大学英语四级写作
大学英语四级写作
记叙文
记叙文是以记人、叙事、写景、状物为主要内容，以记叙、描写为主要表达方式的一种文体，通常分为三类：
1. 以人物为主的记叙文，即以人物为中心组织材料，围绕这个人物来写一件事或两件事。
2. 以事件为主的记叙文。即以事件为中心组织材料，围绕中心事件可以写一个人或几个人。
3. 以写景状物为主的记叙文，应注意的是，在一篇记叙文中，写人、写景、写事往往是交织在一起的，不可截然分开，但各有侧重。
写记叙文通常应遵循以下几点：
1. 交待要素，即人、时、地、事。
2. 按事件发生的先后顺序叙述，做到完整具体。
3. 重点突出，目的明确，不要玩弄词藻，讲清言明即可。
写作时还要注意，用第一人称时主要是本人的经历或耳闻目睹之事；用第三人称时则主要是他人的经历和事情。记叙文所记的都是过去发生的事，所以原则上通常都用过去时态写，但有时也用历史现在时和戏剧现在时。
范文1：
一对外发行的英文报纸有“人物剪影”栏目，请根据下面的提示写一篇短文，介绍我国著名乒乓球运动员王楠。
提示：
1. 王楠：1978年10月出生于辽宁。
2. 身高1.62米，体重54公斤。
3. 7岁开始打球，1989年进入辽宁队，1993年入选国家队。
4. 训练刻苦，与队友相处融洽。
5. 喜欢上网，交友。网址：wangnan@https://www.360docs.net/doc/4c13505979.html,.
6. 在国际比赛中获得几十枚金牌，为国家争得了荣誉。
注意：
1. 题目自拟；
2. 不要逐条翻译提示，可适当增加细节，使短文连贯。
3. 词数100~140
Wang Nan－World Champion in Ping pong
Wang Nan， a world champion in Ping Pong， is 1.62 meter tall with the weight of 54 kilograms. She was born in Loaning Province in October 1978. She began to play ping pong at the age of seven. She worked in Loaning Team for three years before she came to the national team in 1993. She trained hard and got along well with her teammates. Wang Nan has won scores of gold medals in international table-tennis games and won great honor for our motherland. She likes going on the net and she enjoys chatting with friends through the Internet. You can find more information about her at Wangnan@wang-nan net.
范文2：
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My Most Favorite Programmer. You should write no less than 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1.我最喜爱的电视(或无线电)节目是……
2.这类节目的内容和特点
3.我喜欢它的原因
My Most Favorite Programmer
The News Report has always been my favorite TV program. Almost everyday I turn on the TV at 6:30 p.m. and wait for the news program. This has become a part of my life.
The News Report contains a large amount of information C from the international political. situation to the latest foot-ball game. And the most important character is its fast pace. Because of this fast pace, news programs can contain much information in a short time.
In my opinion, the News Report is more than a TV program. It is a way of communication. From this program, people can know and understand world affairs. The world thus becomes smaller. I especially appreciate this benefit of watching the news.
范文3：
今天是教师节，请根据以下提示写一篇记叙你的英语老师的短文，约220词左右。
1. 李老师教课生动活泼，印象深刻。
2. 上课前班长通知说李老师要动手术，暂时不能来上课，谁能代课还未决定。
3. 同学们悄然无声，似乎都担心她不再来上课了。
4. 李老师走进教室，她说不愿意耽误同学们的功课，要求医生推迟了手术时间。并说新老师明天就来，希望同学们同老师很好地相处，她病愈即返校。
Miss Li is our English teacher. She always impresses us deeply with her lively English class.
One day when the first bell rang， the monitor stood up and said，“Our English teacher is going to have an operation today. It has not been decided yet who will give us the lesson. ”The class turned silent at his words. It seemed that no one would believe him. In fact， all of us were afraid that Miss Li would no longer be with us. At this moment， Miss Li appeared at the door. She looked tired and pale.
“I’ll be missing you badly，”she said in a low voice，“I have asked th e doctor to put off the operation till tomorrow because I don’t want you to miss a single class. ”She went on，“A new teacher will take my place and I hope you’ll get on well with him. I’ll come back as soon as I’m better. ”
Hearing this， all of us were moved to tears. What a good teacher we have.
