计算机专业英语试题(我的)
计算机专业英语试题
一．Translate the following words and expressions into Chinese(写出下列词组的汉语。)(共10分，每题1分)
1． operating system
2．requirements analysis
3． network security
4． data structure
5．decision support system
6．relational database
7．software crisis
8． computer virus
9．email attachment
10．central processing unit ( CPU )
二.Translate the following words and expressions into Chinese.(写出下列词组汉语意思)
1.HTTP：
2.ISP ：
3.SQL
4.WWW：
5.DBMS：
6.BIOS：
7.API ：
8.DVD：
9.DMA ：
三词汇（选择一个最合适的词汇，将对应的英文字母填入空格内。每题2分，共20分）
1、A is used to communicate with another computer over telephone lines.
A. keyboard
B. modem
C. mouse
D. printer
2、A is a device that enables the computer to handle sounds.
A. network card
B. video card
C. sound card
D. monitor
3、 is a word processing tool that helps you to create quality documents.
A. Word 2000
B. Outlook 2000
C. Access 2000
D.
Excel 2000
4、 is a fast and powerful operating system, based on the UNIX O.S.
A. Windows 2000
B. Office 2000
C. Windows 98
D.
Linux
5、The OSI model has layers.
A. four
B. five
C. six
D. seven
6、The purpose of the is to provide fully integrated analog services to users.
A. ISDN
B. WWW
C. FTP
D. HTTP
7、Which one is not a computer languages?
A. word 2000
B. PASCAL
C. C
D. C++
8、The turns the object file into an executable program.
A. linker
B. compiler
C. interpreter
D. computer
9、The RGB value is composed of components.
A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four
10、 A virus is a .
A. program
B. computer
C. bad man
D. beast
四判断正误（正确的在后面括号内打√，错误的打×，每小题1分，共10分）
11、The heart of any computer system is the central processing unit (CPU).
（）
12、Error recovery does not belong to operating system.
（）
13、Many operating systems have similar characteristics.
（）
14、Only a few bugs can trouble a program.
（）
15、Microsoft Word 2000 allows you to create many types of personal and business
communications.
（）
16、We can use multimedia in Education, Edutainment and so on.
（）
17、The TCP/IP Internet protocol suite is formed from five standards.
（）
18、When you send an e-mail you should provide the sender's e-mail address.
（）
19、Viruses can cause programs crashing but can?t cause entire hard disk deleting.
（）
20、Your computer uses two types of memory: primary memory and secondary memory.（）
五．Fill in the blanks with the corresponding English abbreviations.(根据汉语写出相应的英语缩写。) (共10分，每题1分)
1．数据库管理系统 2．传输控制协议
3．多文档界面 4．面向对象编程
5．只读存储器 6．数字视频光盘
7．计算机辅助设计 8．结构化查询语言
9．通用串行总线 10．企业之间的电子商务交易方式
六.Match the following words and expressions in the left column with those similar meaning in the right column..(将左列的词汇与右列相应的汉语匹配。)
1. output a. 视频
2. high-level language b. 输出.
3. project window c. 高级语言
4. black-box testing d. 应用软件
5. multimedia e. 工程窗口
6. WWW f. 系统软件
7. field g. 黑盒测试
8. application software h. 多媒体
9. system software i. 万维网
10.vidio j. 字段
七Match the following words and expressions in the left column with those similar in meaning in the right column.(将左列的词汇与右列相应的汉语匹配。)(10分，每空1分)
1. multimedia a. 字处理器
2. software life cycle b. 交换机
3. structured programming c. 多媒体
4. functional testing d. 局域网
5. word processor
e. 结构化程序设计 6. code windows
f. 软件生命周期 7. firewall
g. 功能测试 8. LAN
h. 代码窗口 9. hacker
i. 黑客 10. switch
j.
防火墙
1． 6. 2． 7． 3． 8. 4． 9. 5． 10.
