园艺专业英语Flower arranging basics

园艺专业英语Flower arranging basics
园艺专业英语Flower arranging basics

Flower Arranging Basics

Flower arrangements include many types such as bouquets, corsages, vase arrangements and basket arrangements; they can be used as decoration for all kinds of social occasions as well as everyday occasions. Beginners should be knowledgeable in all kinds of containers, tools and materials, the classification of flowers materials, the familiar geometric forms and the principles of design.

Containers, tools and other materials

Containers

Containers must be capable of holding water for most floral design uses; containers that do not hold water can be used with permanent materials. Customarily containers are made of glass, glazed pottery, metal porcelain or plastic. Metal is unsuitable for directly holding flowers because floral preservatives react with most metals.

Containers come in many shapes and sizes. The most commonly used types include vases, bowls, baskets, dishes, bowls and many more creative containers.

Cutting tools

Floral knife: This is used for cleanly cutting flower stems. The blade should be rigid and unbending.

Florist shears: These are used for cutting light wire, cord, paper and ribbon.

Pruning shears: These are used to cut heavy, hard woody plant materials that are difficult to cut with knives.

Materials for anchoring

Pin holders: These are made up of staggered, closely spaced pins anchored to a heavy base, usually lead. They are usually attached to the container with floral clay, with stems being pressed on to the pins.

Foams: These are kinds of sponge like material. There are two categories: moisture holding foams and non-moisture holding foams. Moisture holding foams are used for a variety of fresh floral arrangement, while non-moisture holding foams are used for arrangement with dry flowers or artificial materials. They are manufactured in various shapes, such as cones, balls, wreaths, hearts, etc.

Styrofoam: This closed-cell plastic foam material does not absorb water. It functions as an anchor for stems of dry flowers or artificial flowers, to prevent them from moving around.

Chicken wire: This type of wire can be rolled into a ball and placed into a container. Stems are then inserted into the folded mesh. This is usually utilized only with larger containers.

Other tools and materials

Florist tape and waterproof tape: florist tape is used for wrapping stems when wire is needed

to support them, while waterproof tape is commonly used for binding and fixing wet foam to containers.

Florist wire: It varies in thickness (gauge) with number 18 being the heaviest and number 32 being the finest, with the gauges in between being 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, and 30. Heavy wire used to support large floral stems or heavy flowers such as lilies and gladiolus; medium-weight wire used to support such flowers as roses, carnations and chrysanthemums; lightweight wire used for replacing flowers stems in corsages and wedding bouquets.

Electric glue gun: The gun is electrically heated and the glue is dispensed in a liquid form that cools and hardens quickly. It is used to glue pinecones, ribbons, and accessories to wreaths and door swags, and dry flowers to baskets, etc.

Ribbon: Most florist ribbon is sold in ‘bolts’ on cardboard spools. Ribbon is made of many materials such as satin, velvet, cotton, burlap, etc. Some ribbon is double-faced, but most are single-faced, and have only one desirable side.

Classification of flowers using in flower arrangement

There are four basic categories of floral materials: line materials, mass materials, form materials, spray and fillers.

Line materials are those in which the florets, the individual blossoms, grow along the main stem to create a line. Some examples of these flowers are: gladiolus, snapdragon, cattails, delphinium and lupine. Besides, Branching types that have a linear effect such as curly willow and eucalyptus are also under this category.

Mass materials may be single stems with one solid flower head-like carnation; a single stem with a cluster of ball-shaped florets-like thistle; or a compact spray-like lilac. Other examples of mass flowers include: roses, chrysanthemums, gerbera, tulip, dahlia, daisy, camellia, geranium, peony and hydrangea.

Form materials include those that have a precise and distinctive form, and are usually used at the focal point (center of interest) in an arrangement. Examples of form materials include bird-of-paradise, anthurium, orchids, iris and protea.

Spray and fillers include those loose flowers that grow with a cluster of florets. They are used to fill in arrangements and give them solidity. Examples of filler materials include baby’s breath, aster, ageratum and limonium.

No matter how many of the categories of flowers are used, the materials should be placed in appropriate way according to their role in the arrangement. (1) Line materials are used to establish the main lines, to form the silhouette, and to determine the size of the composition; (2) Mass materials give the arrangement body and weight. Note: Buds and smallest flowers should be placed at the outer edges, and growing larger as they approach the focal point;(3)Form materials are the ‘eye-catchers’, generally used to help create a focal point. Each form flower should be handled in such a way as to display its individual form; (4)Spray and fillers are useful in the

transition area between the silhouette and the focal point, with care taken not to spoil or overpower the design that has been created by the line, mass, and form material.

