英语国家概况期末考整理.doc

Unit 1 UK

著名景点

Big Ben 大本钟2、Tower Bridge(crosses the River Thames; close to the Tower of London; symbol of London ) 3、Westminster Abbey ( Gothic church in the City of Westminster,London; Coronation and burial site for British monarchs.) 4、Red Double Decker Bus (mass transit)

英国基本知识

1、constituent parts。England/ Scotland/ Northern Ireland/ Wales(国旗)

2、

the national anthem(国歌God save the queen

The national Emblem。

3、4、National flower。Rose (Wars of the Roses - civil wars (1455-1485) between the royal house of Lancaster ( red rose) and the royal house of York (white rose).) 5^ 地理位置6、Full name1^ The "United Kingdom of

Great Britain and Northern Ireland”.(The British Isles 不列颠岛;Great Britain; UK ; Commonwealth)

7、Three political divisions (行政区域)：England, Scotland, and Wales.

8、Commonwealths A free association of sovereign states comprising Great Britain and a number of its former dependencies ; united as "free and equal members'.

9、Capital

England(London); Scotland(Edinburgh); Wales(Cardiff);

Northern Ireland(Belfast) 10^ Backbone of England。Pennine

11、Ben Nevis。the highest mountain in UK. 1343m

12、North Ireland。National flower: Irish clover (三叶草)；Lough Neagh (the largest lake in UK); industrious; agricultural

13、Rivers and lakes。1. The Severn River(longest river; from the mountain of Wales to the Bristol Channel) 2.The Thames River (Main source of Londonwater supply;Sccond longest river in Britain; Costwold Hills-North Sca)3?The Clyde River (The most important river in Scotland)/ Lake District 5. Lough Neagh (The largest lake in Britain (396 square kilometers), Northern Ireland.)

14> The climate in Britain。pea souper 超级浓雾

Unit2 UK

1、the first settler1^ The Iberian(伊比利亚人)

2、Stonehenge(巨石阵戶was a place of healing center；The most important monument left by Iberian； There are about 80 stones, and each is five meters tall.

3、The Celtic language。the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic(盖尔语)(Irish,Scotish).

4、Hadrian's Wall

5、7th century Heptarchy (七国联盟)^(Wessex; Sussex; Kent; Essex; East Anglia; Mercia; Northumbria)

6^ Viking pirates(维京海盗)O Vikings from Denmark； established some

small kingdoms； Northern and eastern England

7、The Norman Conquest(1066)I => The Normans that invaded England in 1066 came from

Normandy in Northern France.

8x Black Death(名词解释)O was the modem name given to the deadly bubonic plague(月泉鼠疫)，an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas ； in Europe; reduce England's population from 4 million to 2 million

9、Linguistic composition

England。1.Origin: Germanic (Anglo, Saxon,Jutes)https://www.360docs.net/doc/4a11968357.html,nguage:English (union of Norman French and language of Anglo-Saxons); Cockney Wales Ol.OrigimCelts

https://www.360docs.net/doc/4a11968357.html,nguage:English; Welsh (1/5; in north and west; the most flourishing of the Celtic languages)-

Scotland 1 .Origin:Highlanders (Celts) Lowlanders (Anglo -Saxon)

2、Language:English Scottish Gaelic, 2%

Northern Ireland。l.Origin:Celts https://www.360docs.net/doc/4a11968357.html,nguage:English; Irish Gaelic

10> Cockneys(伦敦腔)0 The dialect or accent of the natives of the East End of London. Unit 3 UK

I、The House of Normans。on Dec. 25, 1066 ; The Battle of Hastings; after the death of Edward the Confes

2> The consequences of Norman Conquest。1. Feudal system completely established. 2. Norman government. 3. Relation with the continent opened.

4.Civilization and commerce extended.

5. Norman French culture, language, manners and architecture introduced.

6. Church courts separated from the civil courts.

3、t he first king of the House of Plantagenet( 1154)。Henry 11

4、T he king of Lackland。King John(the feudal nobility and the leading Church figure, 1215); sign the Magna Carta

5、T he Hundred Years5 War( 1337? 1453)。between France and England

6> Wat Tyler5s Uprising/ Peasants' Revolt (农民起义)=> in 1381; Cause: resentment over the poll tax; finance a war with France; In London, the peasants forced King Richard II to make several concession; Tyler was struck down; The major part of rebellion was crushed 7、T he War of Rose(1455 - 1485) O the House of Lancaster V.S. the House of York ; Henry Tudor defeated Richard II; United the two house

8、T he first king of Tudor*=> Henry VII;

9^ The Enclosure movement(圈地运动)0 fast development clothing industry—? more wool was needed— sheep-farming(enclosure movement)—>capital—> capitalism 10> Henry VIII O the English Reformation started in the region of Henry VIII for his marriage issue.

II、Milestone(里程碑)of Elizabeth I O 1. Balance the protestants and Catholics 2. Her government was effective in reducing the power of old nobility, expending the power of her government, and effecting common law and administration throughout England? 3. Reached further through trade&adventure, new land, material, food 4. 1599, arena of world trade and colonization.

