戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(形态学)【圣才】

第3章形态学

3.1 复习笔记

本章要点：

1. Open class and closed class

开放词类与封闭词类

2. Morpheme

语素

3. Analyzing word structure

分析词语结构

4. Derivational and inflectional morphemes

派生和曲折语素

5. Morphological rules of word formation

词语构成的形态规则

6. Derivation

派生

7. Compounds

合成词

本章考点：

词法的定义；封闭词与开放词；曲折词与派生词；构词法(合成与派生)；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素。

本章内容索引：

I. Definition of morphology

II. Open class and close class

III. Morphemes

1. Definition

2. Classification

IV. Analyzing word structure

1. Roots

2. Affixes

V. Derivational and inflectional morphemes

VI. Morphological rules of word formation

1. Morphological rule

2. Productive morphological rule

VII. Derivation

VIII. Compounds

I. Definition of morphology（形态学定义）

【考点：名词解释】

Morphology studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which

words are formed, including inflection and word formation.

形态学研究词的内部结构以及构词规则，包括屈折变化和构词法两个领域。

II. Open class and closed class（开放类和封闭类）

1. Open class words: in English, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs make up the

largest part of the vocabulary. They are the content words of a language.

开放性词类：在英语中，名词、动词、形容词和副词占词汇的绝大部分。它们是一门语言中的实义词，经常有新词产生。

2. Closed class words: The other syntactic categories include “grammatical” or

“functional” words. Conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns consist of relatively few words and new words are not usually added to them.

封闭性词类：其他的句法范畴包括“语法性的”或者“功能性的”词。连词、介词、冠词和代词相对较少，通常不会增加新词。

III. Morphemes（词素）

【考点：名词解释】

1. Definition（定义）

Some words are formed by combining a number of distinct units of meaning. The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.

In English a single word may consist of one or more morphemes.

有些词是通过几个不同的意义单位组合而构成的。传统上把意义的最基本成分称为词素。

在英语中，一个词可以由一个或多个词素组成。

如：一个词素desire

两个词素desire+able

三个词素desire+able+ity

四个词素un+desire+able+ity

2. Classification（分类）

(1) Some morphemes like desire can constitute words by themselves, which are called free morphemes.

(2) Others like -un and -able are never words but always parts of words which are called bound morphemes.

(1)有些词素，如desire可以独自成词，叫自由词素。

(2)其他的如-un和-able从来就不是词，只是单词的组成部分，叫粘着词素。

3. Allomorph（语素变体）

The variant forms of a morpheme. For example, the morpheme used to express indefiniteness in English has two forms: “a” before a word that begins with a consonant and “an” before a word that begins with a vowel.

语素的不同变化形式。

IV. Analyzing Word Structure（分析词汇结构）

1. Roots: constitute the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning.

词根：词根是构成词语的核心，并承担词语的主要意义。

2. Affixes: They do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes.

词缀：词缀不属于某种词类，通常是黏着语素。

V. Derivational and inflectional morphemes（派生词素和屈折词素）

1. Derivational morphemes（派生词素）: In English there are morphemes which

change the category, or grammatical class of words. A verb, for example, is formed by adding -en to the adjective black, —blacken, or by adding -ize to the noun computer—computerize.

在英语中，有些词素能改变词的范畴，或词的语法类。例如，在形容词black 后加-en就可以构成动词blacken，或者在名词computer后加-ize就可以构成动词computerize。

2. Inflectional morphemes（屈折词素）: Some morphemes are attached to words

or morphemes, but they never change their syntactic category. E. g. John has noticed the change in his friend. Here the -ed endings are morphemes which do not add any lexical meaning, but which represent the concept of tense.

有些词素附着于单词或词素，但是，它们永远不会改变其句法范畴。

VI. Morphological rules of word formation（构词法的词素音位规则）

1. Morphological rules（词素音位规则）：The ways words are formed are called

morphological rules. These rules determine how morphemes combine to form words.

词的构成方式被称为词素音位规则。这些规则决定了词素是如何组合而构成单词的。

2. Productive morphological rules（能产性词素音位规则）：Some of the

morphological rules can be used quite freely to form new words. We call them productive morphological rules. E. g. un + accept + able. Morphological rules may thus be productive (constantly used to form new words)or less

productive(e. g. the fiercity of the lion).

有些词素音位规则能够相当自由地用来构造新词，我们称它们为能产性词素音位规则。词素音位规则可以是能产的(能不断地用于构造新词)或不那么能产生的。

VII. Derivation（派生法）

It refers to the process to add an affix to an already existing form to create a word, which includes prefixation, suffixation, and even both.

指通过在词干上加上词缀而得到一个新词的方法，主要包括前缀化、后缀化或者两者同时发生。

VIII. Compound（复合词）