刘计良外文翻译
济南大学泉城学院
毕业设计外文资料翻译
题目现代快速经济制造模具技术
专业机械制造及其自动化
班级专升本1302班
学生刘计良
学号2013040156
指导教师刘彦
二〇一五年三月十六日
Int J Adv Manuf Technol ,(2011) 53:1–10DOI 10.1007/s00170-010-2796-y
Modular design applied to beverage-container
injection molds
Jan Musil, Martin Zatloukal
Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Nad
Ovcirnou 3685, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic]
Modular design applied to beverage-container
injection molds
The Abstract: This work applies modular design concepts to designating beverage-container injection molds. This study aims to develop a method of controlling costs and time in relation to mold development, and also to improve product design. This investigation comprises two parts: functional-ity coding, and establishing a standard operation procedure, specifically designed for beverage-container injection mold design and manufacturing. First, the injection mold is divided into several modules, each with a specific function. Each module is further divided into several structural units possessing sub-function or sub-sub-function. Next, dimen-sions and specifications of each unit are standardized and a compatible interface is constructed linking relevant units. This work employs a cup-shaped beverage container to experimentally assess the performance of the modular design approach. The experimental results indicate that the modular design approach to manufacturing injection molds shortens development time by 36% and reduces costs by 19 23% compared with the conventional ap-proach. Meanwhile, the information on modularity helps designers in diverse products design. Additionally, the functionality code helps effectively manage and maintain products and molds.
Keywords :Beverage container、Injection mold、Modular design、Product family
1.Introduction
Recently, growing market competition and increasingly diverse customer demand has forced competitors to increase the speed at which they deliver new products to the market. However, developing a mold for mass produc-tion requires considering numerous factors, including product geometry, dimensions, and accuracy, leading to long product development time. Introducing modular design concepts into product design appears a key mean of facilitating product development, since it increases design flexibility and shortens delivery time [1–4]. Mean-while, a high level of product modularity enhances product innovativeness, flexibility, and customer services [5].
Modularity is to subdivide a complex product into modules that can be independently created and then are easily used interchangeably [6, 7]. There are three general fields where modularity could be implemented including modularity in design (MID), modularity in use (MIU), and modularity in production (MIP) [8]. MID involves stan-dardizing basic structural units which perform specific functions, thus facilitating flexible assembly of various products [9, 10]. MID can reveal product structure, namely the relationship among different products. Related products are termed product family and include both basic and specific functions. Developing product families offers benefits in terms of multi-purpose design and thus reduces production costs [11, 12]. MIU is consumer-driven decom-position of a product with a view to satisfying the ease of use and individually. MIP enables the factory floor to pre-combine a large number of components into modules and these modules to be assembled off-line and then brought onto the main assembly line to be incorporated into a small and simple series of tasks.
MID has been broadly applied to numerous areas and has exerted significant effects in terms of cost reduction and design diversity [13, 14]. However, there is limited empirical research that has applied modular design to molds [15–18]. This study thus aims to reduce mold development time by applying modular design and develop a standard operation procedure for designing beverage-container injection molds, which are characterized by scores or even hundreds of components.
2.General procedures of designing injection molds
Basically, an injection mold set consists of two primary components, the female mold and the male mold. The molten plastic enters the cavity through a sprue in the female mold. The sprue directs the molten plastic flowing through runners and entering gates and into the cavity geometry to form the desired part. Sides of the part that appear parallel with the direction of the mold opening are typically angled slightly to ease rejection of the part from the mold. The draft angle required for mold release is primarily dependent on the depth of the cavity and the shrinkage rate of plastic materials. The mold is usually designed so that the molded part reliably remains on the male mold when it opens. Ejector pins or ejector plate is placed in either half of the mold, which pushes the finished molded product or runner system out of a mold. The standard method of cooling is passing a coolant through a series of holes drilled through the mold plates andconnected by hoses to form a continuous pathway. The coolant absorbs heat from the mold and keeps the mold at a proper temperature to solidify the plastic at the most efficient rate. To ease maintenance and venting, cavities and cores are divided into pieces,
called inserts. By substituting interchangeable inserts, one mold may make several variations of the same part.
