空气中氮氧化物的污染与危害

摘要

本文主要介绍了空气中氮氧化物的来源与危害。氮的氧化物有一氧化氮、二氧化氮、三氧化二氮、四氧化三氮和五氧化二氮等多种形式。大气中的氮氧化物主要以一氧化氮（NO）和二氧化氮（NO

2

）形式存在。一氧化氮为无色、无臭、微

溶于水的气体，在大气中易被氧化为NO

2。NO

2

为棕红色气体，具有强刺激性臭味，

是引起支气管炎等呼吸道疾病的有害物质。大气中的NO和NO

2

可以分别测定，也

可以测定二者的总量。它们主要来源于石化燃料高温燃烧和硝酸、化肥等生产排放的废气，以及汽车排气。测定方法化学发光法，盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法，传感器法，库仑原电池法，阐述了这几种方法的原理，并从优缺点，适用的范围等方面进行了分析对比，为测定以及防治氮氧化物提供了依据。

氮氧化物是评价空气质量的控制标准之一。空气中的氮氧化物主要包括一氧

化氮(NO)和二氧化氮(NO

2

)。据有关部门统计，随着工业化生产的迅猛发展，特别

是煤炭、石油、天然气的大量开采使用，我国多数城市已呈现出NO

x

深度增加的趋势。因此，了解氮氧化物的来源及危害机理，建立适合的氮氧化物的分析方法，了解其变化规律，对环保管理及环境整治，保障人类的生存环境具有重大意义。

Abstract

This paper mainly introduces the source of nitrogen in the air with hazards. Nitrogen oxide have nitric oxide, no2, trioxide nitrogen, four oxidation three nitrogen and five oxidation 2 nitrogen, and other forms. Atmospheric nitrogen oxide mainly nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) form existence. Nitric oxide is a colourless, odourless, slightly soluble in water, the gas in the atmosphere for easy oxidation alters. NO2 gas, strongly for palm red irritating smell, is a cause bronchitic etc respiratory diseases hazardous substances. The atmosphere were determined aubject and NO2 can, also can determine the amount of both. They mainly comes from fossil fuels temperature combustion and nitric acid, fertilizer and other production exhaust emissions, and vehicle exhaust. Determination methods chemiluminescence method, hydrochloric acid naphthalene ethylenediamine spectrophotometry, sensor method, coulomb YuanDianChi method, expatiated on the principle of these methods, and the advantages and disadvantages, applicable range from aspects was analyzed and compared, and the prevention for determination of nitrogen oxide to provide the basis.

No air quality control standard evaluation of one. The air (nitrogen oxide mainly includes nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide alters). According to concerning sectional statistic, along with the rapid development of industrial production, especially coal, oil and gas mass exploitation in most cities use, has presented the NOx depth trend of increase. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of nitrogen oxides origin and harm of nitrogen oxides, establish a suitable analysis methods, understand the change rule, to the environmental protection management and controlling the environment, ensuring human survival environment is of great significance.

Key word: source ；substances ；nitric oxide

目录

前言…………………………………………………………………………………（ 1 ）

1.氮氧化物危害…………………………………………………………………（ 2 ）

2.氮氧化物含量测定……………………………………………………………（ 2 ）

3.化学发光法……………………………………………………………………（ 2 ）3.1化学发光法具有以下几个特点………………………………………………（ 2 ）3.2基本原理………………………………………………………………………（ 3 ）3.3荧光和磷光的产生……………………………………………………………（ 4 ）3.4气相化学发光…………………………………………………………………（ 5 ）3.5液相化学发光…………………………………………………………………（ 6 ）3.6激发光谱和发射光谱…………………………………………………………（ 6 ）3.7测量仪器………………………………………………………………………（ 7 ）3.8分离取样式……………………………………………………………………（ 7 ）3.9流动注射式……………………………………………………………………（ 7 ）3.10影响因素……………………………………………………………………（ 10 ）

3.11化学发光法测定卷烟主流烟气中的氮氧化物……………………………（ 10 ）

4.盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法…………………………………………………（15 ）4.1盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法的特点…………………………………………（ 15 ）4.2基本原理……………………………………………………………………（ 16 ）4.3测定…………………………………………………………………………（ 16 ）

4.4车间空气中氧化氮的盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度测定方法…………………（ 17 ）

5.库仑电池法……………………………………………………………………（20 ）

6.传感器法………………………………………………………………………（ 20 ）

7.总结……………………………………………………………………………（ 20 ）参考文献…………………………………………………………………………（ 22 ）致谢辞……………………………………………………………………………（ 23 ）