘尼西林——抗菌消炎

C.氢氧化铝——解热镇痛D.麻黄碱——治支气管哮喘

40.下列关于维生素的说法不正确

...的是

A.在天然植物中含量极少B.对人体的生长和健康影响不大

C.维生素C被称为抗坏血酸D.维生素C是一种较强的还原剂41.下列关于生物体内必需的元素,说法正确的是

A.动物体内的微量元素是指含量在0.01%以下的元素

B.钙、镁、铁、锌都属于微量元素

C.碘有“智力元素”之称,摄入量越大越好

D.人体中的元素与地壳中的元素不相关

42.下列关于食品添加剂说法正确的是

A.我国应禁止使用味精B.苯甲酸钠可用作食品的调味剂

C.食盐既可作防腐剂也可作调味剂D.柠檬黄是一种食品防腐剂

43.对食品添加剂主要作用的描述不正确

...的是

A.防腐剂——防止食品腐烂、变质B.着色剂——改善食品的外观

C.调味剂——补充人体所需的微量元素D.营养强化剂——增强食品的营养价值44.下列有关材料的说法正确的是

A.多数合金的熔点比各成分金属高

B.高温结构陶瓷具有良好的导热性和导电性,可用于制造发动机

C.聚氯乙烯(PVC)耐化学腐蚀,可用于制食品保鲜膜

D.硫化橡胶与天然橡胶相比,具有更高的强度、韧性和化学稳定性

45.你认为减少酸雨产生的途径可采取的措施是

①少用煤作燃料②把工厂烟囱造高③燃料脱硫④在已酸化的土壤中加石灰

⑤开发新能源

A.①③⑤B.①②③⑤C.①③④⑤D.①②③④⑤

化学试卷第6页共10页

46.我国确定第35个“世界地球日”的主题是“善待地球——科学发展”。下列行为中不符合

...这一主题的是

A.减少使用含磷洗涤剂B.焚烧法处理垃圾

C.减少直至不使用氟氯烃D.研发易降解的生物农药

47.某些化学试剂可用于净水。水处理中使用的一种无机高分子混凝剂的化学式可表示为:[Al2(OH)n Cl m·yH2O]x,式中m等于

A.3-n B.6-n C.6+n D.3+n

《化学反应原理》选修模块

36.下列对于能源的说法不正确

...的是

A.能源就是能提供能量的资源

B.化学在解决能源危机中不起任何作用

C.现在正在探索的新能源有太阳能、风能、生物质能等

D.能源的开发和利用情况可以用来衡量一个国家或地区的经济发展和科学技术水平37.反应4A(g)+B(g) 2C(g)达平衡时,若v(B)=2.0mol/(L·min),则v(A)为A.v(A)=0.5 mol/(L·min) B.v(C)=2.0 mol/(L·min)

C.v(A)=8.0 mol/(L·min) D.v(C)=1.0 mol/(L·min)

38.25 ℃、101 kPa下,4 g氢气完全燃烧生成液态水时放出热量571.6 kJ,则下列热化学方程式书写正确的是

A.2H2(g)+O2(g)=2H2O(l) ΔH=-571.6 kJ·mol-1

B.2H2(g)+O2(g)=2H2O(g) ΔH=-571.6 kJ·mol-1

C.2H2(g)+O2(g)=2H2O(l) ΔH=+571.6 kJ·mol-1

D.2H2(g)+O2(g)=2H2O(l) ΔH=-285.8 kJ·mol-1

39.可逆反应X(g)+2Y(g)2Z(g),下列能说明该反应达到平衡状态的是A.气体总质量保持不变B.X、Y、Z的速率之比等于系数之比C.X、Y、Z的物质的量不再发生变化D.有2 mol Y消耗的同时有2 mol Z生成40.在0.1 mol/L的CH3COOH溶液中,下列措施可以促进CH3COOH电离是A.加入0.1 mol/L HCl B.加水

C.加入CH3COONa固体D.降温

41.下列方程式书写正确的是

A.CH3COO-的水解方程式:CH3COO-+H2O CH3COOH+OH-

CO

B.H2CO3的电离方程式:H2CO3++ 2

3

C.NH4Cl的水解方程式:NH4++H2O===NH3·H2O+H+

D.NH3·H2O的电离方程式:NH3·H2O=== NH4++OH-

化学试卷第7页共10页

42.对于已达到平衡的可逆反应:N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH 3(g) ΔH<0,为使正逆反应速率与右图相符,t1时刻应采取的措施是

A.增大N2的浓度B.增大压强

C.升高温度D.增大NH3的浓度

43.常温下,0.05 mol/L的H2SO4溶液的pH是

A.5 B.12 C.1 D.13

44.下列变化ΔS>0的是

A.NH3(g)→NH3(l) B.H2O(g)→H2O(s)

C.2H2(g)+O2(g) 2 H2O (g) D.C(s)+H2O(g)CO(g)+H2(g) 45.MnCl2溶液中常含有Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+等金属离子,通过添加过量难溶电解质MnS,可使这些金属离子形成硫化物沉淀,经过过滤除去包括MnS在内的沉淀,再经蒸发、结晶,可得纯净的MnCl2。根据以上事实,可推知MnS具有的相关性质是

A.溶解度小于CuS、PbS、CdS B.具有吸附性

C.溶解度与CuS、PbS、CdS等相同D.溶解度大于CuS、PbS、CdS

46.美国海军海底战事中心与麻省理工大学共同研制成功了用于潜航器的镁—过氧化氢燃料电池系统,其工作原理如图所示。以下说法中不正确

...

的是

A.电池的负极反应是:Mg-2e-===Mg2+

B.电池工作时,H+向负极移动

C.电池工作一段时间后,溶液的pH增大

D.电池总反应式是:Mg+H2O2+2H+===Mg2++2H2O

47.电解原理在化学工业中有广泛应用。右下图表示一个电解池,电解液a是饱和NaCl溶液;

X、Y是两块惰性电极板,通过导线与直流电源相连。实验开始时,同时在两边各滴入几滴酚酞试液,则下列说法中正确的是

A.若X电极产生2.24L气体(标准状况下),

则转移电子的物质的量为0.2mol

B.Y极的电极反应式是:2H2O+2e-= H2↑+2OH-

C.在X极附近观察到的现象是:溶液由无色变为蓝色

D.电解一段时间之后溶液的pH将会降低

化学试卷第8页共10页

化学试卷 第9页 共10页

机密★开考前

贵州省2016年12月普通高中学业水平考试试题答案

化 学 答 案

必修模块卷(必修《化学1》、必修《化学2》)

一、本卷包括26小题,每题3分,共计78分。每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项....

二、本卷包括9小题,每题4分,共计36分。在每小题给出的四个选项中,有一个或...两个选项符合题意,全部选对的得4分,选对但不全的得2分,有选错的得0分。

选修模块卷

请在两个模块中选择一个模块作答,务必在答题卡中填涂所选答模块的标记,两个标.....................记都不涂或都填涂的,按...........选答..第一模块计分。.......

本卷共12小题,每题3分,共计36分。每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项....

是符合题意的。 《化学与生活》选修模块

《化学反应原理》选修模块

化学试卷第10页共10页

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