General mold design process contains two parts [19]: part design and mold design. The part design process contains five major procedures: defining main pulling direction, defining core and cavity, calculating shrinkage rate, defining draft angle, and then defining parting line. The mold design process mainly includes choosing a mold base, positioning the molded part, designing core and cavity, designing components, designing coolant channels, creating returning pin, adding ejector pin, creating gate and runner, adding locating ring and sprue bushing in sequence.
3. Applying modular design for beverage containers
This study applies modular design to beverage-container injection molds via a five stage process, as follows: (1) product classification and machine specifications, (2) division of injection molds into modules based on func-tionality, (3) division of individual modules into multiple units with sub-functions, and the relationship between design and assembly for each unit, (4) standardization of structural units, and (5) coding of standard structural units. These individual processes are detailed below.
Duration of modular mold
development process
Cost on of conventional mold
down pment process
efficient process
deliveryMaterials machiningCNC Milling Turning treatmentHeat product-Semi
EDM
cuttingWire Polishing Texture Product
ntional mold development process
ion of working hours ar mold development
s
Fig. 2 Comparison of conventional and modular mold development processes
3.1 Product classification and machine specifications
This step classifies all of the beverage containers based on their geometry and dimensions, and selects the machine with the most suitable specifications for production. There are five major qualifications for an injection molding machine, including sufficient mold clamping force, suffi-cient theoretical shot volume, sufficient distance between tie bars, sufficient range of mold thickness, and sufficient mold clamping stroke.
3.2 Division of injection molds into modules based on functionality
This step divides a mold set into several modules with individual functions. The principles of division include general rule, division rule, applicability rule, and inter-change rule. In general rule, modules must contain all the functions of beverage-container injection molds. In division rule, each functional module must contain at least one fundamental function and each unit must fulfill its own specific functions. As to applicability rule, units fulfilling a single function are preferred. For interchange rule, funda-mental units should be interchangeable among modules after dividing molds into product families.
3.3 Division of a module into multiple units
with sub-function and the relationship between design and assembly for each unit Figure 1 illustrates the structure of a beverage-container mold that includes several functional modules. The func-tions of individual modules are further extended to the structural unit via
sub-functions or sub-sub-functions. The divided modules include clamping module, hot-runner module, molding module, ejecting module, and guiding module. The clamping module functions for precisely positioning individual units and modules on an injection molding machine. The hot-runner module is to maintain the flowability of molten plastics via heating. The molding module controls the geometry and dimensional accuracy of injection-molded parts. The ejecting module ejects injection-molded parts from the mold cavity. The guiding module works for accurately positioning the female and male molds during mold closing.
3.3.1 Geometrical design of structural elements
Standard structural elements are prepared into semi-finished products that fulfill the geometrical outlines of finished products, thus significantly shortening manufacturing mold delivery time. Figure 2illustrates the comparison between the modularity design mold development process and the conventional process. Standard structural elements are fast to produce since they are pre-manufactured into general shapes and require minimal manufacturing to yield a finished product.
Figure 3 shows the geometrical design of the beverage containers examined in this study. The mold insert that best correspondents with the product shape has a simple geometrical shape. For example, the cylinder and the cuboid represent cup-type and basin-type containers,
respectively. The remaining components are modularized to facilitate their effective integration into a complete set of injection molds in a manner similar to stacking playing blocks. 4．References
[1] L. P. Karpov. Low-distortion quenching in inert gases[J]. Metal Science and Heat Treatment, 1974,
15(10).
[2] Vladislav Hojovec, Luděk Jokl, J. Ka?par. Relation between the extreme angular and areal distortion in cartographic representation[J]. Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, 1981, 25(2).
[3] Chaloupkova K., Zatloukal M.. Effect of die design on die drool phenomenon for metallocene based LLDPE: Theoretical and experimental investigation[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2009, 111(4).
[4] J Musil, M Zatloukal. Effect of die exit geometry on internal die drool phenomenon during linear HDPE melt extrusion[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2013, 56(1-2).
[5] Musil J., Zatloukal M.. Effect of die exit geometry on internal die drool phenomenon during linear HDPE melt extrusion[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2013, 56(1-2).
[6] Jan Musil, Martin Zatloukal. Effect of die exit geometry on internal die drool phenomenon during linear HDPE melt extrusion[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2013, 56(1-2).
[7] Zafarullah Khan. Fracture Surface Analysis in HDPE Pipe Material Fatigued at Different Temperatures and Loading Frequencies[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2012, 21(7).
