公共管理学(英文)

第一章

1、There has been a transformation in the management of the public sectors of advanced countries. 发达国家公共部门的管理经历了一场转变。

2、This new paradigm poses a direct challenge to several of what had previously been regarded as fundamental principles of traditional public administration.

这种新的典范对曾被认为是公共行政的一些基本的、几乎是永恒的原理提出了直接的挑战。

3、All these points will be discussed at greater length later,but the main point is there has been total change in a profession that saw little change for around a hundred years.

虽然上述一切都值得深入探讨，这里强调的主要一点是，在100年来很少发生变化的公共部门职业领域，如今已经发生了全面的变革。

4、There is some debate over whether or not public management,particularly the new public management,is a new paradigm for public sector management.

这里有一些争论，关于是否公共管理,特别是新公共管理是公共部门管理的新典范。

5、Some argue that paradigm is large hurdle to jump,requiring agreement among all a discipline's practitioners -- a more or less permanent way of looking at the world.

一些人认为典范是巨大的障碍,需要协议在所有学科的实践者——或多或少永久看待世界的方式。

6、The basic paradigm for public sector management are those following from Ostrom's argument that there are two opposing forms of organization:bureaucracy and markets.公共部门管理的基本模式是遵循从奥斯特罗姆的论点,有两种对立的组织形式:官僚主义和市场。

7、The public management paradigm has the very different underlying theoretical bases of economics and private management.

公共管理范式有非常不同的经济和私人管理的基础理论依据。

第二章

1、What is here called the traditional model of public administration was once a major reform movement.这里所指的传统的公共行政模式在从前曾是一场重要的改革运动。

2、The traditional model of public administration remains the longest standing and most successful theory of management in the public sector,but is now being replace.

传统的公共行政模式目前仍是公共部门中持续时间最长并且最成功的管理理论，但是它正在被逐渐取而代之。

3、Public administration has a long history,one paralleling the very notion of government.

公共行政有一个漫长的历史，它与政府的概念和文明的兴起同步发展。

4、Administrative systems existed in ancient Egypt to administer irrigation from the annual flood of the Nile and to bulid the pyramids.公认的行政系统出现在古埃及，主要是为了治理尼罗河每年度的洪水、管理灌溉和建造金字塔

5、In Europe the various Empires - Greek, Roman,Holy Roman,Spanish and so on - were,above all,administrative empires,controlled from the centre by rules and procedures.

在欧洲，各个帝国——希腊、罗马、神圣罗马、西班牙等等——首先是“行政的”帝国，由中央根据规则和程序实行控制。

6、In the United States for most of the nineteenth century,there existed what was termed the spoils systems of administration,derived from the saying,'to the victor belong the spoils'.

在18世纪的大部分时期内，美国存在着行政上的“政党分赃制”，它来自于这样一种言论：“战利品属于胜利者”。

7、In other words,there is no specific expertise involved in public administration nor is there any

reason that the administration of government should persist when its political complexion changes.换句话说，既没有要求与公共行政相关的特殊技能，也没有任何理由表明，当政局变化时，政府的行政部门可以保持不变。

8、Eventually,the inherent problems of earlier forms of administration led to changes in the latter part of the nineteenth century and to the reforms associated with the traditional model of administration.早期行政形式的内在问题最终引起19世纪末发生的变化，产生了与传统的行政模式有关的变革。

第三章1、A particular theoretical criticism put forward by Pollitt is that managerialism represents a revival of the scientific management ideas of Frederick Taylor discussed earlier.

波利特所进行的理论批评中有一点较为独特，他认为管理主义代表了弗雷德里克?泰勒的科学管理思想的回归，我们在前面的章节中已探讨这一理论。

2、In this comment Pollitt sees managerialism as the direct descendant of Taylor's scientific management,which,in his view,is contrary to the wisdoms of the human relations school.