议论文
议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法、主张的一种文体。写议论文要把握三性和三要素。三性指准确性、鲜明性和生动性。三要素指论点、论据和论证。
论点的基本要求：观点正确，概括全面，见解新颖，有实际意义，要恰当地综合运用各种表达方式。
论据的基本要求，真实可靠、充分典型。
论证的基本要求：推理必须合乎逻辑，论证要讲究顺序，论证要符合正确的推理形式。
简而言之，英语议论文共有三大特点：
1、观点鲜明的开头；
2、紧扣主题的结尾；
3、有主题句并且衔接自然的中间段落。
这三点当中，第1、2点早已为绝大多数中国学生所熟知，因为开头点题和结尾扣题同样也是汉语文章的要求。但在长时间的学习过程中，这样的要求被很多学生以为是“老土”而得不到足够的重视。如果将这种思想带到英语议论文写作当中，直接的后果就是中心分散、观点不明确，加上中国学生普遍英文表达能力不强，这些因素就为整篇文章的失败埋下了隐患。
另外，英语文章和汉语不同的是段落的主题句一定要放在段首，而不能按照中文的写作习惯放在段落的中间或者最后，在英文应试写作中更加如此。正因为没有“主题句”的思想，所以中国学生在写英语文章时经常“想到什么，就写什么”，这在英语议论文中是不能接受的。
(二) 中心统一
在中心统一这个问题上，英语议论文和汉语议论文的概念也有所不同。中国人在写议论文时常常遵循“中庸”的原则，其具体的表现就是认为世界上没有任何事情是绝对的。当他们在文章中表扬一件事物或一种现象的时候，总要指出其不足；同样，在批评一件事物或一种现象的同时，也总不忘记指出其也有合理之处。这种做法从道理上来讲并没有什么不妥，但却不符合英语议论文的写作习惯，因为英语作家在写议论文时关注的是自己的辩论技巧和其结果对公众的影响力。换句话说，如果作者告诉大家两面都有道理也就等于说两面都没有道理，因为读者在读了文章之后仍旧不知道作者的看法是什么，以及自己在这种情况下到底该怎么做。
所以，既然四级考试考的是英语文章，大家就应该遵循英文议论文的写作思路和习惯：表示支持则旗帜鲜明地支持；表示反对就彻彻底底地反对，而不能采取“墙头草两边倒”的做法。
(三) 段落的连贯性
在确定好一条条的扩展句后，怎样把这些句子流畅而连贯地组合在一起呢？
这便是关联词发挥作用的时候了。在英语中，句与句之间、段与段之间一般都有连词或关联词连接，通过这些词读者能够很清楚地明白文章前后的逻辑联系。
适当使用关联词是四级写作必备的技能，大家应该要引起特别重视。
常用的关联词分为四类：
1、列举类
列举法常用在议论文中，当作者提出一个论点后，可通过列举出一系列事实对其进行说明或论证。
列举类关联词有：
first(ly), second(ly),... finally; for one thing, for another; on the one hand, on the other hand; moreover; furthermore; what's more; in addition; besides; first of all; in the first place, in the second place; (at)last; then; next; the last but not the least
2、举例类
举例法是用事例或数据对中心观点进行说明论证的方法，举例类关联词有：
for example; for instance; such as; like; take...for example; a case in point; namely; in other words; that is; especially; in particular
3、比较和对比
比较是把两种或两种以上的事物进行比较，以辨别出它们的相似之处；对比是将这些事物进行对照，辨别其差异而指出各自的特征和本质。这类关联词有：
but; however; yet; otherwise; while; in contrast; by contrast; on the contrary; similarly; likewise; like; conversely; rather than; instead; on the other hand; equally; nevertheless; nonetheless; unlike; still; in the same way; compared with...
4、因果类
as a result; since; because(of); thanks to; due to; owing to; for this reason; hence; thus; therefore; on this/that account; on account of; consequently
5、总结类
总结法是指在表达了一个观点或举了一个例子后，进行总结、给出概括，这类关联词有：
in this case; according to; in a word; in brief; in short; to sum up.
范文1：
“Do’ Lucky Numbers’Really Bring Good Luck?”
Some people think that certain numbers will bring good luck to them. Numbers such as six, eight, sixteen and eighteen are regarded as lucky numbers. There are also people who think that their success is related to certain numbers.
However, some other people think numbers have nothing to do with their luck. They believe in their own rather than” lucky numbers”. They don't do things according to certain numbers.
As far as I am concerned, I think it is a person's own business whether he believes in a certain number or not. The most important thing is that he has done the work by himself and has done it quite well. As to the belief in numbers, it is his personal choice.
范文2：
Career or Family: which is more important?
When asked about their opinion of career and family, people always respond differently. Some people deem it more important to pursue their career, while there are always other people who argue that family should be the number one in one’s life.
It goes without any question that career plays a key role in our life. In the very first place, career can give us an aim to live on. Without career, much of our living time will be certainly wasted. What’s more, career can provide us with a means to live on. Most of the pe ople earn their income from a job. On the other hand, family is also an indispensable part of life, as many people will admit. Family is always regarded as a place where we can escape from troubles in life. In addition, we can obtain a sense of belonging to from family. Without it, anyone will feel lonely and desperate.
In my opinion, career and family are not in opposition to each other. Rather, they can enhance each other so that one’s life can become better and better. Therefore, it’s not a choice bet ween right and wrong, but one between ideal and practical.