[8] Han-Xiong Huang. HDPE/PA-6 blends: Influence of screw shear intensity and HDPE melt viscosity on phase morphology development[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2005, 40(7).
[9] J. Suwanprateeb, P. Trongtong. Radiation enhanced modification of HDPE for medical
applications[J]. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2003, 14(10).
[10] Xue-qin Gao, Cong Deng, Jing Xu et al.. Effect of melt vibration on structure and mechanical
Int J Adv Manuf Technol ,(2011) 53:1–10DOI 10.1007/s00170-010-2796-y
适用于饮料容器注塑模具模块化设计
贾恩·穆齐尔，马丁Zatloukal
中心聚合物体系，大学研究所，托马斯巴塔大学兹林，河畔Ovcirnou 3685，
760 01兹林，捷克共和国
Modular design applied to beverage-container
injection molds
摘要：这项工作采用模块化的设计理念，以设计饮料容器注塑模具为例。这项研究的目的是以模具开发为例，控制有关的生产成本和时间，并且还提高产品设计的方法。本次调查由两部分组成：功能
性调查，并建立标准作业的程序，并为饮料容器注塑模具的设计和制造做好准备。首先，注模被分成
多个模块，每个部分都具有特定的功能。每个模块被进一步分成几个结构单元具有子功能或子子功能。接下来，操作每个单元的接口连接构造有关部件。这项工作中使用的杯形的饮料容器，以实验评估的
模块化设计方法的作为依据。实验结果表明，该模块化设计方法来制造注塑模具缩短开发时间的36％，并减少了与传统的AP-proach相比19 23％的成本。同时，模块化的信息可以帮助设计人员在不同的
产品设计。此外，该功能代码可以帮助有效地管理和维护产品和模具。
关键词：空白饮料容器、注塑模具、模块化设计。
1.引言
最近，越来越多的市场竞争和日益多样化的客户需求已经迫使竞争对手在竞争中处于劣势，以增加在他们提供新的产品推向市场的速度。然而，全国大规模的开发生产模具需要考虑许多因素，包括产品的几何形状，尺寸和精度，从而导致比较长的产品开发时间。引入模块化的设计理念融入产品设计中出现有利于产品发展的关键因素，因为它增加了设计的灵活性，缩短交货时间[1-4]。产品模块化高水平提高也增加了产品创新性，柔韧性，和客户服务[5]。
模块化是将一个复杂的产品可以细分很多部分并分别独立地创建，然后模块易于互换使用[6,7]。一般有三种，其中模块化可以实现包括模块化设计（MID），模块化使用（MIU），和模块的生产（MIP）[8]。 MID它执行特定功能的基本结构单元，从而有利于各种产品的组合装配[9,10]。 MID可揭示产品的结构，即不同的产品之间的关系。相关产品被称为产品系列，其中包括基本编号和具体功能。开发的产品系列提供福利的多用途设计方面，从而降低生产成本[11，12]。 MIU是一个产品，以满足使用的方便性和单独地消费驱动DECOM位上。 MIP使工厂车间预先结合了大量的部件成模块和这些模块进行组装离线再运到主组装线被纳入一个小而简单的一系列组装任务。
MID已被广泛应用于许多领域，并在降低成本和设计上体现出的多样性[13，14]方面显著影响。但是，仅限于已应用于模块化设计，模具[15-18]实证研究。因此本研究的目的是通过施加的模块化设计，以减少模具的开发时间和开发用于设计饮料容器注塑模具，其特征是几十甚至几百个组件的标准操作步骤。
2.设计注塑模具的一般程序
基本上，注射模具组由两个主要部分组成，在定模和动模。熔化的塑料通过在动模浇口进入型腔。浇道引导熔融塑料流过流道和进入浇口，并进入型腔的几何形状以形成所需的部分。出现与模具开口的方向平行的部分的两侧，通常成角度稍稍缓解拒绝将部件从模具。所需的脱模角度主要取决于空腔的深度和塑料材料的收缩率。模具通常被设计基本以使得模制部件可靠地保留在阳模打开为目标。顶针或顶出板被放置在模具中，其推动成品模塑制品或浇道制出的模具的任意一半。冷却的标准方法是通过一个冷却剂通过一系列孔穿过模具板钻孔并通过软管连接以形成连续的通路。冷却剂从模具吸收热量，并保持在模具在适当的温度以固化的塑料中的最有效的速率冷却。为了便于维修和通风，型腔和型芯被划分成片，被称为插片。通过替换可互换的插片，一个模具可作出相同的部分的几种变形。
一般的模具设计过程包括两部分[19]：零件设计和模具设计。该部分设计过程包含五个主要步骤：确定主要拉伸方向，确定型芯和型腔，计算收缩率，确定拔模斜度，然后确定分型面。模具设计过程主要包括选择一个模座，定位成型零件，设计型芯和型腔，设计组件，设计冷却剂通道，创建返回针，加顶针，创建浇口，流道，增加定位圈和浇口套顺序。
3.应用模块化设计，饮料容器
本研究应用的模块化设计，以饮料容器注塑模具通过5阶段的过程，具体如下：（1）产品的分类和机器的规格，注塑模具（2）划分成基于FUNC-族体模块，单个的（3）划分模块为多个单元用的子功能，并且对每个单元的设计和组件之间的关系，（4）标准化的结构单元，以及（5）编码标准的结构单元。
Duration of modular mold
development process
Cost on of conventional mold
down pment process
efficient process
deliveryMaterials machiningCNC Milling Turning treatmentHeat product-Semi
EDM cuttingWire Polishing Texture Product
ntional mold development process
ion of working hours ar mold development
s
3.1产品分类和机规格
这一步的所有分类是基于其几何形状和尺寸的饮料容器，并选择适当的机器设备提供最合适的规格生产。注射模制机有五大主要因素，包括足够的合模力，足够的理论注射量，系杆，足够的合模模具厚度之间有足够的距离和足够的合模行程。
3.2注塑模具成模块根据功能分区
这一步把一个模具设置成几个模块，各个模块都有不同的功能。分工的原则包括一般规则，主要是划分规则，适用规则，互变规律。在一般情况下，模块必须包含的饮料容器的注塑模具的所有功能。在分割的规则，各功能模块必须包含至少一个基本功能，每个单元必须履行其自己的特定功能。至于适用规则，单位履行单一的功能是首选。对于交换规则，丰达，心理单位应划分到模具产品系列后，模块之间可以互换。
3.3一个模块分成多个单位
图1示出一个饮料容器的模具，其包括几个功能模块的结构。所述FUNC-系统蒸发散单个模块被进一步扩展到通过子功能或子子功能的结构单元。划分模块包括夹紧模块，热流道模块，成型模块，弹出模块，引导模块。夹紧模块功能用于精确定位的注塑成型机上的各个单元和模块。热浇道模块是保持熔化塑料通过加热流动性。成型模块控制的几何形状和注塑部件的尺寸精度。喷射模块喷射注塑成形零件从所述模腔中。指导模块的工作原理进行模具闭合期间精确地定位雌雄模具。
3.3.1结构元件的几何设计
