实用英语写作技巧 第三十四单元转换词语Transitional Words and Phrases
实用英语写作技巧第三十四单元转换词语Transitional Words and Phrases
34．1 Introduction
In the writing of English compositions，we have to use transitional words or phrases in order to make logical connections between individual sentences and paragraphs as well as enhance the overall coherence of an essay．Otnerwise，the paragraph or the essaywill be loosely connected．To see the difference，let's compare the following two versions of a paragraph：
（1）
Speaking and writing are different in many ways．Speech depends on sounds．Writing uses written symbols．Speech developed about 500，000 years ago．Written language is a comparatively recent development．It was invented only about six thousand years ago．Speech is usually Informal．The word choice in writing is often relatively formal．Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing．A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the writtenlanguage of most countries．Speech relies on gesture，loudness，and the rise and fall of the voice．Writing lacks gesture，loudness，and the rise and fall of the voice．Careful speakers and writers are aware of the difference．
（2）
Speaking and writing are different in many ways．Speech depends on sounds；writing，on the other hand，uses written symbols．Speech was developed about 500，000 years ago，butwritten language is a comparatively recent development，invented only about six thousand years ago．Speech is usually informal，while the word choice of writing，by contrast，is often relatively formal．Although pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing，a standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries．Speech relies on gesture，loudness，and the rise and fall of the voice，but writing lacks these features．Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences．
34．2 Analysis of the above two versions
In paragraph（1），almost all connections are missing．Therefore，it is rather difficult for us to tell in how many ways speaking and writing are different．In paragraph（2），however，by using the six comparsion and contrast transitions，“on the other hand”，“but”，“while”，“by contrast”and“although”，we can easily identify that speaking and writing are different in six aspects．
34．3常用的转换词语类型（Types of Commonly Used Transitional Words or Phrases）1）Listing列举
first，second，third
firstly，secondly，thirdly
first，furthermore，finally
in the first place，in the second place，finally
last but not least
first and most important
to begin with，next，then，finally
the former…the latter the first step，the second step，the
next step
2）Illustrating（giving examples）说明（举例）
for example（f．e．）including
for instance（i．d．）mainly
namely such as
3）Emphasizing强调
obviously certainly
undoubtedly especially
surely above all
indeed most important of all
in fact most importantly
very likely
4）Paralleling并列
or that is，that's to say not only…but（also）
and in other words both…and as well as
neither…nor either…or
5）Adding补充
also（too）gain furthermore
further moreover what is more
then in addition besides
as well（as）
6）Comparison and Contrast比较与对照
comparatives：the same…as；be similar to；and…．，too；
（比较连接词）and…so…；not…and…not…，either；not
…neither…；both…and…；neither…nor…；
Just as…，so…；resemble；have…in common；
There are similarities between…and…
in the same way；equally important；
similarly
Contrastives：be…adj．/adv．+ er…than；more…than…；
（对照连接词）less…than…；not so…as；Unlike…/
Contrary to…/As opposed to…；Although/
Whereas/While；contrast with/differ from/
be different from；however/on the other
hand/in contrast
7）Time时间
now in the past until
soon recently after a while
later nowadays not long after
then while in the mean time
before since meanwhile
8）Space Order空间
under the table in the distance
on the hilltop across the river
in front of the room next to the door
in the back of the room on the front wall
on the tenth floor along the street
nearby far away
inside the house outside the school
behind the cupboard by the window
round the corner on the opposite side of the street
at the foot of the mountain at the bottom of the sea
9）Cause and Effect因果
since so…that…
because thus
because of this/that hence
because of the fact that therefore
as a result accordingly
as a result of otherwise
be due to be responsible for