范文3：
Just at the Beginning
“We are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book whose pages are infinite.”
I do not know who wrote those words, but I have always liked them as a reminder that the future can be anything we want to make it. We can take the mysterious, hazy future and carve out of it anything that we can imagine, just like a sculptor carves a statue from a shapeless stone.
We are all in the position of the farmer. If we plant a good seed, we reap a good harvest. If our seed is poor and full of weeds, we reap a useless crop. If we plant nothing at all, we harvest nothing at all.
I want the future to be better than the past. I don’t want it contaminated by the mistakes and errors with which history is filled. We should all be concerned about the future because that is where we will spend the reminder of our lives.① The past is gone and static. Nothing we can do will change it.② The future is before us and dynamic. Everythin g we do will affect it.
Each day will brings with it new frontiers, in our homes and in our businesses, if we will only recognize them. We are just at the beginning of the progress in every field of human endeavor. 说明文
说明文是以说明为主要表达方式用来说明事物，阐明事理的一种文体。它通过揭示概念来说明事物的特征、本质及其规律性，给人准确的科学知识或正确思想。一般可分为实体事物说明和抽象事物说明两大类，词典、教材、论文、实验报告、产品说明书、广告、解说词及科学小品等都属于说明文。
按写作方法,英语说明文主要分为下面六种类型:
1.例证法
这是用具体例子来说明人或事物的特征、本质及其规律的方法,所用例子必须有代表性、典型性,能体现人或事物的本质特征。这是用特殊来说明一般的方法。通常在主题句后,用 For example 或 For instance 等短语引导出具体的例子。例如:
Our life today depends very much on energy. For example, machines have made our life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, com munications, carrying goods-everything. Factories use a great deal of energy to make the thi ngs that we use and buy and sell.
这段主要是讲能源问题。第一句为主题句,概括地说出"我们目前的生活很大程度上依赖能源"。接着用举例的方法从三方面说明能源的作用。
2.定义法
下定义就是给说明对象一个明确概念。这是科学而严密的说明方法。它既能揭示事物的本质特征,勾勒其大概,描绘其轮廓,同时也能确定事物的范围和界限。下定义是多方面的,可以给人、事物、思想等下定义。例如:
An ideal teacher must have the following characteristics. He should know his subject, but he can make mistakes if he is willing to learn. His personality is as important as his scholar ship. An ideal teacher must be enthusiastic. He should be a bit of an actor and he shouldn't be afraid to show his feelings and express his likes and dislikes. An ideal teacher is one who grows, learns, and improves himself along with his students.
本段的展开是通过对"一个模范教师"下定义的方法,关键词"ideal teacher"在文中多次重复,能加深读者的印象。
3.分类法
分类法是对同属不同类或同类而不同种的人或事物,根据不同性质进行分门别类地说明的方法。分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一。分类必须遵守分类规则,使分类对象具有统一属性,依据同一分类标准,并使分类的子项相互排斥,不互相包蕴。例如:
As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories. First are the co nservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the libe ral people. These people are in favor of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem too idealistic. Third are the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonab le limits. They are more practical in this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to be long to this group.
本段把人按政治观点分为三类:保守派(conservative people)、自由派(liberal people)和温和派(moderate people),并对他们各自的特征进行了简要的分析。
4.因果关系法
事物变化的原因和结果是紧密相关的。如果某个现象的存在必然引起另一个现象的发生,那么,这两个现象之间就具有因果关系。因果关系包括"由果推因"(由结果去推测原因)和"由因推果"(由原因去推测结果)两种情况。因果关系符合人们的日常思维逻辑,因而在写作中得到广泛应用,常用 because, as, since, so, now that, if...then, the reason is that...等表示因果关系。例如: Of the four seasons, I like spring best. I prefer spring because it is a season of much joy and gaiety. New life bursts out everywhere. Plants wear a green coagain and colorful flowers blossom in gardens and mountains. The old come outdoors for fresh air and the young plan fo r outdoor activities. Life becomes so energetic and happy.
第一句为本段主题句,末句是总结句。在主题句后, 作者用了四个句子阐述自己喜欢春天的理由。
5.比较对照法
有意识地把两种相反、相对的事物或同一事物相反、相对的两个方面放在一起,用比较的方法加以描述或说明,指出其相同点,这种写法叫做"比较";指出其不同点,叫做"对照"。比较和对照各有不同的侧重,但两种方法经常结合使用。
进行比较对照通常有两种方式。第一种方式采用"先A后B"的结构,即A1,A2,A3...; B1, B2, B3...。
第二种方式采用"AB交错"结构,即A1,B1;A2,B2;A3,B3...。第一种方式采用先A后B的结构实际上是把一个段落(或一篇文章)分割为两部分,先全面讲A,再全面讲B,这样做较难收到强烈的对比效果。多数人认为第二种方式比较好,因为把对比的双方AB逐点交错,可以避免行文的单调沉闷,对比的效果也会更鲜明突出。例如:
It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dan ce and celebrate his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are never lonely. Unli ke winners, losers are the lonely ones of the world. It is difficult to face defeat with dig nity. Losers can not show their disappointments publicly. They can not cry or grieve about t heir defeat. They may suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothi ng to celebrate and no one to share their sadness.