标准的结构元素制成的满足成品的几何轮廓半成品，从而缩短显著制造模具的交货时间。图2示出了模块化设计模具开发过程和常规方法之间的比较。标准结构元件是快速产生，因为它们是预先制造成一般的形状和需要最少的制造，以产生一个成品。
图3示出检查在本研究中的饮料容器的几何设计。模具镶嵌件，随着产品的形状的确定最好有一个简单的几何形状。例如，所述气缸和长方体表示杯型和盆型容器，分别将其余的组件模块化，方便他们有效地融入类似堆叠打块的方式一套完整的注塑模具。
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外文翻译-数据库管理系统—剖析
Database Management System Source：Database and Network Journal Author：David Anderson You know that a data is a collection of logically related data elements that may be structured in various ways to meet the multiple processing and retrieval needs of orga nizations and individuals. There’s nothing new about data base-early ones were chiseled in stone, penned on scrolls, and written on index cards. But now database are commonly recorded on magnetically media, and computer programs are required to perform the necessary storage and retrieval operations. The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with created, accessing, and maintaining database records is in a DBMS package establish an interface between the database itself and the users of the database. (These users may be applications programmers, managers and others with information needs, and various OS programmers.) A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements from the database. This capability enables decision makers to search. Probe, and query data contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports. These questions might initially be vague and/or poorly defined, but people can “browse” through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “manage” the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who aren’t programmers. In a file-oriented system, users needing special information may communicate their needs to a programmers, who, when time permits, will information. The availability of a DBMS, however, offers users a much faster alternative communications patch (see figure). Special, direct, and other file processing approaches ate used to organize and structure data in single files. But a DBMS is able to integrate data elements from several files to answer specific user inquiries fir information. This means that the DBMS is able to structure and tie together the logically related data from several large files. Logical structures. Identifying these logical relationships is a job of the data administrator. A data definition language is used for this purpose. The DBMS may
英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
工程管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献 中英文对照外文翻译 The Internet is Applicated in Real Estate The Real Estate Industry and the World Wide Web: Changing Technology, Changing Location.The Internet, in its Web based graphics version, has captured the imagination of both consumers and businesses. Its convenience, speed, low cost and versatility are being exploited on a daily basis in ever-changing ways. Together with its capacity to transform existing businesses, promote new businesses and facilitate exchange of information and data, its other striking attribute has been the speed with which this new technology has spread throughout the global economy. Keywords:The internet;Real Estate;Applicated The number of computer hosts grew by more than ten-fold between 1995 and early 1999. The number of Web sites increased almost 100-fold, to over two million, between 1995 and 1998.