Geometric forms

According to the shapes and outlines of the arrangements, there are two categories of forms: symmetrical and asymmetrical.

Symmetrical: These designs are created so that both sides of the design are equal. If a line were drawn down the center of the arrangement, both sides would have a similar look. The most commonly used shapes in flower arrangement are: even triangle, round, oblong, column, and radiating fan.

These arrangements are usually quite formal; they are often utilized in all kinds of ceremonial occasions.

Asymmetrical: arrangements containing different design elements on each side are considered to be asymmetrical. This type of arrangement must still have the correct weight on both sides to be visually pleasing. Uneven triangular shape, crescent, L-pattern, and S-pattern (Hogarth curve) are the commonly seen shapes.

These forms are somewhat more informal than the symmetrical arrangements; they fit in well with all kinds of exhibitions and almost every informal room settings.

Basic principles of floral arranging

Balance: Balance is one of the most important visual design principles. There are two kinds of balance: symmetrical balance and asymmetrical balance. Symmetrical balance can be obtained by placing similar flowers in each side of imaginary line down the center of a design. Asymmetrical balance is more dynamic than formal balance and normally keeps the learner’s attention focused on the visual message. Asymmetrical balance can be achieved by skillfully manipulating different shape, color, value, texture and position of plant materials.

Scale and proportion: They are generally considered together or as synonyms in floral arrangement. Scale specifically evaluates the size of all the parts of an arrangement, including the container, the flowers, the foliages, the accessories and the base, while proportion specifically evaluates the relative size of parts of the design in relation to each other and to the arrangement as a whole. Whichever term selected, these size relationships are critical to effective arrangement. A size mismatch among the flowers, foliages, container, accessories, as well as the setting will detract from appreciation of the arrangement and composition.

Since they are so many elements are involved together, most decisions are based on visual sense and there are few guidelines to help. However, some scale problems are obvious, such as trying to use large chrysanthemum flowers with miniature roses, or large calla leaves with small violet foliage.

Harmony: Harmony means all component parts of the arrangement relate to and complement

each other, for example, the daisies, asters, calendulas and single chrysanthemums, furnishes many varieties similar in form. In addition, a successful arrangement must also in harmony with its surroundings.

Rhythm: Rhythm refers to ‘flow’ in a floral arrangement. Repetition of a particular shape or the combination of related colors creates a flowing line or rhythm that is aesthetically appealing. Besides, rhythm can also be achieved by graduation and radiation.

Graduation can be accomplished by placing the smaller buds and blooms toward the periphery of the arrangement and the largest blooms at the bottom or in the area of prominence. Parallel relationships may be seen for gradation from weaker to stronger lines and forms lighter to heavier color values and softer to coarser textures.

In radiation, all lines appear to originate at a common (hidden) point behind the center of interest. Alternation, all the lines from the flower and foliage stems to converge at the visual center. As the eye falls on any of these lines, it is then led to the focus.

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计算机专业英语课文翻译部分(第四版)

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园艺专业英语(课后翻译)资料讲解

园艺专业英语(课后翻 译)

园艺专业英语翻译(中→英) Lesson1 part A 1、protected (structure) horticulture is defined as a cultivation method taking use of heat keeping ,chilling prevention or cooling and rainproof facilities to prevent the crops production from being influenced or seriously done by natural seasons and to artificially create a microclimate environment suitable for growing horticultural crops in cold or hot weather hat actually unfavorable to the crop development .it is also termed as out-of-season culture ,season-off culture or forcing culture .because of the season in which horticultural crops are planted is hand for their growing in open field. 2、Windbreak、cold –frame 、hot-frame、 plastic-clad tunnel and greenhouse could provide a variety of vegetable seeding for open field or protected culture or protect seeding of cold tolerant vegetable living through the winter ,for early planting and acquirement of early mature products. 3、In respect of structure type, the largest horticultural structure area in our country consists of plastic tunnels and lean to houses, especially the energy-sawing solar greenhouse, which has become the dominant greenhouse type in the country. Presently the development of large greenhouse or multi- span house has been initiated. Lesson2 part A 4、In horticultural crop cultivation under structure the key point of environment management for growers is to create optimal complex of environmental conditions for crop growth and development, as possibly as they can, according to properties and environmental demand of crop. Lesson3 part A Lesson4 part A 1、most soil amendments are consisted of the increasing of organic matters ,addition of specific nutritional elements and ph adjustment 2、the soil is an important constitute of the land loamy soil must consist of soul particles with proper ratio ,with equilibrium of nutrients ,in which contains some organic matter ,and with considerable moisture Lesson5 part A Lesson6 part A 1、sink demand of horticultural crops extremely affects photosynthetic ,for example ,leaf photosynthesis noticeably decrease when potato tubers are removed during their growth short-term response may be stomato close effect ,but this cannot explain common continuous effects ,sometime when the source-sink ratio increases significantly ,some old leaves can renew their photosynthesis functions ,on the other hand ,rapidly growing sinks sometimes compete with leaves for mobilizable nitrogen and this results in abscission of leaves and lower photosynthesis capacity. 2、It is not clear yet that how the sink demand affect photosynthesis of leaves .the simplest explanation is that photosynthesis accumulated in leaves restrain photosynthesis . however trials for examining

