从一道高考题谈谈独立主格结构的用法
从一道高考题谈谈独立主格结构的用法
先请看一道高考题：（2005XX卷34题）
I send you 100 dollars，the rest——in a year。
A. follow
B. followed
C. to follow
D. being followed
答案是C。该题考察独立主格结构的用法,现笔者拟对此用法小结，以飨读者。
再看两个例句
The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ____on benches,子chairs or boxes. (CET 4 2000,1)
A having seated
B seating
C seated
D having been seated
本题考察的是with引导的分词的独立结构，seat一般用被动形式表示主动意思，所以用过去分词，答案为C。
seat可以用于如下句中：
He came in and was seated in the chair. Please e in and be seated. So many directors____, the board meeting had to be put off. (CET 4 2000,6)
A were absent
B being absent
C been absent
D had been absent
本题考察的是分词的独立结构,主语与分词之间是主谓关系，因此选择B。
当分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致的话，分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语(名词或代词)，构成分词的独立结构(或称为带逻辑主语的分词结构)。分词独立结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等。先看一些有关独立主格结构的句子。
The moon has no light of its own, only sunlight shining on it.(附加说明)
She rushed out the room, the little baby carried in her arms.(伴随动作)
Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs held carefully in her hand.(伴随动作)
They being blind men,how could they see the elephants?(=As they were blind men...)(表示原因)
Circumstances changed, it is necessary for you to make a new plan. (表示原因)
A force acting through a distance, work is done. (表示条件)
Both bright side and dark side considered, you will have the confidence to overe this difficulty. (表示条件)
All flights savings been cancelled because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.
there be句型和it也能引出分词独立结构，作状语修饰主句，there和it相当于分词的逻辑主语。例如:
There being nothing else to do, we went home.
There having been no rain, the plants withered.
It being impossible for most students to turn in their papers as scheduled, the teacher decided to give them another two days.
从以上例句，我们可以知道独立主格结构，它是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。
下面我们从几个方面来更好地理解独立主格结构：
（一）：独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；
名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词)+不定式；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
（二）独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
（三）独立主格结构的作用：
1）做时间状语。例如：
The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
President assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
2）作条件状语。例如：
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.=If weather permits，we are going to visit you tomorrow。如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
3）作原因状语。例如：
His money lost ，he had to go home on foot。由于它的钱丢了，他不得不步行回家。
=Because his money was lost ，he had to go home on foot。
There being no classes，we didn‘t go to school。由于今天没有课，我们没有去上学。
=Because there were no classes，we didn’t go to school。
4）作伴随状语。例如：
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆。
（四）与with复合结构的比较。
“with+宾语+宾语补足语”用法与独立主各结构基本相同，可以理解为是with 的独立主各结构，即“with+宾语+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语”。例如：
He stood there, his hand raised= He stood there, with his hand raise
典型例题：The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied
B. having tied
C. to be tied
D. Tied
答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.
（五）注意：独立主格结构使用介词的问题：
1）当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)。
2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词如：He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
典型例题：Weather_______________, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted
B permitting
C permits
D for permitting
案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号，且we小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk.然后将if去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。下面来试一试你掌握了多少:
1、逻辑主语+V-ing
1.__________no bus, we had to walk home.
A .There being
B .Being
C .Having been
D .There was
2._______no bus, we had to walk home.
A .As there being
B .As there was
C .Being
D .There was
3._______Sunday, the library doesn't open.
A .Being
B .There being
C .It being
D .Having been
4.______Sunday, the library doesn't open.
A .As it being
B .Being
C .It is
D .As it is
2、逻辑主语+V-ed
1._________, the train started.
A .The signal given
B .Giving the signal
C .The signal being given
D .The signal giving
2.__________, the train started.
A .After having given the signal
B .After the signal given C
C. Giving the signal D .After the signal was given
3._________, the text became easier for us to learn.
A .Explaining new words
B .New words explained
C .Being explained new words
D .Having explained new words
4.______________, the text became easier for us to learn.
A. When new words were explained B .Explaining new words
C .New words explaining
D .Being explained new words
3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词）
1.___________, the patient can leave the hospital.
A .Better conditions
B .Conditions better
C .Conditions are better
D .Being better conditions
2._________, the patient can leave the hospital.