Ｂy the year 2000, there will be approximately 400-500 million Internet users in the world, and the total number of Web sites will exceed five million. This new technology has the potential for affecting the real estate industry directly and indirectly. Directly, it may become a tool that allows a real estate business to expand its information and sales network. Indirectly, it may change the location equation where and how firms do business which in turn will affect the role of firms involved in real estate development, investment and transactions. Measuring the Spread of the Web
外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 胜任力模型研究
Research on Competency Model:A Literature Review and Empirical Studies Abstract Western countries have applied competency models to addressing problems existed in their administrative and managerial systems since 1970s，and the findings is positine and promising. However, competency model hasn’t been introduced to China until 1990s and it is still unknown and mysterious to many Chinese managers. This paper aims to uncover the mysterious veil of competency model in order to broaden the horizon of Chinese managers and boost China's human resource development as well as management. Keywords:Competency，Competency Models，Empirical Studies of Competency Models It has been more than 30 years since competency model was utilized to human resource management.In western countries，competency model first displayed its effectiveness in government administration, meanwhile many multinationals and their branch companies applied the competency model to their daily business management and their business was a great success. As the notion of competency is gradually come to light and accepted by people all around the world，more and more enterprises have been trying to build their own competency model under the help of professional consultant firms. As a result，competency model has gradually been a very fashionable phrase in the field of management and quite a few enterprises are thus benefited from it. In recent years, competency model has become a hot spot in the Chinese academia as well as big-，middle- and small-sized enterprises alike，many relevant writings and books have also been translated and published. However, competency and competency model are still mysterious to many Chinese scholars, business managers as well as government administrators. Purpose and Significance of the Study The purpose of the study aims to make a critical literature review of the competency model，clarify some confusion related to it and explore its application. The following questions are employed to guide this study:What is competency? What is competency model? What are the theoretical and empirical findings related to competency model? The study illustrates how we could take advantage of competency model in our harmonious society building. On one hand，the study will delineate competency and competency model in order to clarify confusions related to it since it is still strange and mysterious to many Chinese managers and administrators;on the other hand，the
企业数据建模外文翻译文献
企业数据建模外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 翻译： 信息系统开发和数据库开发 在许多组织中，数据库开发是从企业数据建模开始的，企业数据建模确定了组织数据库的范围和一般内容。这一步骤通常发生在一个组织进行信息系统规划的过程中，它的目的是为组织数据创建一个整体的描述或解释，而不是设计一个特定的数据库。一个特定的数据库为一个或多个信息系统提供数据，而企业数据模型（可能包含许多数据库）描述了由组织维护的数据的范围。在企业数据建模时，你审查当前的系统，分析需要支持的业务领域的本质，描述需要进一步抽象的数据，并且规划一个或多个数据库开发项目。图1显示松谷家具公司的企业数据模型的一个部分。 1.1 信息系统体系结构 如图1所示，高级的数据模型仅仅是总体信息系统体系结构(ISA)一个部分或一个组
