初三下册英语知识点

初三下册英语知识点
初三下册英语知识点

初三下册英语知识点

四.语法

Unit 9

※被动语态

Ⅰ.被动语态的构成形式be+Vt.p.p.

(一).语态是英语动词的一种形式,是用于表示主语和谓语之间的关系。英语语态分为主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)两种。

主动语态是表示主语是动作的执行者。如:1)Yesterday I parked my car outside the school.

被动语态是表示主语是动作的承受者。2)A sound of piano is heard in the hall.

(二)被动语态的基本时态变化

在被动语态的句子中,谓语部分的结构是be+Vtp.p.(及物动词过去分词)。其中be是变量,随时态的变化而变化;动词的过去分词是常量,永远不发生变化。当然,这只是指谓语部分而言。be动词作为一个独立的谓语动词有自己现在分词(being)和过去分词(been)。那么,下面我们来看看be在各种时态中的变化形式:被动语态通常为八种时态的被动形式。以do为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为:

1)am/is/are+done(过去分词)一般现在时

2)has/have been done 现在完成时

3)am/is/are being done 现在进行时

4)was/were done一般过去时

5)had been done 过去完成时

6)was/were being done 过去进行时

7)shall/will be done 一般将来时

8)should/would be done 过去将来时

Ⅱ.一般来说,在我们日常生活中,能用主动语态的时候就尽量不去用被动语态。只有在下列情况中我们才用被动语态:

英语里被动语态的使用似乎比汉语要广泛。英语的被动语态常用在下列的场合:1)当我们不知道动作的执行者的时候,如:1.Look!There’s nothing here.Everything has been taken away.

2.My car has been moved!

2)当我们不必提出动作的执行者的时候,如:I was born in 1960.

3)当我们强调或侧重动作的承受者的时候,如:She is liked by everybody.

Ⅲ.特殊的被动结构

1)带情态动词的被动结构:它的固定句式为“情态动词+be+过去分词”。也有个别带to的情态动词例外,如:ought to 和have to,它们的被动结构就只能在不定式中。例如:The debt must be paid off before next month那笔债务必须在下个月前付清。

2)带有两个宾语的主动语态变成被动语态

将这种主动态的句子完成被动态的句子,可选两个宾语中的任何一个作为被动态句子的主语,而将另一个宾语作为“保留宾语”写入被动态的句中。但有一点要说明,那就是,如果你选直接宾语作“主语”,有时要在被动态句子的“保留宾语”前加上合格的介词。因为这些动词常有两种句式,即:我们可以说give sb.sth.,send sb.sth.,buy sb.sth;我们也可以说give sth to sb,send sth to sb buy sth for sb。请看下面两种情况的对照:

She sent me a novel on my birthday.

I was sent a novel on my birthday.

A novel was sent to me on my birthday.

3)关于带有复合宾语的主动态变成被动态

如果将带有复合宾语(既:宾语+宾语补足语)的主动语态的句子变成被动语态的句子,我们只能选择原来句子的宾语作被动语态句子的主语;而这时,原句里的宾语补足语现在就变成被动语态句子的“主语补足语”了。

The story made us laugh.(宾语补足语)

We were made to laugh by the story.(主语补足语)

4)在使役动词have,make,get以及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to。

Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.

A stranger was seen to walk into the building.

有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词+介词”,“动词+副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.

6)非谓语动词的被动语态。v+ing形式及不定式to do也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)。例,I don’t like being laughed at in the public.There are two more trees to be planted.

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