这段采用先A后B的对照方式,阐述胜利者和失败者的不同特征。这种写法较易操作,但行文往往比较平淡单调。再来看看AB交错的比较方式:
I like having a twin sister. When she’s happy, I’m happy. When she feels unhappy, I feel t he same. Often, I know what she’s going to say. Sometimes, I know what she’s thinking. I l ike what she likes. I hate what she hates. We like the same music, the same food and the sam e books.
这段采用AB交错的比较方式,阐述孪生姐妹的相同特征。这种写法较流畅自然,给读者的印象也更鲜明突出。
6.过程分析法
过程分析法就是把事物发展过程分为若干步骤,然后逐一加以分析说明。这种写法在说明文中使用得相当广泛。过程分析与叙事和因果关系等写法有密切关系,但彼此又有明显区别:叙事研究的对象是"What happens";因果关系研究的对象是"Why it happens",而过程分析研究的对象是"How it happens"。例如:
There are several steps to plant a tree. First, dig a hole large enough for the tree, but th e hole should not be too deep. Second, put the tree in the hole so that it is straight. Thir d, put the earth back into the hole again. Push it down hard with your foot several times. F inally, water the tree well, as often as possible.
这段分析了植树过程中的几个步骤。全段层次分明,连接词语(first, second, third, finally)的使用加强了语句的连贯性。
还必须说明的是,在实际写作中,我们很少单独采用上述几种方法中的某一种。不少段落(或文章)的写作都是综合使用各种不同的写作方法。同时还应明确,在写作中有意识地侧重使用某一种方法是有好处的。此外,上述这些说明文的写作方法在议论文中也常被采用。如何使用这些方法,写出一篇好的文章来,还需在平时认真积累,勤加练习。
范文1:
以“早起是好习惯”为题写篇议论文。请围绕以下几点来写：
①早起与健康；
②早起与学习；
③早起与一天的活动。
(字数80～120，要求自拟标题)
Getting Up Early Is a Good Habit
Getting up early is a good habit. It is very important to our health, our study, our life and so on.
First, getting up early helps to keep us strong. We can do morning exercises in the open air
in the morning and breathe fresh air to build our bodies. Second, getting up early helps us to memorize what we have learned in class by reading aloud in the morning. Third, getting up early can help us to find enough time to prepare our work of the day. If we stick to getting up early every day, it will do us a lot of good.
范文2：
Writing:
1. 校学生会将组织一次暑期志愿者活动，现招募志愿者。
2.本次志愿者活动的目的，内容、安排等。
3.报名条件及联系方式。
Volunteers Needed
A voluntary activity in the summer vacation will be organized by the University Students Union. The Student Union will open free English classes for the youngsters in S.O.S Children’s Village. The classes will last for a week.
Currently, we will recruit 5 volunteers to work as English teachers. The volunteers are requested to speak fluent English. Those with English teaching experience are preferable. Besides the English skills, we expect the volunteers to be patient, open-minded with a loving heart. The Children’s Village will provide the volunteers with three meals a day and transportation from and to the university during the class days.
Those who are interested in taking part in the activity, please send your resume to the email address studentunion@https://www.360docs.net/doc/4c13505979.html, before June 30th. The office of the Student Union will contact the chosen candidates for an interview before July 10th.
范文3：
MY COMPUTER
I have a computer which was bought by my parents for my birthday present. It’s a new one ,it's name is Lenovo which was made in China. It can store and work with large quantities of information and can do hard mathematical problems fast and help a person work with word and pictures. With this computer I have learn lot of knowledge of computer, besides it I can use it for learning and interment such as chatting with others, watching TV and playing games. It was so useful that I can help but like it very much.
图表作文
第一段：
The table/graph/chart shows, as far as ______(is/are)concerned, _______________________.
