英语阅读课程简介
课程简介
执笔人：李梓教研室主任：刘玉君
分管系主任：田杰
《分析化学》专业英语阅读材料03
《分析化学》阅读材料03 摘自Analytical Chemistry (FECS) ●In the Br?sted-Lowry theory, an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor. Each acid is related to its conjugate base and vice versa: Acid = base + proton Therefore, the conjugate base of a strong acid must be a weak base and the conjugate base of a weak acid must be a strong base. Together they form a couple, and an acid without its conjugate base is a meaningless concept. In order to release a proton, the acid must find a base to accept it. In an aqueous solution, the proton, H+, having an extremely small ionic radius, cannot exist as such. It is hydrated, forming the hydronium ion H3O+ and higher hydrates. Thus, an acid-base equilibrium is not a simple dissociation equilibrium, but the result of a proton transfer reaction in which there are at least two reagents and two products. Such a process is also called protolysis. The overall reaction is expressed by: HX + H2O = H3O+ + X-. The overall equilibrium constant is K = [H3O+][X-]/[HX][H2O]. The acid dissociation constant Ka is given by: Ka = K[H2O] = [H3O+][X-]/[HX]. Ka reflects not only the acid strength of HX, but also the base strength of water. This why different acid dissociation constants are observed for the same acid in different solvent. ●Similar proton transfer reactions exist in all solvents possessing proton donor and acceptor properties. Proton transfer reactions are extremely fast. This makes them very suitable for analytical applications and acid-base reactions have found wide use in volumetric methods and other analytical techniques. ●The pH value is a measure for the acidity or basicity of a solution, aqueous or nonaqueous. ●Acid-base indicators are chemical substances with acid-base properties, having different colors in their protonated and deprotonated forms. ● A most important application of acid-base systems is related to the property of such a system to act as a buffer. Many chemical reactions produce protons (in aqueous solutions hydroniums) or hydroxide ions. If these products remain in the system, a corresponding pH change is observed. However, if a buffer is present in the solution it reacts with the liberated hydrogen or hydroxide ions so that only a relative small change of pH occurs. Buffer consist of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base. The most efficient buffer for a given pH consists of a 1:1 ratio of the protonated and deprotonated forms of a weak acid (with pKa = pH). This cannot always be achieved, but if we wish to prepare a solution of a certain pH, we select a weak acid with a pKa value close to the desired pH. Buffer solution resists changes in pH upon adding of strong acids or strong bases. Depending on the relative concentrations of the acid and base forms of the buffer, the system can resist small or large additions of strong acid or base. This buffer capacity is defined as the number of moles of strong acid of base required to change the pH of 1 L of buffer solution by one pH unit. Solutions with high or low pH values, formed as a result of dissolution of large quantities of a strong base or acid, are characterized by a large buffer capacity, although the electrolyte practically consists of only one of the conjugate forms (e.g., HCl or NaOH solutions). ● A general requirement for all volumetric methods is that the titration process is fast and that it proceeds in a definite stoichiometric ratio, the endpoint of the reaction must by easy to detect and the reaction should be specific and not influenced by other constituents of the solution, i.e., there should be no interference. Question: 1. A H3PO4 solution is brought to pH = 7.00 by the addition of NaOH. Calculate the concentration of the various forms of orthophosphate if the total phosphate concentration in buffer is 0.200 mol /L. pKa1 = 2.16, pKa2 = 7.21, pKa3 = 12.32. 2. A buffer solution is prepared from acid, HA, Ka = 5 10-5, and its salt. The concentration of HA in the buffer is 0.25 mol / L. To 100 mL of the buffer added 5.0 mmol of NaOH, and the pH of the resulting solution is 5.60. What was the pH of the original buffer? 3.It is desired to change the pH of 100 mL of 0.100 mol / L HCl from 1.00 to 4.40 by the addition of sodium acetate, CH3COONa3H2O. How much solid sodium acetate salt must be added in grams? Assume no volume change for the solution as the result of the addition. 4.What is the buffer capacity of a solution which is 0.100 mol / L of NH3 and 0.200 of NH4Cl? 5.Calculate the pH of each of the following solution: (a) Water in equilibrium with CO2 of the air; pKa1 = 6.38, pKa2 = 10.25. (b) Water as in part (a) brought to pH = 7.00 with NaOH and allowed to regain equilibrium with CO2. 6. Derive the following expression for the pH at the first stoichiometric point in the titration of a mixture of two weak acid: HA, the stronger, Ka1, concentration C1; HB, the weaker, Ka2, concentration C2: pH = 1/2 (pKa1 + pKa2) – 1/2 lg (C1/C2)