八 Comprehension(阅读理解)
Fill in the blanks with suitable words or expressions from the list given below, and change the form where necessary. （从下面方框中选择合适的词或表达，以其适当的形式填空。）
(10分, 每空2分)
Software Engineering, which means the application of engineering to software, is a method to develop, operate and ________ software. That is, the development of software is on a systematic, _________, quantitive basis. Before starting the development of software, you have to systematically approach the problem. You have to understand the _________ (what the software is supposed to do), carry out the design, do the _________, carry out a rigorous testing and if the software is as per the requirements, release the software to the customer. Subsequently, if the customer wants some changes--refinements or enhancements then the software has to be _________.
( )
九
Passage A
The central processing unit (CPU) is the heart of the computer systems. Among other things, its configuration determines whether a computer is fast or slow in relation to other computers. The CPU is the most complex computer system component, responsible for directing most of the computer system activities based on the instructions provided. As one computer generation has evolved to the next, the physical size of the CPU has often become smaller and smaller, while its speed and capacity have increased tremendously. Indeed, these changes have resulted in microcomputers that are small enough to fit on your desk or your lap.
The CPU comprises the control unit and the arithmetic / logic unit (ALU).
The control unit is responsible for directing and coordinating most of the computer systems activities. It determines the movement of electronic signals between main memory and the arithmetic/logic unit, as well as the control signals between the CPU and input/output devices.
The ALU performs all the arithmetic and logical (comparison) functions — that is, it adds, subtracts, multiplies, divides, and does comparisons. These comparisons, which are basically “less than”, “greater than”, and “equal to”, can be combined into several common expressions, such as “greater than or equal to”. The objective of most instructions that use comparisons is to determine which instruction should be executed next.
Tell whether the following statements are true(T) or false(F) according to the passage A.（根据上文的内容判断下列句子的正误）（10分,每题2分）
1.With the development of computer, the physical size of the CPU has often become bigger and
bigger. ( )
2.The movement of electronic signals between main memory and the ALU as well as the
control signal between the CPU and input /output devices are controlled by the control unit of the CPU. ( )
3.The CPU comprises the control unit and memory. ( )
4.The control unit performs all the arithmetic and logical (comparison) functions
5. The central processing unit (CPU) is the heart of the computer systems. ( )
Passage B
In order to solve a computational problem, its solution must be specified in terms of a sequence of computational steps, each of which may be performed by a human or a digital computer . If you want to solve the computational problem with a computer, you should learn how to program. The task of developing programs for the solution of computational problems is referred to as programming. Computer programming is the process of planning and creating a sequence of steps for a computer to follow. In general, this process will help us resolve a problem, which is either
too tedious or difficult to work out otherwise . So programming is breaking a task down into small steps.
Programming is sometimes contrasted with coding. Coding generally refers to the writing of programs for given program specification, while programming includes the task of preparing the program specification as well as that of writing the program. The text of a program is sometimes referred to as code, and lines of program text are referred to as lines of code, especially in the case of machine-language programs. The term coder is used to describe a person engaged exclusively in implementing program specifications prepared by others.
What's actually involved in programming - the actual process of writing programs? Here's a quick overview of the process:
· Write a program.
· Compile the program.
· Run the program.
· Debug the program.
· Repeat the whole process until the program is finished.
choose the best answer according to the passage B.(根据上文的内容选择正确的答案。（10分，每题2分）
1．If you want to solve the computational problem with a computer, you should learn how -
to .
A. calculate
B. program
C. add
D. subtract
2. Computer programming is the process of planning and creating a sequence of for
a computer to follow.
A. steps
B. process
C. lines
D. graphics
3. The term coder is used to describe .
A. machine
B. computer
C. keyboard
D. person
4. In order to solve a computational problem, you can let a person or a to do it.
A. machine
B. computer
C. keyboard
D. mouse
5. Which of the following is not the stages of programming?
A. Write a program.
B. Debug the program.
C. Print the program.
D. Compile the program.
Passage C
A computer virus is a computer program that is created to make and spread copies of itself. The program may however also be designed to have other effects on the systems it infects, ranging from the annoying to the disastrous.