第二段：（第二段分为三种情况：1、一直上升；2、一直下降；3、一部分上升，一部分下降。下面针对这三种情况进行结构模仿）。
1、（以1978年到1998年城镇乡村收入的稳步较长图为例）。
a.一直上升
According to the figures show in the graph, we can see that________, had been increasing at a steady rate from the year of 1978 to 1998. In addition, during the period, ____________had raise from 349.9 Yuan to 5425 Yuan, more than 5 times .Meanwhile, _______had also grown from 133.6 Yuan to 2100 Yuan.
b. 一直下降
According to the figures show in the graph, we can see that___________, had been decreasing at e steady rate from the year of 1978 to 1998. In addition, during the periond,____________had reduced from 349.9 Yuan to 5425 Yuan, more than 5 times .Meanwhile ,_______had also gone down
133.6 Yuan to 2100 Yuan.
2、[以从1995年到1999年西安人的日常生活支出（食物、服装和娱乐）的变化为例]
c. 一部分上升，一部分下降：
According to the figures in the graph, we can see that__________had been increasing by 9% and 7%, respectively from the year of 1995 to1999. However,___________(the expenses on food)had been decline by30% ,during the same period. The statistics of rise and fall seem to exist in isolation but closely to one another.
第三段：
There are several reasons for that phenomenon. On the hand, _____;On the other hand,_________,___________.
注：横线部分为自己需填充的内容，这只是整篇文章的格式,红色横线部分视考题而定，可填充的内容
经济类/发展类/旅游类/文化交流类：
1. The policy of reformation and opening spreader widely in China should be taken into account firstly, when considering the reason for the steady increase of the citizen's income.
2. The people of China has the spirit of working hard in order to improve their living.
3. China's rapid economic development lays the base.
4. In the past twenty five years, remarkable changes have taken place in China's tourism rank in the world.
5. The economy of China has developed so fast in twenty years that China now becomes more and more important in the world.
6. I'm confident that with the development of China the numbers of visitors and the foreign exchange earrings will certainly continues to increase in the future.
7. With the rapid development of technology and the global economy ,the world is becoming international, cultural exchanges are becoming more and more frequent ,which is inevitably improving our mutual understanding and friendship with other countries.
食品类：
1、In order to live a healthy long life, we have to restrict our calorie intake eating the food with less fat.
2、We should make our diet more nutritional and balance the calorie intake to enjoy a healthy life.
3、To improve the bad situation, people should eat calcium-enriched food, such as fish,milk,beancurd and so on .
娱乐类/体育类：如看书/看电视
1、We should make a balance between them to benefit themselves.
2、The age in which we live now is an information one.
3、People should go to the gym and take part in some sports, such as basketball, volleyball, swimming and so .All the exercise help people keep healthy.友谊类/文化交流类：
1、People all over the world love and respect each other. The best way to show our love is to help others when they are in difficulties.
2、Everyone should be encouraged required to try to be self-reliant.
3、When one in trouble, others should help him.
PS:经典句子：
1、Scientists have warned that unless effective measures are taken, the problem of pollution will eventually get out of hand.
2、For citizens ,they are supposed to conform to rules and regulations of the traffic.
3、And the government should educate people in this respect ,which will draw people's attention of the serious problem.
4、For drivers their speed should be restricted . Otherwise, they should be punished severely.
5、It is time the anchorites concerned took proper steps the traffic problem.
6、As long as each of us takes actions. I deeply believe the problem will be well resolved to an extend
作文中可用的谚语或句子：
As a saying goes:俗话说
1、A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。
2、An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening. 一日之计在于晨。
3、A good idler ,an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徙伤悲。
4、Do as the Romans do .入乡随便俗。
5、Each coin has two sides. 有利必有弊。
6、Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。
7、Fool's haste is no speed. 欲速则不达。
8、It is never too old to learn. 活到老学到老。
9、Keep good men company and you shall be of the number. 近朱者赤，近墨者黑。
10、Knowledge is power. 学无止尽。
11、Like father, like son. 有其父，必有其子。
12、Man proposes ,God deposes. 谋事在人，成事在天。
13、No cross, no crown. 不见风雨，怎见彩虹。
14、Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。
15、Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。
16、Rome is not built in a day. 冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。
17、Where there is a will, there is a way.
18、Time flies.....时光飞逝。。。
19、Penny wise, dollar foolish. 占不便宜，吃大亏。
范文1：
Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Statistics in People’s Daily Expenses in Xian. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:
1、 Describe the changes indicated in the table.
2、 The reasons for the change.
3、 Make predictions about the future tendency.
What is shown in the table above indicates that dramatic changes have taken place in the daily expenses in Xian from 1995 to 1999. The expenses on food have declined by 30% while those on clothing and recreation have increased respectively by 9% and 7%.
There are two factors accounting for these changes. In the first place, the risen income resulting from economic growth plays a vital role in the less expense on food. In the second place, when food presents no worry to the average, people begin to focus more of their interest on handsome appearance and happy leisure time. As a result of such a shift, spending on clothing and recreation increases year by year.
From the analyses made above, with the further growth in economy and more changes in life style, the tendency indicated in the table will continue in the better direction.
