英语语言学导论复习题
英语语言学导论复习题 Revised as of 23 November 2020
语言学导论复习
一．名词解释
transcription(宽式音标):Broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.
[.kmp'nenl]analysis（成分分析）: Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists[s'm?ntsist] to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. （中介语；过渡语）：Proposed by S. Pit Corder and Larry Selinker, the concept of interlanguage was est ablished as learners’ independent system of the second language which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum [kn'tinjum]or approximation [.prksi'mein] n. 接近，近似from his native language to the target language.
& performance(语言能力和语言行为)：Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
5. Context（语境）: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer, such as cultural background, situation, the relationship between the speaker and the hearer, etc.
Acquisition(语言习得)：Language acquisition r efers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, . how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.
Hypothesis [hai'pθisis]（萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说）:Sapir and Whorf, proclaimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave. Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters过滤people’s perception感官，观念 and the way they categorize分类 experiences. This interdependence互相依赖of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.
Acquisition Device(语言习得机制)：The linguist Noam Chomsky claims that human beings are biologically [bai'ldikli] 生物学地programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking. Originally Chomsky referred to this innate天生的ability as Language Acquisition Device, (also known as LAD). 二．论述题
1. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning
(1) The naming theory命名论
One of the oldest notions concerning meaning, and also the most primitive one, was the naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. The view holds that words are just names or labels称谓
for things.
(2) The conceptualist view 概念论 This view holds
that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to . between language and the real world); rather, in the
interpretation解释 of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.
(3)Contextualism语境论
The view holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context — elements closely linked with language behaviour.
(4)Behaviorism行为主义论
Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the“situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls
forth唤起，引起in the hearer”.(Bloomfield)
2. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example. According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts when speaking: locutionary [lu'kju:nri]act(言内行为), illocutionary act(言外行为) , and perlocutionary act. (言后行为)
A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and
phonology.An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.
For example:“You have left the door wide open.” The locutionary act is the saying of it with its literal meaning: you have left the door open. The illocutionary act can be a request of the hearer to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context. The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance. It can be the hearer’s closing the door or his refusal to comply with the request.
3. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system
Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.
(1)Arbitrariness(任意性)
This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. However, language is not entire arbitrary; certain words are motivated. Some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the vocabulary of a language.
(2)Productivity (能产性)
Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. Productivity is unique to human language.
(3)Duality（二层性）
Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. This duality of structure of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge.
(4) Displacement（移位性）
Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.
(5) Cultural transmission（文化传承性）
We were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. The process whereby凭借conj. language is passed
on from one generation to the next is described as cultural transmission. Language is culturally transmitted. In contrast, animal call systems are genetically transmitted基因遗传.