介词及介词短语讲解

1 a bit/ a little

这两个词都意为“一点儿”有时可以互换，但有时不能。

Ⅰ．二者作程度副词修饰形容词、副词、动词或比较级时，意义相同，为“一点儿” “有些”。如：

① I am a bit / a little hungry. 我有点饿。

② He walked a bit / a little slowly. 他走路有点慢。

Ⅱ．二者都可以作名词词组，充当主语或宾语。如：

①A little / bit is enough for me. 我有一点儿就够了。

② I know only a little / a bit about her. 我对她的情况只了解一点。

Ⅲ。a little可直接修饰名词；a bit后须加of才可以。如：

①. There is a little water in the bottle. = There is a bit of water in the bottle. [注意]a little of后的名词通常特指，表“……中的一些”，如：

①May I have a little of your tea?

Ⅳ. 否定形式 not a little 作状语，相当于very/ quite, “很”， “非常”；作定语和宾语时，相当于much, 意为“许多”。而not a bit 作状语时，相当于not at all, 意为“一点也不”，作宾语时则相当于not much. Eg:

① He is not a little (=very) hungry. 他饿极了。

② He is not a bit (=not at all) hungry.他一点也不饿。

③ She ate not a little (=much). 她吃得很多。

Ⅴ. Not a bit中的not 可以分开使用；not a littl e中的not 则不能分开。Eg:

① He felt not a bit tired. = He didn’t feel a bit tired. 他觉得一点也不累。

② He felt not a little tired. 他觉得非常累。但不能说：He didn’t fell a little tired.

§2 a few/ few/ a little/ little

Ⅰ. a few和few修饰可数名词，a little和little修饰不可数名词；a few和a little表示肯定意义，few和little表示否定意义，可受only修饰。如：

①Few people will agree to the plan because it’s too dangerous.

②This text is easy to understand though there are a few new words in it.

③ There is little water left in glass. Will you please give me some

④ Don’t worry, we have a little time left.

⑤

§3 about/ on

Ⅰ.about “关于”表示的内容较为普通或指人时用它。侧重于叙事，多用于叙述个人经历和事迹，故事内容涉及一些较浅的问题。是非正式用语。

Ⅱ.on “关于”侧重于论述政治理论，国际形势，学术报告等。也就是说，当表示这本书，这篇文章或演说是严肃的或学术性的可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读时用。eg:

This is a text book on African history. 这是一本关于非州历史的教科书。[注]：它们有时可通用。

§4 above/over/on/upon

Ⅰ. 方位介词，“在……之上”

Ⅱ. above 着重指：在……上方，不一定含有垂直在上的意思。反义词为：below.

① The sun rose above the horizon. 太阳升到了地平线上。

② The aero plane flew above the clouds.飞机在云层上飞行。

Ⅲ.over 表盖在……上面，或铺在……上面。此时不能用above.代替。含有垂直在上的意思。反义词为under.

① Spread the tablecloth over the table.把桌布铺在桌子上。

Ⅳ. on 含有与表面相接触的意思。

① The book is on the desk.

② There is an oil painting on the wall. 墙上有一幅油画。

Ⅴ.upon 也含有和表面相接触的意思。与on没有多大的区别，但较正式，口语中较少用。

① He laid his hand upon the boy’s head. 他把手放在孩子的头上。[注] up 与以上几个不同，它表示向上方或高处，含有由下而上，由低而高的意思。常和表示运动的动词连用。作副词时，表示在上方或高处。

① We run up a hill. 我们跑上山。

② The plane was high up in the air.飞机在高空中。

§5　accident/incident “事故”

Ⅰ. accident 可以表示事故，指不幸的意外事件。也表偶然的事件。

① Twenty people were killed in the railway accident

② He met with an accident.这完全是偶然的事。

Ⅱ. Incident 的意思是事件，尤指与较重大的事件相比，显得不重要的

事件。它还可以表引起国际争端或战争的事件。

① It is a quite common incident.这是很普通的事。

② The Lugouqiao incident accrued on July 7th, 1937. 芦沟桥事件发生于1937年7月7日。

§6 accept/receive

Ⅰ. accept “接受”，表示其行为是由主观意愿决定的。

① I accepted it without question. 我毫无疑问地接受了它。

② We have accepted his proposal. 我已接受了他的建议。

Ⅱ. receive “接到、收到、受到”表示其行为与主观意愿无关。如：

① I received a letter from him. 我收到了他的来信。

② He received the present, but he did not accept. 他收到了礼物，但没有接受下来。

③ He received a good education.他受到了良好的教育。

[注] 在表示接待、接见时，通常用receive, 而不用accept.

如：We often receive foreign guests. 我们经常接待外宾。

§7 at hand/ in hand

Ⅰ. at hand“在手边；在附近；即将到来”如：

① When he writes, he always keeps a dictionary at hand.他写东西时，手边总有一本字典。

② Spring is at hand.春天就要来了。

Ⅱ. in hand “在手中的；现有的”引申为：“在掌握中；在处理中”。如：

① I have 100 yuan in hand.我手头有100元钱。

② The police immediately had the situation in hand.警方立即控制了局势。

§8 accurate/exact/correct

Ⅰ. accurate “准确、精确”不仅表无错误，且表细心，谨慎地做到符合标准，符合事实或真象。如：

① Clocks in railway stations must be accurate. 火车站的钟必须准确。

② The figures are not accurate.这些数字不精确。

Ⅱ. exact “精确、确切”强调完全符合标准，符合事实或真象，丝毫没有差错。它这三个中语意最强。如：

① His translation is exact to the letter. 他的翻译翻译确切。

② Your description is not very exact.你的描述不很确切。

Ⅲ.correct. “正确”指按照一定的标准或规则，而没有错误。在这有一个

词中，它的语意最弱。

① His answer is correct. 他的回答是正确的。

② The thing turned out to be correct.事情结果是对的。

§9 ache/pain “痛”

Ⅰ. ache 通常指一种持续的隐痛。它可以与表身体某部分的词，组成复合词。如：

① Where is the ache? 哪里痛？

② I have a head ache (stomachache, toothache atc).

Ⅱ. pain是普通用语。不含持续痛的意味，尤指一种突然的剧痛。除指肉体上的外，还指精神的痛苦。如：

① I feel a great deal of pain.我感到非常痛。

② He cried with pain. 他痛得直叫。

③ I have a pain in the arm. 我手臂痛。

④ I have pains all over. 我浑身痛。

⑤ It gave us much pain to learn of the sad news. 听到不幸的消息很悲痛。

§10 across/through/ over

Ⅰ. across “横过、穿过”，指从……的一边到另一边。含义与on有关。如：

① I swam across the river. 我游过这条河（指从此岸到彼岸）

② Let’s help push the cart across the bridge. 我们帮着把车子推过桥吧。

Ⅱ. through “穿过、通过”指穿过两边。是从空间较狭窄的一头穿到另一头。是从内部穿过，含义与in有关。如：

① We walked through the forest. 我们穿过森林。

② The river flows through the city from west to east. 这条河从西到东流过城市。

Ⅲ. over“横过、跨越”指横过道路、河流等“细长物”时，与across通用。Over 虽可指从表面的接触及跳（飞）越，但指渡过则不能用。从房间、原野、海洋等“平面延伸”的一端横越到另一端时也不能使用。而常用across.

① She went across / over the bridge.

② He jumped across / over the stream他跳过了小溪。

③ She swam across the straight of Dover. 她游过了多佛尔海峡。

④ They drove across the desert. 他们驶过沙漠。

另外，over作介词还有“翻过……”的意思，如：climb the mountain 翻过

那座山。

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