范文2：
假若一个新西兰教育参观团要到你校访问，他们想了解中国教育的基本情况，请根据以下图表和所给提示，用英语写一篇 120 字左右的短文，为来客介绍当今中国教育的基本情况。
1. 提示词：（ 1 ） compulsory education －义务教育；（ 2 ） junior middle school －初中；（ 3 ）senior middle school －高中；（ 4 ） professional school －职业学校。
2. 短文须包括以下要点：
在高校，部分费用由家庭承担；中国教育尽管成绩巨大，但需要改革。
Education System in China Today
Education in China today has been developing rapidly. Most children start school by the age of six. They spend five or six years in primary school and three years in junior middle school，which are compulsory education.
After that， some can attend professional school for two to three years before work. Some attend senior middle school for three years. Students have to pass a series of examinations before entering a college or university. The college or university life lasts two to four years. Now part of the cost is provided by with their families， although students can get the support from the college. After they graduate， they can go and find jobs.
Though great changes have taken place in the fields of education in China， there is still much to be improved.
范文3：
请根据下面图表所示内容，用英语写一篇短文，比较高中学生“减负”前后的有关情况。
注意：
1. 短文须包括所有图表内容，可以适当增加细节，使短文连贯；
2. 词数 100 左右。
Senior middle school students were heavily burdened with all kinds of homework. In the past，they spent about 6.5 hours in their classroom a day. At home， it took them 5 hours to finish their homework. So they only got less than 7 hours' sleep. Their free time was only three hours. As a result， their health was badly damaged.
Now the things are getting better. About five hours are spent in class and the time for homework had been reduced two hours. So that they have eight hours' sleep and also two more hours to do whatever they like.
一．The main types of guided writing:
1. 提纲式作文：
Directions:
Women make a great contribution to the progress of modern society. But there are still some people who don’t agree with it.
There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper.
Write an essay to the newspaper based on the following outline.
1. Role of women in modern society
2. Prejudices and discrimination against women
3. My comment
You should write about 200 words within 40 minutes.
Women play an important part in modern society. Now many women are going into professions, such as medicine, law and engineering. They comprise a large part of the workers in offices and factories. Many jobs they are engaged in are in line with their special capabilities of their sex. In addition, some of are working up to important positions which used to be held mainly by men. There are even some businesses which are run completely by women. It is obvious that women are making an outstanding contribution to the progress of modern society.
There are, however, still some people who assert that men are superior to women in many ways. In the first place, many jobs men do can hardly be done by women, who are physically not strong enough. They believe that women are the weaker sex – both physically and emotionally. Thus, women are naturally suited, much more so than men, to the performance of domestic duties. According to them, a woman’s place is within the protective environment of the home. Secondly, most of the world-famous scientists and statesmen are found to be males. Finally, the whole society seems to have always been dominated by men only. In their opinion, men should enjoy more rights than do women.
Personally, I’m firmly standing on the side of those women right defenders. Since both men and women are equally important in human activities, they should be on an equal footing. (242 words)
2. 提纲图表式作文：
Directions: In this part, you are to write an essay of about 200 words within 40 minutes. Study the following table care fully and your composition must be based on the information given in the table. You should quote as few figures as possible.
Outline: 1. Changes in people’s daily expanses in the past five years
2. Possible reasons for the changes
3. My own conclusion
Year
Item
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Food
65% 60% 48% 42% 35%
Clothing
5% 7% 10% 13% 15%
Recreation
3% 5% 7% 8% 13%
Others
24% 26% 33% 36% 38%
In the past five years, there have been great changes in people’s daily expenses in XX city. According to the figures given in the table, the amount of money spent on food decreased gradually, accounting for 35 per cent in 2001. However, there was a rapid increase in clothing expenses, which made up 15% in 2001. In addition, the table shows an upward tendency in recreation expenses. The same was the case with other expenses.
What caused these remarkable changes? In my opinion, there are at least three good reasons. To begin with, with the rapid development of agriculture in China, the output of grain, fruit, vegetables and milk has sharply increased, which contributes to the decline in their prices. Secondly, the family incomes of people both in the city and in the country have greatly risen so that people now can afford expensive clothing and some of them even want to dress in the latest fashion. Finally, as the living conditions improve, the demand for a variety of recreations is growing steadily, too.
In short, with the incomes continuing to rise, people will no longer resign themselves to living a dull, monotonous life. They are eager to make their life interesting and exciting. Therefore, I am sure that people will spend more money on clothing and recreations. (219 words)
3．规定情景式作文：
Directions: Migrant workers (外地民工) have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities. In this part, you are to write within 40 minutes a composition of 200 words about “The Role of Migrant Workers”. You can agree and/or disagree, complet ely or partially to above statement. But no matter which position you take, you should supporting reasons.
As is known to all, migrant workers have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities. They are an indispensable part of our work force. Most of them work on construction sites. There is no doubt that without migrant workers many of construction projects would have to
be held up for lack of manpower. In addition, a large number of migrant workers are a beneficial factor, which enhances the consumption of food and daily items. This in turn helps to develop food industry and service trades in cites. All these are positive aspects of migrant workers in cities.