12、E nglish Revolution/ Civil Wai?(英国革命)(1625—1649)。Charles I; King V.S. Parliament; Monarchy replaced Commonwealth

13、O liver Cromwell。1 .defeated Charles I 2.Under his lead, the Parliament controlled

most of England by 1646 Lord Protector

14> The Glorious Revolution(光荣革命)。James II —? France; Parliament invited Mary II and William to take the throne; William and Mary were crowned as joint rulers.

15> James Watt。Scottish inventor , made vast improvements to the steam engine, making it practical for large-scale industrial use?

16^ The Chartist Movement(宪章运动)0 Political reform movement, 1838—1848; London Working Men's Association sponsored; suffrage(选举权)for all male citizens over age 21; Large public meeting

Unit 4 UK

1、C onstitutional Monarchy(君主立宪制)0 a monarch acts as head of state and his/ her power is legally bound by constitution.

2、C onstitution^ A constitution is a set of rules and conventions that lays down the powers and functions of state institutions and their relationship with each other.

3> Sources of Constitution^ LConventions ( rules and practices that do not exist legally, but regarded as vital to the working of government 习惯法)2>Statute Iaw(laws passed by the Parliament at various times in response to particular situations 成文法) 3?Common law (laws set up by common practice in court 普通法；A body of rules based on community customs and previous court decisions 法官在下乡所积累成的判决内容，即为日后判决的法律渊源，而形成共同的法律依据；can be amended or repealed by Parliament)

4、"Divine right of Kings”。The ancient doctrine held that the sovereign derived his authority from God ；an excuse for abusing power.

5、F unctions of the Monarch。A. In law(The permanent head of state ； The commander-in-chief ； The temporal head of Anglican Church)

B.In practice (She reigns, but does not mle ；Her role in state affairs: ceremonial and symbolic)

6、P arliament Oa parliamentary democracy (民主议会制)：Britain is arguably the oldest parliamentary democracy in the world. The government is elected by the people and governs according to British constitutions.

7、P arliament O The supreme legislative body in the UK. The House of Lords meet the House of Commons;

8> The elements of parliaments The Crown, the House of Lords, and House of Commons;

9、The life of parliament^ 5 years

10、F unctions of Parliaments L Legislation (Create, abolish, amend laws) 2. pass laws proposed by the government 3. voting for taxes and expenditure of the government 4. exam the government policy, administration & expenditure 5. Debates major political issues of the day

11、T he differences between Parliament and government ◎ Government (The government runs the country, known as the Executive; Government runs the country and is responsible to the parliament ) ; Parliament (Parliament is the highest legislative authority in the UK, also known as the Legislature ; Parliament represents the people)

12> Origin of the Cabinet。The king or queen met regularly with a group of

Parliamentarians, which became known as the Cabinet. (The Cabinet ministers were appointed by the sovereign, and they had to have enough support in the House of Commons)

13、The House of Commons O elected

14> Central Government O A. The Privy Council 枢密院B. The Cabinet C. The Prime Minister D. Shadow Cabinet 影子内阁E. Ministers

15、The Privy Council 枢密院。An advisory institution; originally a committee of the monarch's closest advisors to give confidential advice on affairs of state

16> The Cabinet O (is the committee at the center of the British political system and is the supreme decision-making body in government.) Function^ policy-making ; the coordination of government departments ; the supreme control of the government 17> No. 10 Downing Street^residence ; workplace ; Receives foreign guests.

18、The Shadow Cabinet。The next largest party in the Commons forms a “ shadow v cabinet whose members are responsible for criticizing government

ministers and formulating opposition policies.

19、M ajor Political Parties^Conservative Party(1679 / old / From Tories / Right wing party, private enterprise and freedom from state control / Supporters: middle& upper-middle class People of higher position) ; Labor Party( 1990 / young / From Whig / Left wing party, nationalized industries, exercised control over private industries to revive the primary industries /Supporters: working class and common people relatively poor or underprivileged); Liberal Party.

20 > Margaret Thatcher (1979-1990) 一The Iron Lady ?=> Recent Prime Ministers from the Labor Party

21、First past the post (FPTP or FPP) O an election detennined by the highest polling candidate(s).

Unit 5 UK

1、T wo branches of lawO 1 .Civil law (governs the relationships and

transactions between private parties such as compensation for loss or damage.)

2.Criminal law (mostly involves the rules laid down by the state for citizens and acts punishable by the state, such as theft and murder)

2^ The Court System。

3^ Court of appeal 上诉法院?Civil Division (民事法庭)；Criminal Division(刑事法庭) 4、H ouse of LordsThe House of Lords is in the supreme executive body of the law. 上议院是英国最高的法院

5、S cotland Yard。is often used to refer to the Metropolitan Police Service of London, UK.苏格兰场、英国首都伦敦警务处总部

Unit 8 UK

1 > The relationship between government and religion in Britain。1. The state supports the church in Economic and Political ways. 2.The church supports the state to reign the country, and it makes the king the authority. It does contribute to the unification of the UK. 3.The church also helps in legislation.