织信息系统的蓝图。在信息系统规划期间，你可以建立一个企业数据模型作为整个信息系统体系结构的一部分。根据Zachman(1987)、Sowa和Zachman（1992）的观点，一个信息系统体系结构由以下6个关键部分组成: 数据（如图1所示，但是也有其他的表示方法）。 操纵数据的处理（着系可以用数据流图、带方法的对象模型或者其他符号表示）。 网络，它在组织内并在组织与它的主要业务伙伴之间传输数据（它可以通过网络连接和拓扑图来显示）。 人，人执行处理并且是数据和信息的来源和接收者（人在过程模型中显示为数据的发送者和接收者）。 执行过程的事件和时间点（它们可以用状态转换图和其他的方式来显示）。 事件的原因和数据处理的规则（经常以文本形式显示，但是也存在一些用于规划的图表工具，如决策表）。 1.2 信息工程 信息系统的规划者按照信息系统规划的特定方法开发出信息系统的体系结构。信息工程是一种正式的和流行的方法。信息工程是一种面向数据的创建和维护信息系统的方法。因为信息工程是面向数据的，所以当你开始理解数据库是怎样被标识和定义时，信息工程的一种简洁的解释是非常有帮助的。信息工程遵循自顶向下规划的方法，其中，特定的信息系统从对信息需求的广泛理解中推导出来（例如，我们需要关于顾客、产品、供应商、销售员和加工中心的数据），而不是合并许多详尽的信息请求（如一个订单输入屏幕或按照地域报告的销售汇总）。自顶向下规划可使开发人员更全面地规划信息系统，提供一种考虑系统组件集成的方法，增进对信息系统与业务目标的关系的理解，加深对信息系统在整个组织中的影响的理解。 信息工程包括四个步骤:规划、分析、设计和实现。信息工程的规划阶段产生信息系统体系结构，包括企业数据模型。 1.3 信息系统规划 信息系统规划的目标是使信息技术与组织的业务策略紧密结合，这种结合对于从信息系统和技术的投资中获取最大利益是非常重要的。正如表1所描述的那样，信息工程方法的规划阶段包括3个步骤，我们在后续的3个小节中讨论它们。 1.确定关键性的规划因素
计算机网络-外文文献-外文翻译-英文文献-新技术的计算机网络
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
论文外文文献翻译3000字左右
南京航空航天大学金城学院 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 系部经济系 专业国际经济与贸易 学生姓名陈雅琼学号2011051115 指导教师邓晶职称副教授 2015年5月
Economic policy,tourism trade and productive diversification （Excerpt） Iza Lejárraga,Peter Walkenhorst The broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tourism linkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-faceted approach influenced by a variety of country conditions.Among these,fixed or semi-fixed factors of production,such as land,labor,or capital,seem to have a relatively minor influence.Within the domain of natural endowments,only agricultural capital emerged as significant.This is a result that corresponds to expectations,given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in the tourism economy.Hence,investments in agricultural technology may foment linkages with the tourism market.It is also worth mentioning that for significant backward linkages to emerge with local agriculture,a larger scale of tourism may be important. According to the regression results,a strong tourism–agriculture nexus will not necessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand. It appears that variables related to the entrepreneurial capital of the host economy are of notable explanatory significance.The human development index(HDI), which is used to measure a country's general level of development,is significantly and positively associated with tourism linkages.One plausible explanation for this is that international tourists,who often originate in high-income countries,may feel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country that has a life-style to which they can relate easily.Moreover,it is important to remember that the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the level of health and education of the population.Therefore,a higher HDI reflects a healthier and more educated workforce,and thus,the quality of local entrepreneurship.Related to this point,it is important to underscore that the level of participation of women in the host economy also has a significantly positive effect on linkages.In sum, enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the host country.