A .If better conditions
B .If conditions better
C .If conditions are better D.Being better conditions
3.________, we’d like to go outing.
A .Being Sunday
B .Sunday OK
C .Sunday is OK
D .If Sunday OK
4.___________, we’d like to go outing.
A .If Sunday is OK
B .Sunday being OK
C .Sunday OK D.A,B and C
5._________, you can wait a while.
A .The play being still on
B .The play still on
C Being still on the play D.A and B
6._________, so you can wait a while
A .The play is still on
B .The play being still on C. As the play is still on D .The play still on
4、逻辑主语+介词短语
1.The boy followed the nobleman here, ___________.
A .a sword in hand
B .a sword in his hand B .Being a sword in hand D .sword in hand
2.The boy followed the nobleman here ___________.
A .with a sword in his hand
B .with a sword in hand
C .with a sword being in hand
D .a sword being in hand
3.He left the office, __________.
A .tears being in eyes
B .tears in eyes
C .being tears in eyes
D .with tears being in eyes
4.He left the office __________.
A .with tears being in eyes
B .with tears in her eyes
C .being tears in eyes
D .tears being in eyes
二、独立主格结构训练题
1.________ no bus, we had to walk home.
A .There being
B .As there was
C .There was D.A and B
2._________Sunday, the library doesn't open.
A .It being
B .As it is
C .Being D.A and B
3.____________, I had to ask for two days’ leave.
A .Mother being ill
B .Bother ill
C .As mother was ill D. A,B and C
4.____________, we have to work late into the night.
A .The exam near
B .The exam being near
C .As the exam is near D. A,B and C
5.__________, the train started.
A .The signal given
B .After the signal was given
C .Given the signal D.A and B
6.__________, the text became easier for us to learn.
A. New words explained B .When new words were explained
C .When teacher explained new words
D .all above
7.___________, we'll go to visit the Great Wall.
A .Weather permitting
B .If weather permits
C .If permitting D.A and B
8._________, the patient will recover himself soon.
A .If the treatment is in time
B .The treatment in time
C The treatment being in time D.A,B and C
9.We have lessons every day, ___________.
A .Sunday included
B .Sunday including
C .Sunday is including
D .all the above
10.The boy fell asleep,___________.
A .cap on head
B .with a cap on head
C .a cap on was on head D. all the above
11.Father came home,_________
A .a dog following him
B .a dog followed him
C .being followed by a dog
D .all the above
12. The problem——，they all went home happily。
A. settling
B. to be settled
C. settled D to settle。
13.A lot of work ——，he had no time to talkwith us。
A. done B to do C doing D to be doing
14.-Everyone——their seats，the meeting began。
A taken
B taking
C having taken
D to take
15.——，Mother had to stay at home and looked after him。
A. Being ill B He was ill C Tom being ill D To be ill
16.———，there is no school。
A It is Sunday
B It was Sunday
C It will be Sunday
D It being Sunday
17.——，all the students ran out of the classroom。
A Class was over
B Class is over
C Class over
D When class over
18.——，everything has changed。
A. Time goes on B Time going on C As time going on D With time went on
19.He was lying on the grass ，his hands——under his head。
A crossing
B crossed
C was crossing
D were crossed
20.The storm ——their house，they had to live in a cave。
A destroyed
B destyoying
C having destroyed
D being destyoyed
21.He entered the room，——。
A his nose was red with cold
B and his nose red with cold
C his nose red with cold
D his nose been red with cold
22．Here are the first two vollemes，the third one——next month。
A to e out
B ing out
C will e out
D having e out
23．All things ——，I think we ought to give the job to Mike。
A considering
B considered
C having considered
D Are coneidered
独立主格结构
独立主格结构 概念：由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系，与主句不发生句法上的联系。 构成：逻辑主语+逻辑谓语 特点：1. 用逗号与主句分开； 2. 逻辑主语与主句主语不同，单独存在。 位置：句前、句末或句中，位置相当灵活。 注意：独立主格结构与句子之间不能使用任何连接词 句法功能： 1.作时间状语All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open. = After/ when all the officials had arrived, the meeting was declared open. 2.作条件状语All the work done, you can have a rest. = All the work is done, and you can have a rest. 3.作原因状语The boy leading, we had no trouble finding the strange cave 4.作伴随状语或补充说明I took my ticket, and marched proudly up the platform, with my cheeses, the people filling back respectfully on either side. (Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome) 5.作定语，其功能相对于一个定语从句Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky. 基本结构： 1. 名词（代词）+现在分词 e.g.: There being no bus, we had to walk home. （由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走路回家。） 2. 名词（代词）+过去分词 e.g.: City born and city bred, I have always regards the country as something you look at through a train window, or something you occasional visit during the week. 3. 名词（代词）+不定式 e.g.: Many trees, flowers, and glass to be planted, out newly-built school will look even more beautiful. （种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。） 4. 名词（代词）+形容词 e.g.: The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse. （特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里面悄悄爬了出来。） 5. 名词（代词）+副词 e.g.: The lights off, we could not go on with the work. （灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。） 6. 名词（代词）+名词 e.g.: His first shot failure, he fired again. （他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。）