consequently cause
be a consequence of lead to
as a consequence of contribute to
be the reason for result in
follow from bring about
result from give rise to
10）Concluding总结
in conclusion to conclude
to sum up in brief
at last in short
finally
11）Qualifying转折（限定）
but however （al）though
yet except for nevertheless
of course after al clearly
still
34．4 Assignment for Unit 34
Directions：There are twenty blanks in the following passage．For each blank there is a transitional word or phrase missing．You should choose the appropriate word or phrase of each blank from the given words or phrases below．Be sure to use each of the given words or phrases，some of which may appear twice．
similarly，therefore，but，however，first of all，and，even，finally，for example，secondly，on the other hand，further-more，third，when，nevertheless，as aresult，or Since we Americans are a blend of people from many countries，we have a very short history which can properly be called“American”．____，it is hard to find characteristics which apply to all Americans．We combine many extremes from many different cultures．____，we can make
some generalizations．Our main characteristics include individuality，a combination of idealism and practicality，materialism，____a lack of parental influence，all of which permeate our lives．____，we Americans value individuality．Our country was founded by strong individuals，and we do not like to be forced into conformity．Therefore，we insist on having a great deal of freedom．Interestingly enough，____，most Americans use this freedom to behave very much like most other Americans，and we are suspicious of those who do not conform．Hippies are individualists，____，but most Americans do not like them．By the same token，we consider ourselves very faithful to the laws of our country，____there are few among us who would not break one if it was felt that no harm would be done by doing so—such as by exceeding the speed limit or failing to report informally-received cash income on tax forms．
____，we Americans are both practical and idealistic．We place great value on doing things forourselves，for this is what our pioneer forefathers were forced to do．Many foreign visitors are surprised to find that many couples of comfortable means do their own yard work，their own house-work，their own repairs．____，we are very idealistic：We think we have the best political，social，and economic system yet devised，and we ____expect everything to go smoothly．____our idealism，we are easily disillusioned．This is why so many marriages end in divorce—young couples' expectations from marriage are unrealistically high．____，it helps explain the dissatisfactions and protests of many young people，and ____older people，who enjoy one of the highest standards of living in the world．
A ____characteristics of us Americans is that money is more important than prestige to us．People work extremely hard，so many，unfortunately，either have little leisure time，or do not know how to enjoy it．Why do we work so hard？It is not to achieve greater status or prestige，but simply to have more of the material objects and comfort that money can buy．
____，our parents have less influence on us than parents do in other countries．Many children are left in day-care centers by their working mothers，____with baby sitters when their parents go out at night．____，peer pressure is very great because children's feelings and desires are taken very seriously，and they are given a lot of freedom to form strong personalities．We leave home at a relatively early age，usually after high school，to take jobs and have our own apartments，____to go to college，where we are allowed a great deal of freedom．We choose our own spouses，even if our parents object，And，later in life，____our parents are old and helpless，we often live far away from them；many prefer to put them in nursing homes rather than to have the responsibility of caring for them daily．Many foreigners find this practice heartless．I suppose it is，____like many other qualities we Americans share，it is subject to change over a relatively short period of time．
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第一类：人 第一种：健康 physical health 生理健康 mental fitness 心理健康 keep optimistic 保持乐观 pessimistic 悲观的 commit suicide 自杀 do physical exercises 进行体育锻炼 junk food 垃圾食品 well-balanced diet 均衡饮食 infectious diseases 传染病 anxiety 焦虑；渴望；挂念 despise 轻视，鄙视 disturbed 扰乱的 envious 嫉妒 admire 钦佩 esteem 尊重 grieved 伤心的 impatient 没有耐心的 courteous 礼貌 diligent 勤奋 第二种：成长 generation gap 代沟 the old/aged/elders/elderly, senior citizens老年人independence独立 doting care溺爱 spoil溺爱 persistence坚持 success成功 Achievement 成就成功 conquer 征服 surmount 克服，越过；战胜 triumph 胜利 acquire 获得 attainment 成就 innovation创新 striving spirit奋斗精神 determined spirit拼搏精神 outlook of life 人生观 confidence信心 difficulty 困难 challenge挑战