However, as a popular saying goes, “Everything has two sides”. The same is the case with migrant workers. Firstly, most of them are not well educated and professionally trained. Some of them have had very little schooling. As you know. Illiterate people, who are usually ignorant of the law, tend to make trouble, thus endangering social order. Secondly, most of the migrant workers swarm into big cities just to make money. Being illiterate or unskilled, some of them would stop at nothing to get what they are ambitious for. Therefore, they are a potential threat to the peace and stability of society.
In my opinion, in the appraisal of migrant workers, it is one-sided to affirm everything or to negate everything. We should appreciate the great contribution made by them, and at the same time pay enough attention to the problems caused by them. (244 words)
二、The structure of a paragraph and its development:
1. Structure of a paragraph: topic sentence, development sentence and concluding sentence.
2. Ways of developing a paragraph:
1) Comparison and contrast (对比法)
2) Cause and effect (因果法)
3) Exemplification (举例法)
4) Generalization and qualification (概述法)
5) Argument (议论法)
三、Some sentence patterns commonly-used in controlled writing :
---关于利弊、优缺点的句型：
1.S + have (or has ) a lot of advantages over ….. (与….相比有许多优点) 译：
汽车与自行车相比有许多优点。
have the advantage of …..(有….方面的长处)
译：1）英语好是她的长处。
2）澳大利亚与中国相比，其优点是人口少。
3）他比他们有利的是他会操作电脑。
2. be of great benefit to sb./sth. (对…..有益)
译：你的计算机知识对你将来的工作十分有益
3. benefit sb/sth. (对…有好处) 译：这家新医院对整个社区有利。
benefit from sth. (由于….而受益) 译：我们将从技术发明中受益。
4. do (a lot of) good to sb. (对….有许多好处)
译：早晨锻炼对你很有好处。
be good for sb./sth. (对….有益) 译：蔬菜和水果有利人的健康。
do damage to sth./damage sth. (对….造成损害)
译：这次地震对城市建筑损坏严重。
do harm to sth./harm sth./endanger sth. (对….有害处)
译：吸烟危害人的健康。
5.be as(not so) good/great as ……译：他做得没有说得好。
6. not so much … as …(与其说…,不如说…)
译：人口的迅速增长与其说是由于出生率的上升不如说是由于死亡率的下降。
The reason for the rapid increase in population is not so much a rise in
birth rate as a fall in death rate.
---说明原因的句型：
1. There are good reasons
Example: There are two reasons for the changes in people’s living conditions.
First, we have been carrying out an opening and reform policy. Second, our
national economy is developing rapidly and the birth rate has been put under
control.
2. We have two good reasons for …
译：我们有许多理由反对工业不受控制的发展。
3. The reasons for … is that + 从句
译：我们支持“希望工程”的原因时，许多贫困地区的儿童付不起继续学业的各种费用。
--表示不同看法的句型：
1. Different people different on this
Some believe that …Others argue that … Still others maintain that …
译：人们对国际文化交流的看法各不相同。有些人认为，国际文化交流能促
进各国人民之间的友
谊和了解。另一些人则争辩说，中国是一个具有5000年历史的文明古国，并且有自己的传统文
化，它和西方文化截然不同。因此，他们反对国际文化交流。我认为，第2
种看法是片面的。现
在国际文化交流是非常重要的。各国人民应该互相了解、互相学习以便增进
友谊。
People differ in their opinions on the international cultural exchange. Some believe that international cultural exchange contributes to the friendship
and understanding of the people all over the world. Others argue that China is
an ancient civilized nation with a history of 5000 years and has its own traditional
culture, which is quite different from that in the western countries. Therefore, they
are opposed to the international cultural exchange. In my opinion, the second
view is one-sided and partial. The international cultural exchange is of great
importance now. People of all countries should understand each other and learn
from each other to enhance the friendship among them.
1.They are quite different from each other in their opinions.
2.Some people hold the opinion that it is good to have a small family.
3.They think quite differently on this question.
4.They differ greatly in their attitudes towards noise problem.
Example: Parents and children think differently on this question. Parents hold
that children should work hard and do well at school. Children, however, maintain that they should have freedom to spend their leisure time and to
plan for their own future.
---表示必须、紧急、有困难做某事的句型：
1. It is important (necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, convenient, comfortable,
expensive, desirable, advisable) for sb. To do sth.
Examples: 1) It is inevitable that the natural resources throughout the world
are diminishing as the demand for them is on the increase.
2) It is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly
bound up with the efficiency of its industry and agriculture.
3) It is urgent for the government to take measures to control the birth
rate in our country/to change deserts into farmland.
4) It is necessary to build more hospitals, shopping centers, recreation
centers, cinemas, and other public facilities to meet the increasing needs of
the people.