独立主格结构练习题及解析
独立主格结构练习题及解析 1. I have a lot of books, half of ________ novels. A. which B. that C. whom D. them 2. ________ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out. A. because B. as C. With D. Since 3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of ________ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had bought there. A. them B. who C. whom D. which 4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of ________ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them D. it 5. The cave ________ very dark, he lit some candles ________ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give 6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand ________ a gun and his face ________ with sweat. A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering 7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _________. A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze 8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _________ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents seated together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that 10. The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, ________ Land Rover of the latest. A. another B. other C. the other D. the others 【答案与解析】 1. D。half of them novels 为独立主格结构，相当于and half of them are novels。 2. C。考查“with + 名词+ 过去分词”结构。 3. A。most of them carrying...为独立主格结构，相当于and most of them were carrying...，也可改为：most of whom were carrying。注意改动后连词and 的使用和动词were的使用。 4. C。all of them over 600 years old 为独立主格结构，相当于and all of them are over 600 years old。 5. D。第一空填being，构成独立主格结构;第二空填不定式表目的。 6. C。独立主格结构，his right hand 与hold有主谓关系，故用holding,而his face与cover是动宾关系，故用covered.
独立主格with用法小全
独立主格篇 独立主格，首先它是一个“格”，而不是一个“句子”。在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构，而在这个结构中，没有真正的主语和谓语动词，但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。除名词/代词+名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词及介词短语外，另有with或without短语可做独立主格，其中with可省略而without不可以。*注：独立主格结构一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 一、独立主格结构： 1. 名词/代词+形容词 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky. 靠近岸时，我看见几汪深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。 2. 名词/代词+现在分词 Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.
The question having been settled, we wound up the meeting. 也可以The question settled, we wound up the meeting. 但含义稍有差异。前者强调了动作的先后。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 3. 名词/代词+过去分词 The job finished, we went home. More time given, we should have done the job much better. *当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。 4. 名词/代词+不定式 We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor.
独立主格结构的用法
独立主格结构的用法 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式、名词等构成，在句中常作状语。 一、独立主格结构的特点 1、独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子主语不同，它独立存在。 2、名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 3、独立主格结构一般是用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构的构成 1、名词或代词 + 现在分词 The children playing in the room, I couldn’t get down studying. 孩子们在屋里玩，我没法学习。 Mother being ill, I had to stay at home looking after her. 母亲病了，我只好待在家里照顾她。 There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 2、名词或代词 + 过去分词 Five years later, he returned home, his character greatly changed. 五年后他返回家乡，性格大变了。 They walked along holding hands, their fingers interlocked. 他们手指交错，携手而行。 The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。 Everything considered, his plan seems better. 从各方面考虑，他的计划似乎好一些。 That done, he put on his sweater and went out. 做完这事他穿上毛衣出去了。 The question settled, they went back to their respective posts. 问题解决了，他们就各自回到了他们的工作岗位。 This done, we went home. 做完这事，我们就回家了。 3、名词或代词 + 不定式 在“名词/代词 + 动词不定式”这类独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式，如： We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。 He is leaving for the conference next week, all expenses to be paid by his company. 下个星期他会去参加会议，所有费用归公司出。 Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 学校种上了许多树、花和草，我们新建的学校看起来越来越漂亮了。 4、名词或代词 + 形容词 He entered the room, his face pale. 他走进屋来脸色苍白。
独立主格结构讲解及练习含答案
语法重点：独立主格结构。 1. 原文再现。 This silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade. 2. 独立主格结构定义。 独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）由两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词) 或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 3. 独立主格结构用法。 A．用作时间状语 The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。 B. 用作条件状语 Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。 C. 用作原因状语 An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 D. 用作伴随状语 He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head). 他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。 E. 表示补充说明 .We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. .我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 4. 独立主格结构形式。 A. 一般独立主格形式，与主句逻辑关系松散 形式为: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. + 不定式; n. + 介词短语; n. + 形容词; n. + 副词 B.名词/主格代词+现在分词，名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主动关系。 The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
5种基本句型和独立主格结构讲解