[关于小学英语阅读短文]小学英语阅读短文大全
[关于小学英语阅读短文]小学英语阅读短文大全 在英语学习中，阅读是人们获取英语知识、提高英语水平的有效途径。英语阅读既是重要的语言技能，也是重要的学习技能，是发展其他语言技能的基础和前提。小编精心收集了关于小学英语阅读短文，供大家欣赏学习!关于小学英语阅读短文篇1 People will make a lot of friends during their lifetime, the more friends they make, the more capable they are. Some young people are proud of having many friends, but only the true friends deserve us to care about. The person we make must be positive to life. He will set the good example to you and help you to be a better man. The bad friends will make you perverted, especially for the teenagers, they can’t make the right judgement and are easy to follow others, so the friends are very important part of their lives. Once they make the wrong friends, they will do the bad thing. So we don’t need more friends, just the right one. 人们会交很多朋友在他们的一生中,他们交到越多的朋友,就越有能力。一些年轻人为拥有很多朋友感到自豪,但只有真正的朋友值得我们在意。我们结交的人必须对生活积极向上。他给你树立榜样,帮助你成为一个更好的人。坏的朋友会让你堕落,尤其是青少年,他们不能做出正确的判断，很容易跟随别人,所以,朋友是他们生活非常重要一部分。一旦他们交友不慎,就会做坏事。所以我们不需要更多的朋友,只需要好的朋友。关于小学英语阅读短文篇2 There is a story that an old woman always feels unhappy, because when the sun comes out, she worries about her daughter’s business, because the girl sells umbrella. But when it rains, she stills feels unhappy for she worries about her another daugher’s business. People tell her to change his point of view, when the it is fine, she can feel happy about her second daughter’s business and when it rains, she can be happy about her first daughter’s businss. In that way, she will be a positive woman every day. We can’t change the fact, but we can treat things in another way, so that we can be positive all the time. 有一个故事,讲述了一位老妇人总是感到不开心,因为太阳出来时,她担心女儿的业务,因为女孩卖伞。但下雨时,她仍然感觉不开心因为她担心她的另一个女儿的事。人们告诉她可以改变观点,当天气好时,她可以为她的第二个女儿的生意感到开心，下雨的时候,她可以为她的第一个女儿的生意感到开心。这样的话,她每一天都会是积极向上的。我们不能改变事实,但我们可以用另一种方式对待事情,这样我们就可以变得积极。关于小学英语阅读短文篇3 In English, the word about color can reflect different emotions. Blue and grey mean bad mood and red means vitality. A new research found that people are easily affected by the products that are in colors. For example, when students see the red color in the blackboard, they feel not eased. The candies which are packaged in green often not sells well and the food will not considered to be packaged in blue. The rule that color has something to do with people’s mood, so the wise manufacturers make use of this rule to catch people’s attention. They choose the color that pleases customers and make more profits. 在英语中,有关颜色的词可以反映出不同的情绪。蓝色和灰色意味着坏心情和红色意味着活力。一项新的研究发现,人们很容易受到产品不同颜色的影响。例如,当学生看到黑板上的红色,他们觉得不放松。包装是绿色的糖果往往不是很畅销,食物不会用蓝色来包装。颜色与人的情绪有关这是规则,所以聪明的制造商会利用这个规则去抓住人们的注意力。他们选择颜色去取悦客户,创造更多的利润。关于小学英语阅读短文篇4 The products that are labelled with the words “ Made In China” can be seen everywhere. These products refer to be manufactured in China and they contain both the material and cultural
小学英语阅读理解10篇
Passage 1 My room This is my room. It’s small, but it’s nice. Near the window there is a desk. I often do my homework at it. You can see some books, some flowers, a ruler and a pen on the desk. On the wall near the desk there is a picture of Liu Xiang. I usually put my football under my bed. Of course there is a chair in front of the desk. I sit there and I cansee the trees and roads outside. 译文: 我的房间 这是我的房间。它很小，但是很漂亮。在窗户附近有一张桌子。我经常在上面做作业。在桌子上，你能看到一些书，一些花，一把尺子和一支钢笔。在桌子附近的墙上有一幅刘翔的图画。我经常把足球放在桌子下面。在桌子前面当然有一把椅子。我坐在那儿可以看到外面的树和公路。 ①near〔ni?〕prep.在……附近②of course 当然③road [ro?d] n.路，公路④in front of在……前面⑤outside [a?t?sa?d] adv.在外面 一、根据阅读材料，判断正误，用“T”或“F”表示。 ( ) 1. My room is big and nice. ( ) 2. You can see some books, some flowers, a ruler and a pen on the desk. ( ) 3. There is a picture of Yao Ming on the wall. ( ) 4. There is a football on the bed. ( ) 5. I can see some trees and roads outside. 二、根据阅读材料，选择最佳答案。 ( ) 1. I can on the desk. A. see the trees B. do my homework C. put my football ( ) 2. There is near the window. A. a desk B. a chair C. a pen ( ) 3. There is a picture of on the wall. A. Yao Ming B. Li Na C. Liu Xiang ( ) 4. I usually put the football .
