【机械类文献翻译】冷锻技术的发展现状与趋势
附录1:翻译（汉）
冷锻技术的发展现状与趋势
摘要：冷锻技术是一种精密塑性成形工艺，具有切削加工不可比拟的优点，广泛应用于各种机械产品关键零部件的制造。本文从冷锻零件的形状、材料、工艺革新、生产率、数值模拟技术和数字化/智能化设计技术应用、以及优化技术几个方面综合论述了冷锻技术的发展现状与趋势。
关键词：冷锻，工艺/模具设计，数值模拟，基于知识的工艺设计，设计优化。
冷锻工艺是一种精密塑性成形技术，具有切削加工无可比拟的优点，如制品的机械性能好，生产率高和材料利用率高，特别适合于大批量生产，而且可以作为最终产品的制造方法（net-shape forming），在交通运输工具、航空航天和机床工业等行业具有广泛的应用。当前汽车工业、摩托车工业和机床工业的飞速发展，为冷锻这一传统的技术的发展提供了原动力，例如，我国1999年摩托车的全国总产量就有1126万多辆，而根据2000年的初步估计，我国汽车的总需求量到2005年将达到330万辆，其中轿车130-140万辆，仅汽车行业的锻件需求在50-60万吨以上。冷锻技术在我国的起步虽然不算太晚，但发展速度与发达国家有很大的差距。到目前为止，我国生产的轿车上的冷锻件重量不足20Kg，相当于发达国家的一半，开发潜力很大。加强冷锻技术开发与推广应用是我国目前的一项紧迫任务。
1、冷锻件的形状越来越复杂
冷锻零件的形状越来越趋于复杂，由最初的阶梯轴、螺钉/螺母和导管等，发展到形状复杂的零件，如图1所示为不同尺寸的摩托车花键轴与花键套，花键轴的典型工艺为：正挤压杆部-镦粗中间头部分-挤压花键；花键套的主要工艺为：反挤压杯形件-冲底制成环型件-正挤压轴套。如图2所示为汽车输出轴与输入轴，以及其他冷锻制品。如图3所示为我国采用摆动碾压技术制成的各种汽车/摩托车用锥齿轮、螺旋锥齿轮和其他圆盘类零件，如图4所示为日本某公司生产的冷锻零件，图4所示的涡旋增压器，我国已经列入国家“十五”攻关项目。目前圆柱齿轮的冷挤压技术也成功用于生产。除黑色金属外，目前铜合金、镁合金和铝合金材料的冷挤压应用也越来越广泛。
2、持续不断的工艺革新
冷精锻是一种(近)净形成形工艺。采用该方法成形的零件强度和精度高,表面质量好。当前国外一台普通轿车采用的冷锻件总量40～45Kg,其中齿形类零件总量达10Kg以上。冷锻成形的齿轮单件重量可达1Kg以上、齿形精度可达7级。
持续不断的工艺创新推动了冷挤压技术的发展，80年代以来，国内外精密锻造专家开始将分流锻造理论应用于正齿轮和螺旋齿轮的冷锻成形。分流锻造的主要原理是在毛坯或模具的成形部分建立一个材料的分流腔或分流通道。锻造过程中，材料在充满型腔的同时，部分材料流向分流腔或分流通道。分流锻造技术的应用,使较高精度齿轮的少、无切削加工迅速达到了产业化规模。提出，对于长径比为5的挤压件，如活塞销，采用轴向余料块的方法通过轴向分流可以实现冷挤压一次成形，而且凸模的稳定性很好；对于扁平类的直齿轮成形，采用径向余料块也可以实现产品的冷挤压成形。
闭塞锻造是在封闭凹模内通过一个或两个冲头单向或对向挤压金属一次成形,获得无飞边的近净形精锻件。一些轿车精密零件如行星和半轴齿轮、星形套、十字轴等如果采用切削加工方法,不仅材料利用率很低(平均不到40%),而且耗费工时多,生产成本极高。国外采用闭塞锻造技术生产这些净形锻件,省去绝大部分切削加工,成本大幅度降低。
冷锻技术的发展主要是开发高附加值的产品,降低生产成本,同时,它还在不断地向切削、粉末冶金、铸造、热锻、板料成形工艺等领域渗透或取而代之,也可以和这些工艺相结合构成复合工艺。提出的热锻-冷锻复合塑性成形技术。热锻-冷锻复合塑性成形技术是将热锻和冷锻结合起来的一种新的精密金属成形工艺，它充分利用了热锻和冷锻各自的优点：热态下金属塑性好，流动应力低，因此主要的变形过程用热锻来完成；冷锻件的精度高，因此零件的重要尺寸用冷锻工艺来最终成形零件。热锻-冷锻复合塑性成形技术出现于20世纪80年代，90年代以来取得了越来越广泛的应用，用该技术制造的零件，已取得了精度提高、成本降低的良好效果。
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图3图4
3、数值模拟技术用于检验工艺和模具设计的合理性
用冷锻工艺成形零件时，由于金属在冷态下发生塑性变形，其变形抗力很大，因此，零件的变形比较困难，变形过程中容易出现金属充不满、锻件出现裂纹等缺陷。同时，过大的变形抗力会严重降低模具的使用寿命。长期以来,我国金属塑性成形的工艺设计和模具设计一直采用传统的凭经验、实验方法。这种设计方法难以满足净形制造工艺的要求。
随着计算机技术的飞速发展和70年代塑性有限元理论的发展，许多塑性成形过程中很难求解的问题可以用有限元方法求解。在冷锻成形工艺领域，通过建模和合适的边界条件的确定,有限元数值模拟技术可以很直观地得到金属流动过程的应力、应变、模具受力、模具失效情况及锻件可能出现的
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Monolithic integrated circuit history The monolithic integrated circuit was born in the late-1970s, has experienced SCM, MCU, the SOC three big stages. SCM namely monolithic microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) the stage, mainly seeks the best monolithic shape embedded system's best architecture. “the innovation pattern” obtains successfully, has established SCM and the general-purpose calculator completely different development path. In founds on the embedded system independent development path, Intel Corporation has lasting achievements. MCU namely micro controller (Micro Controller Unit) the stage, the main technological development direction is: Expands unceasingly when satisfies the embedded application, the object system request's each kind of peripheral circuit and the interface circuit, underline its object intellectualization control. It involves the domain is related with the object system, therefore, develops the MCU heavy responsibility to fall inevitably on electrical, the electronic technology factory. Looking from this angle, Intel fades out the MCU development also to have its objective factor gradually. Is developing the MCU aspect, the most famous factory family belongings count Philips Corporation. Philips Corporation by it in embedded application aspect huge superiority, MCS-51 from monolithic microcomputer rapidly expand to micro controller. Therefore, when we review the embedded system development path, do not forget Intel and the Philips historical merit. Monolithic integrated circuit is the embedded system's road of independent development, to the MCU stage development's important attribute, seeks application system's on chip maximized solution;
机械类英文文献+翻译)