2. have (in) doing sth. (有困难做某事)
Example: He has troubles finding a satisfactory job.
have trouble with sth. (对…有困难，不好对付)
Example: I have some trouble with my English study.
常用谚语，（在议论文中）
1. As a popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides”.
2. As a proverb says, “Everything has two sides”. On the one hand, physical exercise is good for your health. On the other hand, if you don’t deal with it properly, it will do harm to your health. So we should look at the matter from two sides.
3. As a proverb says, “Where there is a will there is a way.” (有志者事竟成。)
to all, “No pains, no gains”. (没有苦，就没有甜。)
4．As a popular saying goes, “A man is known by the company he keeps.”(观其交友，知其为人)
5. As is known to all,”No pains no gains”.
6. It’s no use crying over the spilt milk. (覆水难收。)
7. More haste, less speed. (欲速则不达。)
8. Look before you leap. (三思而后行。)
9. He who laughs last laughs best. (谁最后笑，谁笑得最好。)
---关于因果关系的句型：
1.The higher prices was an increase in demand.
译：他们取得的成果是由于他们的刻苦努力。
2. the demand has increased, the prices are higher.
3. An increase in demand higher prices.
4. The demand has increased. the prices are higher.
5. If there is an increase in demand, then prices
译：由于所有这因素，政府越来越多地依靠科学家来安排适当的规划并付诸
实践。
As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on scientists for planning appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
---辩论中常用的句型：
1. There is no doubt that …..
译：毫无疑问，人口的飞速增长促使野生动物数量的锐减。
2. It is obvious/clear that 爱心是一盏灯，越黑暗的地方，它越明亮。
3. As is known all, 中国一贯主张，国家不分大小，应该一律平等。
4. (It’s) no wonder…(难怪) 译：他不努力工作，难怪他丢了工作。
5. It goes without saying that … (不成问题，很自然)
译：很自然健康的人比病人幸福。
6. What is more important, 我们应该保持生态平衡。
7. I am convinced that我们的社会充满着爱，明天将会变得更美好、更光明。
---举例表示法：
1. For example, the people’s economic status has been greatly improved.
2. For instance, the economic status of the people has been improved.
3. Let’s have an example. TV sets, refrigerators and recorders have become household necessities.
---概述（用于图表作文）：
1. According to the figures given in the table, 中国的钢产量已超过
美国和日本，占世界第一。
2. This chart shows that 全世界吸烟者的人数不断上升，占总人口的20%
3. As is shown by the graph, 某些野生动物物种的灭绝于世界人口的猛增密切相关。
4. It can be seen from the statistics/picture that 随着城市中汽车数量的不断增加，空气污染和噪音已成为威胁城市居民生存的主要公害。
5. It is generally 各国政府应该采取措施来保护海洋资源。
6. There is a
in
译：表中所给的数字表明，最近5年来人民的收入已有显著增长。
7. be on the (在增加/减少/上升/下降)
译：从曲线图可以看出，世界各国的自然资源在不断减少。
Example: The number of has been on
the in recent years.
---结尾句型：
1. In my opinion, I am in favor of owning a car.
2. Personally, I prefer to work in the country rather than in the city.
3. In short, parents and children should learn to get through to each other. Only in this way can the most difficult problems be solved properly.
4. In conclusion, we cannot achieve success without effort and hard work.
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the opinion th at “No pains no gains.”
四、参考作文翻译练习：
（1）提纲式作文
Road Accidents
Outline:
1.Losses caused by road accidents
2.Suggested ways to reduce road accidents
3.My comments
最近5年来道路事故的数目不断上升，尤其在城市中。每当发生交通事故，有关的人员不是受伤就是死亡。它们对国家和受害者的家庭造成了巨大的损失。因此，迫在眉睫的是，我们应该采取措施来减少交通事故并确保道路安全。
我想有几个方法可以降低事故率。首先，政府应该采取有力措施来改善道路状况。例如：应该投资更多的钱来建造新的公路，许多又老又窄城市街道应加宽或重建。其次，地方当局应该用各种可能的方法来教育人民遵守交通规则。最后，行人穿过繁华街道时应小心谨慎。
我认为，以上所提到的几个方面是避免交通事故所必需的。随着车辆不断的增加，城市道路正变得越来越拥挤。但是假如每个人各尽其责并遵守交通规则，道路将会变得更安全。我相信，交通状况将会改善，尽管我们还有许多的困难要克服。
Road Accidents
In the past five years the number of road accidents has been on the rise in big cities. Whenever they happen, the people involved are either injured or killed. They cause great losses both to the country and to victims’ families. Therefore, it is urgent that we do something to reduce traffic accidents and make our roads safe.
There are several ways I think to cut down to accident rate. In the first place, the government should take effective measures to improve road conditions. For example, more funds ought to be invested in building new highways and many of the old narrow streets