Virus attacks are growing rapidly these days. According to BusinessWeek, the 76,404 attacks reported in the first half of 2003 nearly match previous year's total number. As new antivirus tools are more powerful than before, the virus writers are getting a lot smarter with newer and creative ways to attack network systems. Let's first examine some common virus types: Basic Virus - a piece of software code that is developed to attack computers and network systems via email or Internet connections. It quickly replicates itself and gradually attaches to files, programs or the hard drive.
Trojan Horses -This is a program that doesn't replicate when entering a system but can be effectively used to open 'back doors.' Trojan Horses allow hackers to take control over a particular system or to steal very important data.
Worm - this type of virus is able to spread itself automatically over the network from one computer to the next. During a worm attack, users' computers get infected without even having to click open email attachment or any program, etc.
Since it is very difficult to avoid the virus, your best defense is a powerful antivirus program. In order to fight with such viruses, the software vendors should focus on making their products more robust. This may ask for a trade-off between user-friendliness and security. In specific cases it may require line-by-line inspection, code retooling and even systems automation to defend the installed programs.
choose the best answer according to the passage B.(根据上文的内容选择正确的答案。10分，每题2分)
1．A computer virus is a computer program that is created to make and spread of itself. A．programs B．virus C． copies D．files
2．Worm spread itself except by .
A．network B．E-mail C．program D．hardware
3．Antivirus program can scan and virus.
A．clean B．produce C．replicate D．make
4．Trojan Horses .
A．quickly replicate itself and gradually attache to files, programs or the hard drive. B．infect the computer without even having to click open email attachment or any program. C．allow hackers to take control over a particular system or to steal very important data. D．avoid the virus to attack computer.
5．According to BusinessWeek, the attacks reported in the first half of 2003 nearly match previous year's total number.
A． 86,404 B． 76,404 C．56,354 D．34,876
十Translation.翻译(30分)
(一) Translate the following sentences into Chinese.（将下列句子翻译成汉语。）（共20分，每题5分）
1. For developing a software product, the development process is divided into 5 stages: Requirements Analysis & Specification, Design, Coding, Testing,and Maintenance.
2. Functional testing tests whether the output is the expected result with the valid input.
3. EDI refers to the electronic exchange of business information between two companies using a specific and structured format over private networks.
4．Some applications, such as Word, allow for several windows in a special mode called MDI in which you can open multiple documents within the same application.
5.As most companies, and in particular those in the financial sector, retain confidential information on electronic medias, they are justifiably prevent data falling into the wrong hands.
6.Television images, for example, can be processed by computer programs once they have been converted to digital signals, while those in conventional analog signals cannot.
7.At a national level, for example, computers located in different parts of the country use public communication services to exchange electronic messages (mail) and to transfer fi1es of information from one computer to another.
8 The control unit is responsible for supervising the operation of the entire computer system.
9The BIOS is responsible for waking up the computer when you turn it on.
10 The Office 2000 suits are bundled in a variety of ways.
11 TCP/IP is a communication protocol, it provides many different networking services.
12 Many viruses go resident in the memory of your PC
十一Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.（将下段文章翻译成汉语。）（共10分）
A high-level language is an artificial language with which we can write various instructions. This is possible not because computer processors are now so technologically advanced that th ey can …understand? these languages. You should translate from programming languages into machine language which can be understood by the computer processors. Compilers can accomplish this task. This does mean that a high-level language program is not directly executable: it must be compiled to produce processor program, which is executable.