机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版 20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels. Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing
英文文献及中文翻译撰写格式
关于毕业设计说明书（论文）英文文献及中文翻译撰写格式 为提高我校毕业生毕业设计说明书（毕业论文）的撰写质量，做到毕业设计说明书（毕业论文）在内容和格式上的统一和规范，特规定如下: 一、装订顺序 论文（设计说明书）英文文献及中文翻译内容一般应由3个部分组成，严格按以下顺序装订。 1、封面 2、中文翻译 3、英文文献（原文） 二、书写格式要求 1、毕业设计（论文）英文文献及中文翻译分毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译和毕业论文英文文献及中文翻译两种，所有出现相关字样之处请根据具体情况选择“毕业设计说明书” 或“毕业论文”字样。 2、毕业设计说明书（毕业论文）英文文献及中文翻译中的中文翻译用Word 软件编辑，英文文献用原文，一律打印在A4幅面白纸上，单面打印。 3、毕业设计说明书（毕业论文）英文文献及中文翻译的上边距:30mm；下边距:25mm；左边距:3Omm；右边距:2Omm；行间距1.5倍行距。 4、中文翻译页眉的文字为“中北大学2019届毕业设计说明书” 或“中北大学××××届毕业论文”，用小四号黑体字，页眉线的上边距为25mm；页脚的下边距为18mm。 5、中文翻译正文用小四号宋体，每章的大标题用小三号黑体，加粗，留出上下间距为：段前0.5行，段后0.5行；二级标题用小四号黑体，加粗；其余小标题用小四号黑体，不加粗。 6、文中的图、表、附注、公式一律采用阿拉伯数字分章编号。如图1.2，表2.3，附注3.2或式4.3。 7、图表应认真设计和绘制,不得徒手勾画。表格与插图中的文字一律用5号宋体。
每一插图和表格应有明确简短的图表名，图名置于图之下，表名置于表之上，图表号与图表名之间空一格。插图和表格应安排在正文中第一次提及该图表的文字的下方。当插图或表格不能安排在该页时，应安排在该页的下一页。 图表居中放置，表尽量采用三线表。每个表应尽量放在一页内，如有困难，要加“续表X.X”字样，并有标题栏。 图、表中若有附注时，附注各项的序号一律用阿拉伯数字加圆括号顺序排，如:注①。附注写在图、表的下方。 文中公式的编号用圆括号括起写在右边行末顶格，其间不加虚线。 8、文中所用的物理量和单位及符号一律采用国家标准，可参见国家标准《量和单位》(GB3100~3102-93)。 9、文中章节编号可参照《中华人民共和国国家标准文献著录总则》。
机械专业外文文献翻译
翻译部分 英文原文 High-speed machining and demand for the development of High-speed machining is contemporary advanced manufacturing technology an important component of the high-efficiency, High-precision and high surface quality, and other features. This article presents the technical definition of the current state of development of China's application fields and the demand situation. High-speed machining is oriented to the 21st century a new high-tech, high-efficiency, High-precision and high surface quality as a basic feature, in the automobile industry, aerospace, Die Manufacturing and instrumentation industries gained increasingly widespread application, and has made significant technical and economic benefits. contemporary advanced manufacturing technology an important component part. HSC is to achieve high efficiency of the core technology manufacturers, intensive processes and equipment packaged so that it has a high production efficiency. It can be said that the high-speed machining is an increase in the quantity of equipment significantly improve processing efficiency essential to the technology. High-speed machining is the major advantages : improve production efficiency, improve accuracy and reduce the processing of cutting resistance. The high-speed machining of meaning, at present there is no uniform understanding, there are generally several points as follows : high cutting speed. usually faster than that of their normal cutting 5 -10 times; machine tool spindle speed high, generally spindle speed in -20000r/min above 10,000 for high-speed cutting; Feed at high velocity, usually 15 -50m/min up to 90m/min; For different cutting materials and the wiring used the tool material, high-speed cutting the meaning is not necessarily the same; Cutting process, bladed through frequency (Tooth Passing Frequency) closer to the "machine-tool - Workpiece "system the dominant natural frequency (Dominant Natural Frequency), can be considered to be high-speed cutting. Visibility high-speed machining is a comprehensive concept. 1992. Germany, the Darmstadt University of Technology, Professor H. Schulz in the 52th on the increase of high-speed cutting for the concept and the scope, as shown in Figure 1. Think different cutting targets, shown in the figure of the transition area (Transition), to be what is commonly called the high-speed cutting, This is also the time of metal cutting process related to the technical staff are looking forward to, or is expected to achieve the cutting speed. High-speed machining of machine tools, knives and cutting process, and other aspects specific requirements. Several were from the following aspects : high-speed machining technology development status and trends.