2、M ain Branches of Christianity。1. Roman Catholicism 大为搭 2. Orthodox Christianity 丛棋搭3. Protestantism 擅搭

3、C onflicts & Division between the Roman Catholic and Protestantism^ Reasons: English monarchs 1.…were jealous of the expanded power and wealth of the English church 2. ■一resented the dominant influence of Rome in national affairs 3. — Henry VIII, then 、 argued (a) he, not the pope : the supreme legal authority, (b) English church & its courts should be allegiant to him only.

4、T he Church of England。It was separated from the Roman Catholic church in 1534 with the Act of Supremacy; the mother church of the worldwide communion (宗教团体)；Its head is the king or queen of Britain; Parliament has a voice in its organization and rituals

5、S tructure of Church。1 .(Elizabeth II is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. )2. Church of England—>Two Provinces (人教区)led by Archbishops (人主教)—>43 Dioceses (主教教区)led by Bishops (主教)—>Parishes (教区)led by Priests (牧师)

6、T he Church of Scotland。the leaders are the ministers(牧师)and elders； Follow the teaching of Calvin; Independent of all parliamentary supervision

Unit9 UK

1、S ome Facts。1 .Compulsory，5 to 16; 2.The leaving age J 8, by the Education and Skills Act 2008; 3.Expenditure on education public funds. 3.9:00am - 4:00 pm ；4.The academic year in England: September July； 3 terms, 8 weeks

2、T ypes of Schools classified according to their financial source in Britain。

1.Private schools (independent school, public school) (Private fee-paying schools; local or central government control )

2. State schools (from state taxes and local council revenue; governing body (parent representatives, the head teacher) ； It is responsible for the main policy decision)

3.Voluntary schools or Church schools (funded by religious denominations)

4.Self-governing or Grant-maintained (GM) school(receive funds from the government)

5. Specialist schools(are connected to Specialist schools a private backer)

3、P rivate Schools。Public schools/ Independent Schools; A variety of other schools are also private, including kindergartens, day schools, and newer boarding schools

4、H igher Education。Four groups: Oxbridge v: Oxford and Cambridge. "Redbrick"：a group of universities founded between 1850 and 1930. University of

Leeds, University of Liverpool. Found after World War II: Sussex, York, East Anglia. The New universities：founded in the modern times

5、U niversity of Oxford^ The oldest university in English-speaking country; Established time: 1167; School Motto: Dominus illumination mea

(The Lord is my Light)

6、A ll Souls College^England' s oldest institution of higher learning, Oxford University

Unit 1 US

1、Official name: United States of America

2、national flag： Stars and Stripes 3^ National Emblem： Bald eagle 4、National flower: rose 5^ Nickname: Uncle Sam

6、Capital: Washington D.C?

7、Location: 48 contiguous states + 2 noncontiguous states + D.C ; central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.

8x Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest?

9^ Three Geographical Divisions。Eastern part; Great Plains; Western part

10、Rocky Mountains——great backbone of North America

11、The Mississippi。called "father of waters55 and the "old man river"

12> The Missouri O is one of the longest rivers in the world

13、The Ohio^called the American Ruhr; steel industry

14、T he Great Lakes。苏必利尔湖(Lake Superior)休伦湖(Lake Huron)、密歇根湖(Lake Michigan)> 伊利湖(Lake Erie)> 安大略湖(Lake Ontario)

15> New England新英格兰?=>Maine缅因州New Hampshire新罕布什尔州Vermont 佛蒙特州Massachusetts马塞诸塞州(麻省)Rhode Island罗得岛Connecticut康涅狄格州

16> The Mid-West States。^Industrial midwest"

17> The American South。The legacy of a rigid social structure

18、The American West。computer software, mining and irrigated agriculture

19> The Pacific Coast。Gold Rush, 17th century; Los Angeles, Hollywood film

20、The New States^Alaska 阿拉斯加州Hawaii 夏威夷

Unit 2 US

1、I ndians。The “ first Americans ”

2、C hristopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, discovered an unknown new world, mistook it for India; Amerigo Vespucci, proved it was not India, but a new continent, and the land was named after him

3、T he Colonial Period。The first English colony in the Continent was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607, "mother state” ?

4、T he Puritans。The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen

5> The Battle of Lexington ( 1775 )=> The first shots starting the revolution

6、T he first Continental Congwss(1774)。Result: passed Declaration of Rights and Grievances

7、T he second Continental Congress( 1775)0 Place: Philadelphia; Result: decided to draw up a Declaration of Independence

8、T homas Jefferson (1743 一1826)*=>The third president of U.S.A

9^ George Washington (1732?99)。The first president of USA

10> The Battle of Yorktown。Result: Decisive Victory ; The Treaty of Paris (1783)

11、U nc le Tom's Cabin^author: 1852,Harriet Beecher Stowe; “So this is the little lady who made this big wai*：…Lincoln

12、The Civil War (1861-1865)

13、E mancipation Proclamation 奴隶解放宣言。January 1, 1863, issued by Abraham Lincoln that freed the slaves of the Confederacy; This transfbnned the war from a war to save the Union, to a war to abolish slavery

14、H omestead Act (1862)(宅地法)*=> This act allowed the slaves to have their own land