应用化学毕业论文题目
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应用化学毕业论文题目 本团队专业从事论文写作与论文发表服务，擅长案例分析、仿真编程、数据统计、图表绘制以及相关理论分析等。 应用化学毕业论文题目： 激活心交感传入神经纤维和急性心肌缺血对室旁核神经元活动的影响 海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷油气资源评价 Asia1型FMDV前导蛋白的BHK-21亚细胞定位及其所致细胞蛋白质组变化研究 吐哈油田污水处理技术评价与对策研究 大豆油的非均相环氧化研究 萨北油田结蜡机理及熔蜡实验研究 罗丹明B-大环多胺缀合物的合成及其金属配合物与DNA的相互作用 化学计量学速差动力学分光光度法在某些食品和药物分析中的应用 广西兴安稻区稻纵卷叶螟发生特点及原因分析 一种分离正常成年大鼠肝脏祖细胞新方法的研究 表面活性剂溶液胶束聚集数与流变特性和减阻效率研究 维生素Ｃ诱导人胃癌细胞株MKN45凋亡机制的研究 汉防己甲素对人结肠癌细胞株放射增敏性研究 吉非替尼联合替莫唑胺对人胶质瘤细胞体外抑制作用的研究 葡萄籽原花青素对血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力的影响及机制研究 东太湖内源氮、磷释放及两种沉水植物净化作用的研究 Tm和Dy掺杂的YSZ涂层制备与发光性能研究
1，3-二（2-吡啶基）脲对根瘤菌结瘤特性的影响 多肿瘤标记物与吉非替尼治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效相关性分析安徽省部分地区乙型肝炎分子流行病学初步研究 HBsAg定量检测在慢乙肝自然史中的研究 学习环运用于高中化学教学的研究 EDTA表面改性增强BiFeO_3活化H_2O_2降解双酚A的研究 含三嗪环磺酸盐阴离子Gemini表面活性剂的应用性能研究 一维氮化铟半导体纳米材料的合成与物性研究 相思藤水提物对肝损伤的作用及机制研究 羌活的质量评价及药效学研究 有机表面活性剂对FePt纳米颗粒磁性能的影响 绿色高效合成吡喃并喹啉衍生物的研究 荧光探针与药物分析的作用及其应用研究 基于冬小麦产量与蒸发量相关性研究的安阳节水农业探讨 小儿毛细支气管炎血皮质醇、ACTH、11β-HSD2水平变化的研究卵泡液中抗苗勒氏管激素与多囊卵巢综合征卵泡发育异常相关性研究颅脑创伤后垂体功能减退的临床与实验研究 睡眠呼吸暂停综合征血管内皮功能障碍的机制探讨 燃气轮机燃烧室污染生成的数值分析 纳米光纤探针制备及其在基于SPR光纤传感系统中的应用研究 论90nm以下浅沟槽隔离工艺的实现 超声辐照下聚苯胺复合材料的制备与性能研究 酸雨对沥青混合料性能影响及作用机理研究 天然产物/中药的代谢相互作用与药效和安全的体外研究 二芳炔硫醚类化合物的一锅合成研究 肝癌HepG2细胞IER5基因低表达细胞系的建立及其辐射效应研究 迷迭香酸抑制肾小管上皮-间充质转分化的作用及机制研究 白藜芦醇苷对大鼠脑缺血后运动功能恢复作用的研究 精细线路多层刚挠结合印制电路板的关键技术研究及应用
应用化学专业英语
英译汉： 1.First, electrons are added one at a time moving from left to right across a period……首先，从左向右横跨一个周期时每次增加一个电子。当这种情况发生时，最外层电子将受到逐渐增强的核引力，所以电子将更接近原子核而受到其更紧密的束缚力。其次，在周期表中从上向下移动一列，最外层电子受到核的束缚力将变弱。这是因为主能级数（屏蔽最外层电子受到核的吸引）在每族向下移动时增加。这些趋势解释了通过观察元素的原子半径、电离能、电子亲和力和电负性而得到的元素性质的周期性规律。 2.It is important to note that at equilibrium the rates of reaction,rate r and rate f are equilibrium mixture are usually not equal……值得注意的是，在化学平衡时的反应速率，正反应速率和你反应速率相等但反应物和生成物的摩尔浓度在平衡混合态时一般不相等。但是，事实上每种反应物和生成物在平衡时其浓度为定值，因为每种物质在一个反应中的消耗速率与其在相应你反应正的生成速率相等。