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英语阅读课教学设计
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掌握文章中的词汇和理解课文内容，掌握阅读的技巧。 五、教学难点 明白健康饮食和优良生活习惯的重要性 六、教学准备 1.教师：挂图、录音机、小黑板、实物（水果、素菜、饮料……） 2.学生：课前词汇预习；健康食物、生活习惯资料收集笔录。 七、教学过程： Step 1: Warming –up（热身） （一）Free Talk: To ask the student on duty to make a speech : “What is my favourite food ” } 设计思路： 每天都有值日生报告，可以锻炼学生的书写和口头表达能力，另外，在交流过程中，也互相锻炼了学生的听力水平。同时，活跃了课堂气氛。（二）1. Revise some names of food (Let the students speak freely.) 2. To show the students beautiful pictures of food during the talking .The teacher can write some of them on the blackboard, especially some new words: fruit, sweet, coke, bread, meat, juice. 3. To ask the students to ask and answer :“What is it ”,“Do you like it ” ,then discuss: “(1)What food can we eat a lot (2) Which is your favorite food Why 设计思路： （1）让学生自由回答，复习已学了的食物名称，满足学生表现的欲望，进一步活跃课堂气氛，调动学生积极性。 （2）通过形象直观图片教学，激活旧知识，为学习新知识做铺垫。 （3）通过有趣的话题极大地激发学生的好奇心，为进入正文教学打下基础。让他们参与初步讨论，知道哪些才是正确的饮食。Step 2: Pre-listening(听读) 、 1. First, let the students look at the photos on Page 60. 2. Second, listen to the tape and read the articles about Kitty and Daniel
小学英语小短文和阅读理解
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材料科学与工程专业英语第三版翻译以及答案
材料科学与工程专业英语第三版翻译以及答案 Document serial number【KK89K-LLS98YT-SS8CB-SSUT-SST108】
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小学英语六年级阅读理解十九篇
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小学英语阅读练习(一)
小学英语阅读练习（一） Passage1 Only One Left At a bus stop, a man looks out of the window, and he sees a woman is selling cakes. The man wants to buy a cake. But the women is standing far from the window. It’s raining and the man does not want to go out. At that time, he sees a boy. The boy is standing near the bus. “Come here, boy!” the man says. “do you know how much those cakes are?” “Thirty cents for each,” the boy answers. The man gives the boy sixty cents and asks him to buy two cakes. “One is for me, and one is for you.” He says. After a while, the boy comes back. He is eating a cake. He gives the man thirty cents and says, ”there are only one cake left.” ( )1. Who is selling cakes at the bus stop? ____ A. A boy B. The man C. A women D. A girl ( )2. What’s the weather like? It’s ____. A.fine B. windy C. snowy D. rainy ( )3. Where is the boy standing? The boy is standing ____. A.near the bus B. on the bus C. near the woman D. in the rain ( )4. How much does one cake cost? It costs ____. A.30 cents B. 60 cents C. 10 cents D. 13 cents ( )5. Who eats the cake finally? ____ A.The man B. The woman C. The boy D. Nobody
材料科学与工程专业英语第三版 翻译以及答案
UNIT 1 一、材料根深蒂固于我们生活的程度可能远远的超过了我们的想象，交通、装修、制衣、通信、娱乐（recreation）和食品生产，事实上（virtually），我们生活中的方方面面或多或少受到了材料的影响。历史上，社会的发展和进步和生产材料的能力以及操纵材料来实现他们的需求密切（intimately）相关，事实上，早期的文明就是通过材料发展的能力来命名的（石器时代、青铜时代、铁器时代）。 二、早期的人类仅仅使用（access）了非常有限数量的材料，比如自然的石头、木头、粘土（clay）、兽皮等等。随着时间的发展，通过使用技术来生产获得的材料比自然的材料具有更加优秀的性能。这些性材料包括了陶瓷（pottery）以及各种各样的金属，而且他们还发现通过添加其他物质和改变加热温度可以改变材料的性能。此时，材料的应用（utilization）完全就是一个选择的过程，也就是说，在一系列有限的材料中，根据材料的优点来选择最合适的材料，直到最近的时间内，科学家才理解了材料的基本结构以及它们的性能的关系。在过去的100年间对这些知识的获得，使对材料性质的研究变得非常时髦起来。因此，为了满足我们现代而且复杂的社会，成千上万具有不同性质的材料被研发出来，包括了金属、塑料、玻璃和纤维。 三、由于很多新的技术的发展，使我们获得了合适的材料并且使得我们的存在变得更为舒适。对一种材料性质的理解的进步往往是技术的发展的先兆，例如：如果没有合适并且没有不昂贵的钢材，或者没有其他可以替代（substitute）的东西，汽车就不可能被生产，在现代、复杂的（sophisticated）电子设备依赖于半导体（semiconducting）材料 四、有时，将材料科学与工程划分为材料科学和材料工程这两个副学科