外文文献翻译 An Introduction to Database Management System
英文翻译 数据库管理系统的介绍 Raghu Ramakrishnan 数据库（database,有时被拼作data base）又称为电子数据库，是专门组织起来的一组数据或信息，其目的是为了便于计算机快速查询及检索。数据库的结构是专门设计的，在各种数据处理操作命令的支持下，可以简化数据的存储、检索、修改和删除。数据库可以存储在磁盘、磁带、光盘或其他辅助存储设备上。 数据库由一个或一套文件组成，其中的信息可以分解为记录，每一条记录又包含一个或多个字段（或称为域）。字段是数据存取的基本单位。数据库用于描述实体，其中的一个字段通常表示与实体的某一属性相关的信息。通过关键字以及各种分类（排序）命令，用户可以对多条记录的字段进行查询，重新整理，分组或选择，以实体对某一类数据的检索，也可以生成报表。 所有数据库（除最简单的）中都有复杂的数据关系及其链接。处理与创建，访问以及维护数据库记录有关的复杂任务的系统软件包叫做数据库管理系统（DBMS）。DBMS软件包中的程序在数据库与其用户间建立接口。（这些用户可以是应用程序员，管理员及其他需要信息的人员和各种操作系统程序）DBMS可组织、处理和表示从数据库中选出的数据元。该功能使决策者能搜索、探查和查询数据库的内容，从而对正规报告中没有的，不再出现的且无法预料的问题做出回答。这些问题最初可能是模糊的并且（或者）是定义不恰当的，但是人们可以浏览数据库直到获得所需的信息。简言之，DBMS将“管理”存储的数据项和从公共数据库中汇集所需的数据项用以回答非程序员的询问。 DBMS由3个主要部分组成：（1）存储子系统，用来存储和检索文件中的数据；（2）建模和操作子系统，提供组织数据以及添加、删除、维护、更新数据的方法；（3）用户和DBMS之间的接口。在提高数据库管理系统的价值和有效性方面正在展现以下一些重要发展趋势： 1.管理人员需要最新的信息以做出有效的决策。 2.客户需要越来越复杂的信息服务以及更多的有关其订单，发票和账号的当前信息。
变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
外文文献翻译助手
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。 另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。 注： 1、Google翻译：https://www.360docs.net/doc/7c14264994.html,/language_tools google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧 比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译， 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。
在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译：https://www.360docs.net/doc/7c14264994.html, CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。https://www.360docs.net/doc/7c14264994.html, 3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）：https://www.360docs.net/doc/7c14264994.html,/6946901637944806 翻译时的速度： 这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本《英汉科学技术词典》，基本上挺好用。再加上网站如：google CNKI翻译助手，这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。 具体翻译时的一些技巧（主要是写论文和看论文方面） 大家大概都应预先清楚明白自己专业方向的国内牛人，在这里我强烈建议大家仔
博物馆 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献
第一篇： 航空博物馆与航空展示公园 巴特罗米耶杰·基谢列夫斯基 飞翔的概念、场所的精神、老机场的建筑---克拉科夫新航空博物馆理性地吸取了这些元素，并将它们整合到一座建筑当中。Rakowice-Czyzyny机场之前的旧飞机修理库为新建筑的平面和高度设定了模数比例。在此基本形态上进一步发展，如同裁切和折叠一架纸飞机，生成了一座巨大的建筑。其三角形机翼是由混凝土制成，却如同风动螺旋桨一样轻盈。这个机翼宽大通透，向各个方向开敞。它们的形态与组织都是依据内部功能来设计的。机翼部分为3个不平衡的平面，使内外景观在不断变化中形成空间的延续性，并且联系了建筑内的视觉焦点和室外的展览区。 新航空展示公园的设计连接了博物馆的8栋建筑和户外展览区，并与历史体验建立联系。从前的视觉轴线与通道得到尊重，旧的道路得到了完善，朝向飞机场和跑道的空间被限定出来。每栋建筑展示了一个主题或是一段飞行史。建筑周围伸展出巨大的平台，为特殊主题的室外展览提供了空间。博物馆容纳了超过150架飞机、引擎、飞行复制品、成套的技术档案和历史图片。这里的特色收藏是飞机起源开始的各种飞行器，如Jatho1903、Grade1909、莱特兄弟1909年的飞机模型和1911年的鸽式单翼机。 The first passage: Museum for aviation and aviation exhibition park Bartiomiej Kislelewski The idea of flying, the spirit of place, the structure of the historic airfield – the new Museum of Aviation in Krakow takes up these references intellectually and synthesizes them into a building. The old hangars of the former airport Rakowice Czyzyny set the modular scale for the footprint and the height of the new building. Developed from this basic shape, as if cut out and folded like a paper airplane, a large structure has been generated, with triangular wings made of concrete and yet as light as a wind-vane propeller. The wings are generously glazed and open in all directions. Their form and arrangement depend on the interior uses. In the floor plans of the wings, the three offset