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第五章 -动词和动词词组（1）
时，体和将来时间
5.0.2 时&体 Tense & Aspects
时Tense
pre-modified by an auxiliary. 5.1 Tense
5.2 Aspect 体
体Aspect: Reflect the way in which verb action is regarded or experienced with
5.2.3 Present perfect& Present Perfect Progress 现在完成体&现在完成进行体Basically used to denote a relation between the past and the present,
5.2.4 The past perfect 过去完成体& The past perfect progressive过去完成进行体
Progressive verb & Non-progressive verb
5.3Future
英语中没有“将来时”,但是可用几种不同的方式表达。
Future
1.Will / Shall do sth.
1.表预见性,侧重于说话者的假设，对未来状况的预计。(speaker oriented)
I don’t think it will rain tomorrow. / Work harder, or you will never pass the exam.
2.非预见性，表示说话者的意愿，意图。（Subject oriented）
I will never talk to him.
2.Be going to do sth
1.预见性
2.非预见性
表非预见性时，可以与WILL互换.
Difference between Will and Be going to
1.预见性
Be going to : 根据一定的证据对未来作出的推测。
Will：说话者的随意猜想推测。
2.非预见性
Be going to: 接人物主语时，表示一个已经考虑好了的意图。
Will: 可表示在说话同时出现在说话者脑中的新想法。
3.Present Progressive 现在进行体。（见现在进行体）
1.与计划相关的未来事情。暗示要为将来发生的事做些准备。与be going to可互换。比其更有可
能性。Beijing is hosting the Olympic. 与Be going to可互换，比Be going to可能性更大。
*未来相关的事不包括人类力不能及的事情。
4.Simple Present 一般现在时
1.表示未来坚定不移会发生的事情。
Tomorrow is Friday.
Possibility:
Simple Present > Present Progressive > Be going to > Will
5.另一些表将来时的结构
1.Will be doing sth.
1.将来持续性的时间。I’ll be waiting for you ..
2.认为将来理所当然要发生的事情，帮助避免了自主选择的尴尬.
I’ll be driving at 65 miles an hour. （表示65公里时限速）
I‘ll driving at 65 miles an hour. (sounds like a promise)
2.Be about to do
1. A Near future The bus is about to come.
2.用在过去时中，表示一个马上要完成但是没有完成的动作.
I was about to leave when she came.
3.Be to do sth.
1.与present progressive 现在进行体相似，表示一个将来的安排或者计划。
The major is to visit our school tomorrow.
2.表示Must
You are to finish your homework before you can watch TV.
6.表示假设，虚拟
1.Simple Past :
表示与现实相反，或说话者的意愿，（非独立句，需用if引导）：
If I were a boy.
2.The Past Progressive
It’s time we were leaving. / I’d rather we were leaving early tomorrow morning. 3.The Past perfect
假设过去没有发生的事情。
If you had worked harder, you wouldn’t have lost the job.
I wish you hadn’t told her the news. / I had wanted to call, but my phone broke down.
7.礼貌用语
1.Simple Past 表委婉
Did you understand?
2.The Past progressive + Hope / Wonder 比一般过去时更加礼貌。
I was hoping you could do us a fever.
8.连词Conjunction
1.Already and Yet
Already – Positive Yet – Negative
2.Just or Now
Not in combination, can be used with Present Perfect. Just now, denoting resent past.
He was here just now.
3.For
Used with Durative verbs, as “Live, read, work”.
4.Since Do not take negative form.
Momentary verb Marks the starting point denoted by the Present Perfect.
The Durative verb, refers to a state leading up to that point of time.
He has had several jobs since he graduated for Yale.
He has had several jobs since he was a student at Yale.
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