在化学平衡提出之前，这种系统被称为动力学平衡状态。 3.This is a mathematical expression of the law of chemical equilibrium which may be stated as follows: When a reversible…………这是化学平衡定律的数学表达式，它可以通过如下所述：当一个可逆反应在给定温度下达到平衡时，在方程式中箭头右边物质的摩尔浓度的积除以左边物质摩尔浓度的积（每种物质浓度的幂等于反应方程式中每种物质的分子数）为定值， 4.Analytical chemistry,or the art of recognizing different substances and determining their constituents, takes a prominent position among 分析化学或鉴定不同物质并测定其成分的技术，因为可以解决每当化学过程被用于科学的或技术性的目的是产生的问题，而在科学应用领域中占显著地位。其极其高的重要性便得它在化学历史上的一个非常早的时期已经被辛勤耕耘了，其记载包含了分布在整个科学领域定量分析工作的一大部分。定量分析的测量也在许多研究领域：化学、生物化学、地质学和其它科学中发挥重要作用。 5.The interaction of UV and visible radiation with matter can provide qualitative identification of molecules and polyatomic……………紫外可见光与物质相互作用时可以提供包含离子和复合物的分子和多原子的物种的定性鉴定。分子和多原子物种，特别是有机分子的结构信息可以得到。这种定性信息通常是通过研究紫外可见光谱获得（紫外可见过的吸收作为穿过分子的波长的函数）紫外可见光的吸收带的形状和强度与吸收物质的电子的结构有关。分子通常是被溶解在溶剂中来获得光谱。 6.One of the most important features of fine chemicals manufacture is the great variety of ………………… 随着新产品持续不断地出现，精细化学品生产制造的一个最重要特征是产品的多样化。 因此，许多化学品都存在需求上的重大波动，如果每种产品都通过专用于某特定工序的车间来生产，投资和劳工费用将是巨大的。结合需要的不断改变和假设机器设备一般在它们设定的最大容量一下正常运行，这将使制造业的花费很高。因此，只有多产量的精细化学品或通过特殊的产法或纯度要求极高的化合物才可以用专门的车间来生产。然后，大多数精细化学品都是在多目标的或多产品的生产线（车间）生产制造。 汉译英：
中职英语试题
中职英语测试卷 一、词汇题（25分） （A）英汉互译（15分） 1. welcome 2. weather 3. trouble 4. important 5. fact 6. problem 7. number 8. write 9. 家庭10. 等候11. 同意12. 希望13. 计算机14. 参观15. 最喜爱的 （B）为所给词组选择正确的释义（10分） 1. go well A.. 包饺子 2. on business B. 我不知道 3. make dumplings C. 快餐 4. dark screen D. 进展顺利 5. No problem E. 过得愉快，玩得高兴 6. look around F. 出差，办事 7. fast food G.. 没问题 8. I have no idea. H.. 环顾 9. the Spring Festival I. 黑屏 10. have a good time J. 春节 二、单项选择（20分） 1. Trees are good our world. A. to B. with C. for D. at 2. Liu Ming is an old friend of . A. their B. my C. mine D. I 3. There is big table in the dining room. A. an B. / C. the D. a 4.When spring comes, the weather will get . A. warm and warm B. warmer and warmer C. warmer and warm D. warm and warmer