单片机技术发展与应用中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文对照外文翻译 单片机技术的发展与应用 从无线电世界到单片机世界现代计算机技术的产业革命，将世界经济从资本经济带入到知识经济时代。在电子世界领域，从 20 世纪中的无线电时代也进入到 21 世纪以计算机技术为中心的智能化现代电子系统时代。现代电子系统的基本核心是嵌入式计算机系统(简称嵌入式系统)，而单片机是最典型、最广泛、最普及的嵌入式系统。 一、无线电世界造就了几代英才。在 20 世纪五六十年代，最具代表的先进的电子技术就是无线电技术，包括无线电广播，收音，无线通信(电报)，业余无线电台，无
线电定位，导航等遥测、遥控、遥信技术。早期就是这些电子技术带领着许多青少年步入了奇妙的电子世界，无线电技术展示了当时科技生活美妙的前景。电子科学开始形成了一门新兴学科。无线电电子学，无线通信开始了电子世界的历程。无线电技术不仅成为了当时先进科学技术的代表，而且从普及到专业的科学领域，吸引了广大青少年，并使他们从中找到了无穷的乐趣。从床头的矿石收音机到超外差收音机；从无线电发报到业余无线电台；从电话，电铃到无线电操纵模型。无线电技术成为当时青少年科普、科技教育最普及，最广泛的内容。至今，许多老一辈的工程师、专家、教授当年都是无线电爱好者。无线电技术的无穷乐趣，无线电技术的全面训练，从电子学基本原理，电子元器件基础到无线电遥控、遥测、遥信电子系统制作，培养出了几代科技英才。 二、从无线电时代到电子技术普及时代。早期的无线电技术推动了电子技术的发展，其中最主要的是真空管电子技术向半导体电子技术的发展。半导体电子技术使有源器件实现了微小型化和低成本，使无线电技术有了更大普及和创新，并大大地开阔了许多非无线电的控制领域。半导体技术发展导致集成电路器件的产生，形成了近代电子技术的飞跃，电子技术从分立器件时代走进了电路集成时代。电子设计工程师不再用分立的电子元器件设计电路单元，而直接选择集成化的电路单元器件构成系统。他们从电路单元设计中解放出来，致力于系统设计，大大地解放了科技生产力，促进了电子系统更大范围的普及。半导体集成电路首先在基本数字逻辑电路上取得突破。大量数字逻辑电路，如门电路，计数器，定时器，移位寄存器以及模拟开关，比较器等，为电子数字控制提供了极佳的条件，使传统的机械控制转向电子控制。功率电子器件以及传感技术的发展使原先以无线电为中心的电子技术开始转向工程领域中的机械系统的数字控制，检测领域中的信息采集，运动机械对象的电气伺服驱动控制。半导体及其集成电路技术将我们带入了一个电子技术普及时代，无线电技术成为电子技术应用领域的一个部分。进20世纪70年代，大规模集成电路出现，促进了常规的电子电路单元的专用电子系统发展。许多专用电子系统单元变成了集成化器件，如收音机，电子钟，计算器等，在这些领域的电子工程师从电路系统的精心设计，调试转变为器件选择，外围器件适配工作。电子技术发展了，电子产品丰富了，电子工程师的难度减少了，但与此同时，无线电技术，电子技术的魅力却削弱了。半导体集成电路的发展使经典电子系统日趋完善，留在大规模集成电路以外的电子技术日益减少，电子技术没有了往昔无线电时代的无穷乐趣和全面的工程训练。 三、从经典电子技术时代到现代电子技术时代进入 20 世纪 80 年代，世界经济