信息与通信工程专业英语课文翻译

第一课现代数字设计及数字信号处理 课文 A: 数字信号处理简介 1.什么是数字信号处理? 数字信号处理,或DSP,如其名称所示,是采用数字方式对信号进行处理。在这种情况下一个信号可以代表各种不同的东西。从历史的角度来讲,信号处理起源于电子工程,信号在这里意味着在电缆或电话线或者也有可能是在无线电波中传输的电子信号。然而,更通用地说,一个信号是一个可代表任何东西--从股票价格到来自于远程传感卫星的数据的信息流。术语“digital”来源于“digit”,意思是数字(代可以用你的手指计数),因此“digital”的字面意思是“数字的,用数字表示的”,其法语是“numerique”。一个数字信号由一串数字流组成,通常(但并非一定)是二进制形式。对数字信号的处理通过数字运算来完成。 数字信号处理是一个非常有用的技术,将会形成21世纪的新的科学技术。数字信号处理已在通信、医学图像、雷达和声纳、高保真音乐产生、石油开采等很广泛的领域内引起了革命性的变革。这些领域中的每一个都使得DSP技术得到深入发展,有该领域自己的算法、数学基础,以及特殊的技术。DSP发展的广度和深度的结合使得任何个人都不可能掌握已发展出的所有的DSP技术。DSP教育包括两个任务:学习应用数字信号处理的通用原则及学习你所感兴趣的特定领域的数字信号处理技术。 2.模拟和数字信号 在很多情况下,所感兴趣的信号的初始形式是模拟电压或电流,例如由麦克风或其它转换器产生的信号。在有些情况下,例如从一个CD播放机的可读系统中输出的信号,信号本身就是数字的。在应用DSP技术之前,一个模拟信号必须转换成数字信号。例如,一个模拟电压信号,可被一个称为模数转换器或ADC 的电路变换成数字信号。该转换器产生一系列二进制数字作为数字输出,其值代表每个采样时刻的输入模数转换设备的电压值。 3.信号处理 通常信号需要以各种方式处理。例如,来自于传感器的信号可能被一些没用的电子“噪声”污染。测心电图时放在病人胸部的电极能测量到当心脏及其它肌肉活动时微小的电压变化。信号也常会被来自于电源的电磁干扰所影响。采用滤波电路处理信号至少可以去掉不需要的信号部分。如今,对信号滤波以增加信号的质量或抽取重要信息的任务越来越多地由DSP技术完成而不是采用模拟电路完成。 4.DSP的发展和应用 数字信号处理的发展起源于60年代大型数字计算机进行数字处理的应用,如使用快速傅立叶变换(FFT)可以快速计算信号的频谱。这些技术在当时并没有被广泛应用,因为通常只有在大学或者其它的科研机构才有合适的计算机。 由于当时计算机很贵,DSP仅仅局限于少量的非常重要的应用。先驱们的探索工作主要集中在4个关键领域:雷达和声纳,用于保卫国家安全;石油开采,可以赚大量的钱;空间探索,其中的数据是不能重复产生的;及医学图像,可以救治生命。 20世纪80年代到90年代个人电脑的普及使得DSP产生了很多新的应用。与以往由军方或政府的需求驱动不同,DSP突然间由商业市场的需求驱动了。任何