在这段评论中，波利特认为，管理主义是泰勒的科学管理思想的直接继承者，而后者在他看来，则是与人际关系学派的至理名言完全相抵触。

3、Managerialists do propose to measure performance and may have imitated the private sector in taking a more hard-nosed approach to the social-psychological side of organizational behaviour.

管理主义的确主张对组织绩效进行测量，而且在其不懈地采用社会心理学的组织行为学方法方面，管理主义或许就是在效仿私营部门。

4、As discussed earlier,Taylor did believe in picking people for particular jobs,rewarding them according to performance and measuring what they did.

如上所述，泰勒的确是因事设人，对员工的工作进行测量并根据其工作绩效支付报酬。

5、Taylor' system was perfectly attuned to a formalized bureaucracy and this was why it was adopted so enthusiastically by public services in the early part of the century.泰勒体质与正规的官僚制非常吻合，这也正是20世纪初公共服务领域会广泛而大量地采用其做法的原因所在。第四章1、What government should or should not do needs to be of fundamental concern to public managers. 公共管理者所关注的基本问题是政府应该做什么和不应该做什么。

2、All government activities require organization and staff-the public or civil service.

所有的政府活动,要求组织和人员——公众或公务员。

3、Since the mid - 1970s,most OECD nations have undertaken a reassessment of the role of their public sectors.自70年代中期以来，大多数经济合作与发展组织的成员国开始对它们在公共部门的角色进行重新衡量。

4、Governments have a variety of roles and their full scope is not easily measured.

政府具有不同的角色，其整个活动的范围是很难测量的。

5、It is increasingly realized that good government is needed for economic development.

人们越来越意识到良好的政府对经济发展是必要的。

6、The debate is now not whether governments should have no role,but what that role should be. 但问题不在于政府是否应该有角色，而在于决定政府的角色是什么。

7、There is a broader ideological subtext behind particular arguments about the public sector.

在关于公共部门特别是在争论背后有着广泛的思想方面背景。

8、The attacks on the scale,scope and methods of the public sector gave credence to measures to reduce government and change its management.

公共部门在规模、范围和方法的攻击给了减少政府和改变其管理的措施的信心。

第五章1、Public enterprise was for a long time an important part of the public sector in most

developed or developing countries(Farazmand,1996),but,with privatization,the size and importance of the sector is declining.

在大多数发达国家和发展中国家，公共企业在很长一段时间内成为公共部门重要的组成部分，然而，随着民营化浪潮的兴起，其规模和重要程度正逐步下降。

2、Public enterprises were the first target of those aiming to reduce the size of the public sector in the 1980s.20世纪80年代，缩减公共部门规模首先针对的就是公共企业。

3Pubilc enterprises always had particular management problems,including accountability,regulation,social and industrial policies,investment policy,and financial controls.

公共企业在管理上往往会碰到一些特殊的问题，如它应承担的责任、对它本身的管制、社会和产业政策的制定、投资政策的制定及财务控制等。

4、The first point refers to services,which are desired,but will not be adequately provided by the markets.第一，市场失灵是说市场不能满足社会需求。

5、The second point - the structure of pay-offs - means altering the benefits received by particular individuals or groups.第二，改变支付结构就是要改变特殊个人或群体所获得的利益。

6、The third point - centralized long-term planning - is a motivation used in some countries.

第三，中央集权的长期经济计划被一些国家用做激励手段。

7、The fourth point - to change the economy from capitalist to socialist - has been a major factor in some countries.第四，将资本主义经济转变为社会主义经济在有些国家是重要因素。

8、In sum,there has been no single consistent governmental aim for using public enterprise.

总之，建立公共企业没有一个单一的、一成不变的政府目标。

第六章1、By the early 1970s,some involved in the study of public policy consciously and deliberately distanced themselves from the discipline of public administration.

20世纪70年代早期，有关公共政策的研究有意识地将它与公共行政领域区分开来。

2、The argument here is that there are now two public policy approaches,each with its own concerns and emphases.

此处的争议在于，现在有两种公共政策的方法，每一种均有其自身的关注点和所强调的重点。

3、The public policy movement is important to the study of the public sector even though it may have lost some impetus recently.

