英语名词知识点讲解

英语名词知识点讲解
英语名词知识点讲解

Lesson 1 名词

定义:名词(noun),缩写为n. 是人和事物的名称,如pen(钢笔),English(英语),life(生活)。

1、名词的分类

名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词(Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:

1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。

2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。

3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。

4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。

个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:

3、名词复数的不规则变化

1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth

mouse---mice man---men woman---women

注意:与man 和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men 和-women。

如:an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。

2)单复同形如:

deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese

li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin

但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:

a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters

3)集体名词

只在动词使用时区分,如果将名词所表示的集体是为一个整体,则位于动词用单数;

如果将名词表示的集体是为分散的个体,位于动词则用复数。如:

The class is small. 这是小班。

The whole class are working very hard at English. 这个班上的学生学习英语很刻苦。

4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:

a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。

b. news 是不可数名词。

c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。

The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。

d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。

"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.

<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。

5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,永远以复数形式出现如:glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes

若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers

6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,且只能在表示不同种类时采

用复数,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼

4、不可数名词量的表示

1)物质名词

a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。

比较:Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)

These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)

b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数。

This factory produces steel.(不可数)

We need various steels.(可数)

2)抽象名词有时也可数。

four freedoms 四大自由

the four modernizations四个现代化

物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。

如:

a glass of water 一杯水

a piece of advice一条建议

5、名词所有格

名词所有格(possessive case)表示人或物的所属关系。主要有三种形式:’s形式,of +名词形式和双重所有格形式

1)’s形式所有格

即:表示有生命的东西的名词的所有格

表示有生命的东西的名词(人或动物)的末尾,加上's,即构成所有格,可放在另一名词之前,作定语用。如:

John's friend约翰的朋友

Xiao Wang's notebook小王的笔记本

children's books儿童读物

my father's room我父亲的房间

注意形式1)单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如the boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所,children’s book 儿童读物。

2)若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加"'",如:the workers' struggle工人的斗争。

2)of +名词形式

常用于没有生命的事物:the title of the song 歌的名字

3)双重所有格形式

即结合上述两种形式"of+名词所有格" ,表示部分观念或感情色彩。

(1)表示部分观念:

a friend of my sister's (= one of my sister's friends)我妹妹的一个朋友;

a picture of Mr. Wu's吴先生(具有的照片中)的一张照片(比较:a picture of Mr. Wu 吴先生本人的照片,即照片上是吴先生的像)。

(2)表示感情色彩:

this lovely child of your aunt's你婶母的这个可爱的孩子

名词所有格所修饰的词的省略

名词所有格所修饰的词,如果前面已经提到,往往可以省略,以免重复。如:

The dictionary is not mine, but Xiao Wang's.这本词典不是我的,是小王的。

名词所有格后面指地点等的名词,有的习惯上可省去不用。如:

I met him at the Johnson's (shop).我在约翰逊商店遇见了他。

I went to my uncle's (house) yesterday.我昨天到我叔叔家去

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