计算机专业英语听力试卷
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兰州理工大学 本科毕业生论文开题报告 题目：CTAB/正丙醇/环己烷/水微乳液体系参数的测定以及相行为的研究 学院名称： 专业：应用化学 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导老师： 填表时间：年月号 摘要：采用稀释法计算了CTAB／正丙醇／环己烷／水的微乳体
系的结构参数和醇由连续相转移到界面层的自由能变化．结果表明：随着随ω的增大，水内核半径Ｒｗ、界面层厚Ｌ度，以及表面活性剂和醇在微乳粒子表面的平均聚集数n增加，而醇转移自由能错误!未找到引用源。错误!未找到引用源。△GθC→i、分散相所占总界面面积Ad和颗粒总数Ｎｄ减小，测定CTAB／正丙醇／环己烷／水三相微乳液体系的“鱼状”相图和单相微乳液体系拟三元相图从“鱼状”相图的位置考察CTAB形成单相微乳液的效能。用电导法确定单相微乳液体系的结构(W／O、B．C．、和o／w)。考察微乳液结构和温度对微乳液电导率的影响。 关键词：微乳液；结构参数；稀释法；CTAB；相行为的研究 文献概述 一，本课题研究的目的和意义 1．掌握国内外文献查阅的一般方法 2．学习有关文献综述及实验工作报告的写作方法 3．初步了解微乳液的结构与性质及研究方法 4．了解并掌握微乳液的结构参数的测定 二，文献综述（国内外研究情况及其发展） 1.1微乳液的类型、结构和性质 微乳液是由水（或盐水），油，表面活性剂和主表面活性剂等组成，在适当比例下，自发形成透明或半透明的稳定体 系[1]，由于它有很强的增容能力和超低界面张力的特性，由舒 尔曼(Schulman)在1943年首先制得,并在1959年正式命名为
“微乳液”。微乳液可分为单项微乳液和多相微乳液。前者是一个均匀的相体系，它们有三种结构之分，O/W型微乳液型，双连续型微乳液和W/O型微乳液。后者指微乳液存在二相平衡或者三相平衡中。在某些条件下，将发生winsorI型 ,winsor Ⅲ型,winsorrⅡ型，及下相微乳液（O/W型），中相微乳液（双连续性），上相微乳液（W/O型）的变化。单相微乳液,微乳液体系经常用三元相图或三元相图表表示。影响单相微乳液的因素：Bansol碳原子数目相关性，电介质对单相微乳液影响，温度对单相微乳液的影响。单相微乳液组成，除油和水以外，对于单烃链尾巴的离子表面活性剂，还需要加上中碳链长的助表面活性剂（醇，胺，有机酸等），对于非离子表面活性剂和双烃尾巴的表面活性剂，往往不需要助表面活性剂。多相微乳液,winsor分类：在水（或盐水）—油—表面活性剂—助表面活性剂体系中可能存在许多平衡。winsor将下相微乳液和剩余水，上相微乳液和剩余油，中相微乳液和剩余水，剩余油等三类平衡体系，分别称做winsorⅠ型，winsorⅢ型和winsorⅡ型。 Lindman等人用NMR方法测定了WinsorⅠ,Ⅲ和Ⅱ型中各个组成（油，水，表面活性剂，醇等）的自扩散系数，证明中间微乳液具有双连续结构[2]。 微乳液相对于普通乳状液有两个特点：一是其形成完全是自发的，不需外界提供能量；二是微乳液是热力学稳定体系，存放过不会发生聚结，且离心不分层[3]，典型的被称为
应用化学专业英语翻译
１０级应用化学（2）班郑禄春 B2０1０06３224 Lessｅn ２4 ChemicａｌＲeaｃtionｓ Conseｒvation of mａｓs ａnd ｅｎergy(质量与能量守恒) Ｔwo ｃonseｒvaｔｉｏn laws（定律) apｐlｙｔo aｌｌｃhemical reaｃtionｓ: E ｎergy can neitheｒ be cｒｅated nｏr deｓtroｙed, anｄｍａｔteｒｃaｎneither ｂｅ created nor deｓtｒｏyed. Thus the ａtoms taking part in a chemical reactioｎ may be reａrrangｅd, bｕt all ｔhe atoms preseｎt ｉn the reacｔan ｔs must also be preｓent in ｔhe prodｕctｓ, and the tｏtaｌｍasｓ oｆ tｈe ｒeactants muｓt equaｌ thｅｔotaｌｍａss ｏｆthe prｏducts. 