即使近来公共政策运动已经失去了推动作用，但它对公共部门的研究仍然十分重要。

4、There are differences in definition between the policy analysis and political public policy schools.政策分析和政治性的公共政策学派之间对公共政策的定义存在一定的分歧。

5、These points set out what the more formal,policy analysis,approach aims to do.

这些论述表明了较正规的政策分析方法的目标所在。

6、Key features of this definition are first,that public policy is the output of government.

此定义的关键特征是：第一，公共政策是政府的“输出信号”。

7、It is rather more difficult to separate public policy from political science and sometimes it would be hard to decide whether a particular study is one of public policy or politics.

将公共政策从政治科学中区分出来尤其困难，并且很难断定某项特殊的研究到底是属于公共政策还是属于政治学。

第七章1、The traditional model of administration was criticized earlier for its inward foucs and short-term perspective.较早以前，传统的行政模式因其过分关注内部问题及其短视行为而遭到批评。2、The traditional model of public administration required little conception of strategy;serious forward planning was either not carried out or carried out in rather limited ways.

传统的公共行政模式对战略概念的要求较低，审慎的、前瞻性的计划根本未被落实或以极为

有限的方式加以落实。

3、Using strategic concepts in the public sector is one way to address these shortcomings.

战略概念在公共部门里的运用是克服这些缺点的一种方法。

4、Without strategy an organization lacks direction.

对任何组织而言，没有战略就等于没有了方向。

5、'Strategy' is a term deriving from the military;it refers to the objective of winning the war,as opposed to 'tactics' - the lower-level objective of winning a particular battle.

“战略”一词源于军事术语，本意指实现战争胜利的目标，与此相对应的是“战术”——使具体战斗获得胜利的较低层次的目标。

6、Even given the intrinsic attraction of strategic concepts in the private sector,it is really only in the immediate post-war period when they begin to be applied in a coherent way.虽然战略观念在私营部门里有内在的吸引力，但它真正以连贯的形式被运用还是在战后时期。

7、There are three forms of strategic planning identified by Hax and Majluf and these have some points in common.海克斯和马吉鲁夫把战略计划分成三种形式，它们有某种共同点。

8、The mission of the business includes a clear definition of current and expected business scope,products,markets and expectation over a period of a few years.

企业任务包括对现行与预期的企业前景、产品、市场以及数年时间内的预测做出明确的规定。

9、The environmental scan involves the detailed assessment of the organization's interal strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats.

环境监测包括了对组织内部的优势、薄弱环节、机会和威胁进行的翔实评价。

10、Objectives are more specific aims resulting from the mission and environmental scan.

目标是任务和环境监测基础之上的更加具体的指向。

11、From the mission,environmental scan,and specified objectives,a business strategy plan is derived for both the short and longer term,combined with resource allocation and performance measures.根据任务、环境监测及一定的目标，企业战略计划是从短期计划和长期计划发展而来的，并且与资源配置和绩效测评结合在一起。

12、In the 1980s,strategic planning started to be replaced by 'strategic management',a more refined form that incorporates the strategic planning function,but extends it much further.

80年代，战略管理逐渐取代了战略计划，它更精确和细致，包含了战略计划的功能，但所包含的内容又要比战略计划深远得多。

13、Strategic management aims to extend the strategic vision throughout all units of organization,encompassing every administrative system.

战略管理旨在将战略观念贯穿于组织的所有部分，并包含每个行政体系。

14、It is easy to see that strategic management fits the private sector and,if implemented well,would provide a company with an information base to make decisions that would not necessarily arise from normal operations.战略管理极适合于私人部门，这是显而易见的，若实施有力，就会为企业提供信息基础，做出常规运作方式难以做出的决策。

第八章1、Two main aspects of internal management will be looked at here:personnel management and performance management;financial management will be discussed in the next chapter.

这里看的是内部管理的两个主要方面:人事管理和性能管理;财务管理将在下一章讨论。

2、All these functions existed to various degrees in the traditional model fo administration.