crisis危机 employment 就业 cooperation/teamwork合作 team spirit团队精神 pursue 追求 satisfy 满足 thirsty for 渴望 yearn for 渴望 bravery 勇气 indulge 放任，纵容 inspire 鼓舞 stimulate 激励 tolerate 容忍 第二类：社会 第一种：环境问题 contaminate 污染 environmental protection 环境保护 keep ecological balance 保持生态平衡 sustainable development strategy可持续发展战略 save the energy 节约能源（节能） reduce the emission of greenhouse gases 减少温室气体排放（减排）greenhouse effect 温室效应 clean renewable energy 清洁再生能源 low carbon economy 低碳经济 disaster 灾难 catastrophe 灾难 deforestation 滥砍滥伐 desertification 沙漠化 water and soil erosion 水土流失 sandstorm 沙尘暴 snowstorm 雪灾 typhoon 台风 flood洪水 earthquake 地震 第二种：义务与责任 责任：duty/responsibility 责任感：sense of responsibility 承担：shoulder/assume/undertake 逃避：avoid/shun/shirk 奉献：devote/devotion/dedicate/dedication 职业道德：professional ethics 欺诈行为：dishonest behaviors 伪劣产品：fake commodities 虐待：abuse错误 mistreat, maltreat, ill-treat(ment)
高考英语作文常用连接词
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英语作文常用单词与句子
（一）表示“起”的词/词组：用于开篇引出扩展句。 at first 最初for one thing…（for another） at present 现在；当今首先…（其次）… currently 目前；最后recently最近 first（ly）第一in general 一般说来 in the beginning 起初one the one hand…（on the other hand）to begin with 首先；第一一方面…（另一方面） first of all 首先；第一generally speaking 一般地说 in the first place 首先；第一on the whole 总起来说 lately 最近to start with 首先；第一 presently 现在；此刻now 现在 （二）有关“承”的常用词语：用来承接上文。 after/after that/afterwards此后by this time 此时 after a few days 几天以后certainly 无疑地；当然地 after a while过了一会儿therefore 因此；结果 also/too 并且；又for example 例如 at the same time 同时for instance 例如 beside 此外for this purpose 为了这个目的 Besides/what,s more 而且；此外from now on 从此 in addition 此外second 第二；第二点 in addition to…除…之外secondly 第二 in fact 事实上similarly 同样地 in other words 换句话说so 所以 in particular 特别（地）soon 不久 in the same way 同样地still 仍然 by the way 顺便提一句then 然后 indeed 的确third 第三；第三点 meanwhile 与此同时thirdly 第三 moreover 而且，此外for another 其次 no doubt 无疑地such as 正如 obviously 明显地later 后来 of course当然truly 事实上；真实地 particularly特别地unlike …不像……；和……不同 what is more 而且；此外 （三）有关“转”的常用词语：用来表示不同或相反的意见。after all 毕竟fortunately 幸运地 all the same 依然；照样however 然而；无论如何 anyway 无论如何in spite of 尽管……；虽然…… at the same time同时；然而luckily 幸运地 but 但是by this time 此时 though/although 尽管no doubt 无疑地 in/by contrast 对比之下on the contrary 相反地 even though即使否则 still 仍然unfortunately不幸地
英语作文中常用过渡词和句型
1.常用于文章开始的过渡词语和句子 (1)To begin with首先 例：To begin with, smoking should be banned in public areas.”首先，公共场所禁止吸烟。” (2)Generally speaking一般地说，总体上说 例：Generally speaking, it is the best policy to spend more money on libraries.”总的说来，加大图书馆的投资是良策。” (3)First of all第一，首先 例：First of all, many people in remote areas still live in poverty.”第一，居住在边远地区的许多人仍生活在贫困之中。” (4)With (the development/progress/growth) of(economy/society)…随着(经济、社会)的(发展、进步、增长)… 例：With the development of society, women’s role has become more imp ortant than ever before in daily life.”随着社会的发展，妇女在社会生活中比以往发挥着更加重要的作用。” (5)Recently近来 例：Recently，the problem (conflict, production) of grain shortage has become the world focus.”近来粮食短缺问题已成为全球关注的焦点。” 2.常用于文章结尾的过渡词和句子 (1)In conclusion最后，在结束时 例：In conclusion, the international agreement should be made to prevent the world from war.”最后，应达成国际协定使世界避免战争。”
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II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory. 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century. 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap. 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物. 例如: 1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音. 2>.Taste the music of Mozart.
初中英语作文实用写作技巧
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(完整版)英语作文常用高级词汇
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(完整版)初中英语作文写作技巧
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