化学反应 质量守恒和能量守恒 两个守恒定律(定律)适用于所有的化学反应:能量既不能创造也不能消灭,物质也不能创造也不能消灭。因此原子参与化学反应可能重新安排，但所有的原子出现在反应物必须包含在产品,反应物的总质量必须等于生产物的总质量。 What is ａ chｅmicaｌ reaction? A chｅmicaｌreaｃtiｏn occｕｒs whｅn sｕbsｔａnｃes (tｈe ｒｅactantｓ) colｌide (碰撞）ｗiｔh ｅnouｇｈ energｙ tｏｒearｒａnge to form difｆerent c ｏｍpounds (ｔhe ｐrｏdｕcts）. The changｅ iｎ enerｇy that occurs wheｎ a reaction take pｌａｃe ｉs deｓcriｂed by therｍｏdｙｎaｍics（热力学）anｄt ｈe ｒａｔｅ oｒ speed at which a reacｔioｎocｃurｓis descｒibed by kiｎeticｓ (动力学) . Reacｔions in ｗhiｃh ｔｈe ｒeaｃtａnｔｓaｎd ｐrｏductｓcoｅxist arｅ coｎｓidｅｒed ｔo be in equilｉｂriuｍ(处于平衡）. A chｅｍiｃａl ｅｑuaｔion ｃonsｉｓts ｏf the ｃhemｉｃal fｏrmｕｌａ（化学式)of thｅ rea ｃｔants, and ｔhe cｈemical fｏｒmｕla of ｔhe ｐrodｕcts. The twｏａre separateｄ bｙａn → uｓually read aｓ“yｉelｄs”ａnｄeach ｃhemicａl forｍula is sｅpａｒatｅd frｏm otheｒs by ａ plus sｉgn (加号）． Sometime ｓ a trｉangｌe is dｒawｎ over ｔhe arrow symbol tｏｄenotｅ enerｇy ｍuｓt ｂe addeｄｔo ｔｈe subsｔances ｆor ｔhe ｒeａcｔiｏn to beｇｉn． Eａch ｃｈemiｃaｌ formula may be pｒｅｃeded by a sｃalaｒ（数量的) ｃoｅｆficienｔｉndicatｉng thｅ proｐorｔion (比例) ｏｆ that substaｎce nｅｃｅssary to ｐｒoｄｕce ｔhe rｅacｔion in forｍulａ. Foｒinstanｃe， thｅｆoｒmｕla ｆoｒ the buｒning of mｅthane(CH4 + 2O2 →ＣO2 + 2H2O） iｎdｉｃates that twｉce as much Ｏ2 aｓ CH４ iｓ nｅｅded, and wｈen tｈey reａct， twicｅas ｍuch H2O as ＣO2 wｉll be produceｄ. This is ｂecａuse durｉng tｈe reａctiｏｎ，each atom ｏｆ cａrbon needｓ eｘａctlｙ two atoms ｏf oxygen ｔo combｉnｅ with, to ｐroduｃe the CO2, and ｅvｅry twｏaｔｏms of ｈydrｏgen need an atｏm ｏf oxygen tｏcombine wiｔｈｔo proｄuce ｔhｅH２O． If thｅ pｒｏportiｏns ｏf thｅ reactaｎtｓarｅ nｏｔ reｓpecｔed, when ｔhey arｅ foｒｃｅd ｔｏreacｔ, eitheｒ not all oｆｔhe ｓuｂstance used wilｌparticipate in tｈe re ａｃｔion, or the reａctiｏｎ that wｉll take pｌace ｗilｌbｅ dｉｆfｅｒent ｆｒom tｈe ｏne noteｄin ｔhｅ equatｉon.. 什么是化学反应 一个化学反应发生在物质（反应物）碰撞有足够的能量去重新排列,形成不同的化合物(产品）。当反应发