英语中的五种基本句型结构 一、句型1：Subject (主语) ＋Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如： 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。 2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。 3）Spring is coming. 4) We have lived in the city for ten years. 二、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋Link. V(系动词) ＋Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如： 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。 (2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如： 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。 三、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋V erb (谓语) ＋Object (宾语) 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例： 1) He took his bag and left.（名词）他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。 4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。 四、句型4：Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语) 这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如： 1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为： 1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. 2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. 五、句型5：Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语) 这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如： 1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词） 2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。 3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。
专四练习(独立主格结构)
例题整理 1. 历年真题 1) The country’s chief exports are coal, cars and cotton goods, cars______ the most important of these. （1994年第57题） A. have been B. are C. being D. are being 【译文】这个国家的主要出口物有煤、汽车和棉制品, 其中汽车是最重要的一种。【答案】C 【解析】前半句为主句，且句子已经完整，故先排除选项A、选项B与选项D。 再根据句子分析，独立主格结构相当于条件状语从句，故选C。 2) _____no cause for alarm, the old man went back to his bedroom. (1996年第51题) A. there was B. since C. being D. there being 【译文】因为没有事情需要警惕，老人回到他的卧室里。 【答案】D 【解析】后半句为主句，且句子已经完整，故先排除选项A。选项B不合语法规则，故排除。独立主格结构相当于条件状语从句，表原因。故选D。 - 3) There___ nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier. （2000年第45题） A. to be B. to have been C. Being D. be 【译文】由于没有什么可讨论的，会议提早半个小时就结束了。 【答案】C 【解析】后半句为主句，且句子已经完整，故排除选项D；第一部分的意思应该是There being nothing more for discussion= Because there was nothing more for discussion,独立主格结构相当于原因状语从句。故选择C。 4) Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth, wheat ______ by far the biggest cereal crop. （2003年第51题） A. is B. been C. be D. being 【译文】农业是这个国家主要的经济来源，到目前为止小麦是最重要的谷类作物。【答案】D 【解析】根据结构，主句已经完整，故排除选项A与C；选项在句子中作状语，因此需要一个非谓语动词构成独立主格结构，故选项D being正确。 5) Time ______, the celebration will be held as scheduled. （2003年第58题） A. permit B. permitting C. permitted D. permits 【译文】如果时间允许的话，庆祝活动将会如期举行。 @ 【答案】B 【解析】后半句为主句，且已经完整，故排除选项A、选项C与选项D，第一部分的意思应该是Time permitting=If time permits,独立主格结构相当于条 件状语从句。因此只能选择选项B。 2. 模拟题： 1) All the investigations______ before the deadline, the staff decided to have a party as a celebration.
(完整版)独立主格结构用法全解
独立主格结构 独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构基本构成形式 名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语） 1. 名词(代词)+现在分词 Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance． 黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。 There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 2. 名词(代词)+过去分词 The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。 He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。 3. 名词(代词)+不定式 在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。 The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。 Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。 4. 名词(代词)+形容词 Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。 5. 名词(代词)+副词 The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。 The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。 6. 名词(代词)+名词 His first shot failure，he fired again． 他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。 Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。 7. 名词(代词) +介词短语
独立主格结构练习一
独立主格结构练习一 1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home. A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D.There were 2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon. A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting 3._____, we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said 4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather 5. ____, the bus started at once. A. The signal was given B. The signal giving C. The signal given D. When the signal given 6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks. A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down 7. ____, the leaves are turning green. A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on C. Spring came on D. Spring being come on 8. _____, I had to buy a new one. A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost 9. I used to sleep with the window _____. A. opened B. open C. opening D to open 10. ____, the hunter went into the forest. A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder 11. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through 12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight. A. do B. doing C. done D. to do 13. He stood there silently, his lips_____. A. trembling B. trembled C. were trembling D. were trembling 14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.