专业英语阅读 翻译文章

C o m m e n c e m e n t o f t h e Commercial Operation of 600M W U n i t , "H i ro n o N o. 5Thermal Power Station of The Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc." Commercial operation of The Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. Hirono No. 5 Thermal Power Station commenced in July 2004. This plant is a 600 MW coal-fired supercritical power plant. The main line-up of the plant, which features a steam turbine and a boiler, are supplied by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI). MHI set up this plant with a range of such key equipment along with ancillary facilities such as control systems, a flue gas treatment system, a wastewater treatment system, and stacks. This report gives a brief overview of the advanced technologies applied to the steam turbine and boiler of this plant supplied by MHI. 1. Introduction The Hirono No. 5 Thermal Power Station began com-mercial operation in July 2004. It is a 600 MW coal-fired,supercritical power plant that operates under the high-est global standards for steam conditions (24.5MPa x 600/600o C). The steam turbine has various advanced MHI tech-nologies, including the first 600 MW class two-casing turbine, high- and intermediate-pressure combined cas-ing developed by utilizing high temperature materials and cooling structures to cope with the ultra supercritical steam condition, 48 inch steel integral shroud blade (ISB), a new type of condenser, and a single shell deaerator cum storage tank. The boiler adopted in this plant has MHI's advanced technologies. They are reduced emission of NOx and unburned carbon with the A-PM burner and MRS pul-verizer. In addition, the vertical waterwall furnace that uses high temperature compatible materials and rifled tubes are adopted. Further, the plant is very much streamlined through the use of such simple systems and equipment as de-scribed below: (1) unification of air duct and flue gas duct into a single line through the adoption of a maximum capacity class fan, (2) unification of all feed water heaters into a single line, (3) unification of circulating water pumps into a single line, and (4) adoption of a plant starting system that does not rely on the boiler circulating pump. Since the plant is located in a narrow site adjacent to existing units operated using oil and gas, the overall arrangement of the plant has been improved by consult-ing with the Owner and is arranged in a more compact manner. Advanced MHI technologies have also been adopted in ancillary facilities. This includes the use of a dry se-lective catalytic NOx removal system, a high performance flue gas treatment system based on the harmonious de-sign of a double contact flow scrubber type flue gas desulfurization system with a low-low temperature dry electrostatic precipitator, an overall waste water treat-ment system, and self-supporting group stacks. In this way, MHI has drawn upon all of its competencies in es-tablishing this plant. 2. Steam turbine Figure 1Figure 1 shows an external view of the Hirono No. 5 steam turbine. Fig. 1 View of the 600 MW Hirono No.5 steam turbine HIROMASA MOMMA*1 TAKAYUKI SUTO*1RYUJI IWAMOTO*3 JUNICHI ISHIGURO*1TOSHIHIRO MIYAWAKI*2TSUYOSHI NAKAHARA*4

园艺专业英语(课后翻译)

园艺专业英语翻译(中→英) Lesson1 part A 1、protected (structure) horticulture is defined as a cultivation method taking use of heat keeping ,chilling prevention or cooling and rainproof facilities to prevent the crops production from being influenced or seriously done by natural seasons and to artificially create a microclimate environment suitable for growing horticultural crops in cold or hot weather hat actually unfavorable to the crop development .it is also termed as out-of-season culture ,season-off culture or forcing culture .because of the season in which horticultural crops are planted is hand for their growing in open field. 2、Windbreak、cold –frame 、hot-frame、 plastic-clad tunnel and greenhouse could provide a variety of vegetable seeding for open field or protected culture or protect seeding of cold tolerant vegetable living through the winter ,for early planting and acquirement of early mature products. 3、In respect of structure type, the largest horticultural structure area in our country consists of plastic tunnels and lean to houses, especially the energy-sawing solar greenhouse, which has become the dominant greenhouse type in the country. Presently the development of large greenhouse or multi-span house has been initiated. Lesson2 part A 4、In horticultural crop cultivation under structure the key point of environment management for growers is to create optimal complex of environmental conditions for crop growth and development, as possibly as they can, according to properties and environmental demand of crop. Lesson3 part A Lesson4 part A 1、most soil amendments are consisted of the increasing of organic matters ,addition of specific nutritional elements and ph adjustment

专业英语课文翻译

School of chemical engineering and pharmaceutical test tubes 试管test tube holder试管夹 test tube brush 试管刷 test tube rack 试管架 beaker烧杯 stirring搅拌棒 thermometer 温度计boiling flask长颈烧瓶Florence flask平底烧瓶 flask,round bottom,two-neck boiling flask,three-neck conical flask锥形瓶 wide-mouth bottle广口瓶 graduated cylinder量筒 gas measuring tube气体检测管 volumetric flask容量瓶 transfer pipette移液管 Geiser burette(stopcock)酸式滴定管funnel漏斗 Mohr burette(with pinchcock)碱式滴定管watch glass表面皿 evaporating dish 蒸发皿 ground joint磨口连接 Petri dish有盖培养皿 desiccators干燥皿 long-stem funnel长颈漏斗 filter funnel 过滤漏斗 Büchner funnel瓷漏斗separatory funnel分液漏斗 Hirsh funnel赫尔什漏斗 filter flask 吸滤瓶 Thiele melting point tube蒂勒熔点管plastic squeeze bottle塑料洗瓶 medicine dropper药用滴管 rubber pipette bulb 吸球 microspatula 微型压舌板 pipet吸量管 mortar and pestle 研体及研钵 filter paper滤纸 Bunsen burner 煤气灯

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