传统的管理模式存在不同程度的这些功能。

3、In organizing and staffing,the manager sets out the structure and procedures and fits staff to the key position.在组织和人员,经理提出了结构和程序以及符合员工的关键位置。

4、There are some advantages to this as a system of personnel administration.

作为一项人事管理制度，它有一些优点。

5、However,as a system of personnel management,there are more problems than benefits.

然而，作为一种人事“管理”制度，它还是弊大于利。

6、Taking recruits only at the base grade initially aimed at training them for a lifetime of service in an unusual occupation.只在最初基础年级带新兵的目的是为了培养他们终生在不同寻常的职业服务。

7、The absence of performance measurement can also lead to other personnel problems.

绩效测评的缺乏还会产生其他的人事问题。

8、A particular personnel problem in Britain was the emphasis placed on general ability rather than upon specific skills deemed relevant to government.在英国，一个特殊的人事管理问题是强调普通的能力，而不是强调据认为与政府有关的具体技能。

9、In the United states, the civil service system also had major problems in developing a management culture as described by Ingraham.

在美国,公务员制度也存在英格拉哈姆所描述的发展中管理文化的主要问题。

10、Personnel systems in the traditional administrative era were obsessed with fairness rather than ability to achieve a result.传统的行政人事制度的时代是痴迷于公平而不是能力实现的结果。

11、t began to be perceived that the personnel system itself did not attract the right people to government service or promote the most able.

一开始是人事制度本身没有正确的吸引或促进最有能力的的人到政府服务。

第九章1、Financial management is,arguably,the most important part of the interal management of government.财政管理或许是政府内部管理中最重要的部分。

2、Financial management in the traditional model of administration was rather primitive.

财政管理在传统的管理模式中是相当原始的。

3、Reforms to financial management have been one of the keys to overall public management reform.财政管理的改革是公共管理综合改革的关键之一。

第十三章1、In the traditional model of administration,accountability at the bureaucratic and political level was supposed to be assured through the party political process alone,usually only at elections.在传统的行政模式中，常认为官僚层次及政治层次的责任机制仅仅是通过党派的政治过程得以实现的，且常常仅通过选举来确立。

2、Secondly,while still remaining accountable to the public through the electoral process,the bureaucracy becoming directly accountable to the public for its own performance.

第二，尽管要等到选举时才能明确官僚制组织应为公众承担的责任，但事实上官僚制组织通过其自身的行为，每天都在直接地面对公众履行自己的责任。

3、Delivering services better,being responsive,offering choice and empowerment offer improved accountability.提供更好的服务，具有反应性，提供更广泛的选择并授权给公民，都将使责任机制得到改进。

4、The private sector is presumed to have clear avenues of accountability available to it,in what is an attempt to ensure a business operates to the benefit of its ultimate owners.人们往往认为私营部门在力图使经营运作实现利润最大化时，总是采用对它而言切实可行的明确责任的方法。

5、The chief executive and other managers are accountable to the board,the board is accountable to the shareholders.总经理及其他管理人员对董事会负责，董事会对股东负责。

6、There are several other accountability devices in the private sector which are not present in the public sector.在私营部门内还有许多其他形式的责任机制。

7、Accountability relationships in the private sector are increasingly seen as a model - the best available practice - for the public sector.\

私营部门内的责任关系日益为公共部门看做是可以利用的最佳模式。

8、Of course,the presumed superiority of private sector accountability is anideal that may not work perfectly in practice.

然而，认为私营部门责任机制有优势只是一种假设，它在实践中运作起来并非完美。

9、It is often argued that governmental institutions are neither responsible nor accountable when compared to the private sector,and that this is one reason for reducing their size and influence.

一般认为，与私营部门比较起来，政府机构既不尽责，也无职责，而这便成了人们要求政府缩减规模、减少其影响的理由。

10、There must be some differences between public and private forms of accountability.

公共部门与私营部门的责任机制间毕竟还有一些差异。