独立主格结构图表解析
独立主格结构 一、概念 “独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。 二、独立主格的特点
1.当独立主格结构中的being done表示“正在被做时”，being不可以被省略。 2.当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it, there时，being不可以省略。 三、独立主格结构的用法。 一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
四、非谓语动词独立主格结构。 “名词或代词+非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。 1.不定式构成的独立主格结构 不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态，在句中常 作原因状语，有时做条件状语。 Lots of homework to do, I have to stay home all day. 由于很多作业要做，我只好待在家里。 So many children to look after, the mother has to quit her job. 如此多的孩子要照顾，这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作。 2.动词+ing形式的独立主格结构 动词-ing形式的句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，否则就 是不正确的。动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，就应在 动词的-ing形式前加上逻辑主语，构成动词-ing 形式的独立主格结构，逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系，是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作 时逻辑主语发出的动作。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，每个人就像在干两个人的活。 The governor considering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path. 总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集到他要通过的路上。 The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. 在向导的带领下，我们轻松地走出了森林。 3.过去分词形式的独立主格 过去分词形式的独立主格结构是由“逻辑主语+过去分词”构成。逻辑主 语与动词之间为动宾关系，它是分词的动作承受者，这一结构在句中作 时间状语，原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。 This done, we went home.做完这个，我们就回家了。 All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄用完后，我们都开始找工作。 More time and money given, we can finish the work in advance. 如果给予更多的时间和金钱，我们能提前完成这个工作。 五、其他形式的独立主格结构
独立主格用法详解
一、 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： (1)结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2)名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3)独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、 英语中，的形式是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成。 1.名词/ 代词+ 不定式。如： A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。 Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。 2.名词/ 代词+ -ing分词。如： The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。 Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。 3.名词/ 代词+ 动词的过去分词。如： His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。 4.名词/ 代词+ 形容词。如： The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。 5.名词/ 代词+ 副词。如： The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。 6. Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。 三、 在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。 1.作时间状语 School over, the students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。 The ceremony ended, the games began. 仪式结束后，比赛开始了。 2.作条件状语 It being fine tomorrow, we’ll go boating. 如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。
独立主格结构英语句子结构
独立主格结构 独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是或者代词，后一部分是非(不定式、动名词和)或形容词、、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 详细概述 非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用V-ing，被动用V-ed。 非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。“独立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。 功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如： 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 表示条件 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。 表示原因 There being no taxes, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 用法 独立主格结构主要表示发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 用作时间状语 The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
独立主格用法归纳总结
独立主格结构介词使用的问题 在“名词或代词+介词短语”这类独立主格结构中，当其中的介词是in时，其前后的两个名词通常不加任何修饰语（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。如： A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。 The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。 但如果是其他介词，则不受此限制。如： We walked out, one behind the other. 我们一个接一个地走了出来。 He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。 The old woman sat down, traces of tears still on her cheeks. 老太太坐了下来，面颊上还带有泪痕 ===================================================================== 独立主格用作伴随状语 独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。下面给大家列举一些独立主格用作伴随状语的例子： She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。 We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。 A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle and so on. 许多官员尾随皇帝之后，有的拎着皇帝的衣袍，有的则给他整腰带，等等。 Their room was on the third floor, it’s window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。 He guiding her, they stumbled through the street. 他引着她，两个人蹒跚地穿过那条街。 He, God willing, would be in the village before the second next month. 他，如果上帝允许，将于下月2日前来到这个村庄。 He died in 1892, his death being considered as a national calamity. 他死于1892年，他的逝世被认为是举国的不幸。 独立主格用作原因状语 独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。下面给大家列举一些独立主格用作原因状语的例子： All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了，我们就开始找工作。 The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。 The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。 The river having risen in the night, the crossing was impossible. 夜里河水上涨，渡河不可能了。 There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。 独立主格用作条件状语