泰姬陵英文介绍

Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world, and some Western historians have noted that its architectural beauty has never been surpassed. The Taj is the most beautiful monument built by the Mughals, the Muslim rulers of India. Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna River.

Taj Mahal was built by a Muslim, Emperor Shah Jahan (died 1666 C.E.) in the memory of his dear wife and queen Mumtaz Mahal at Agra, India. It is an "elegy in marble" or some say an expression of a "dream." Taj Mahal (meaning Crown Palace) is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal at the lower chamber. The grave of Shah Jahan was added to it later. The queen’s real name was Arjumand Banu. In the tradition of the Mughals, important ladies of the royal family were given another name at their marriage or at some other significant event in their lives, and that new name was commonly used by the public. Shah Jahan's real name was Shahab-ud-din, and he was known as Prince Khurram before ascending to the throne in 1628.

Taj Mahal was constructed over a period of twenty-two years, employing twenty thousand workers. It was completed in 1648 C.E. at a cost of 32 Million Rupees. The construction documents show that its master architect was Ustad ‘I sa, the renowned Islamic architect of his time. The documents contain names of those employed and the inventory of construction materials and their origin. Expert craftsmen from Delhi, Qannauj, Lahore, and Multan were employed. In addition, many renowned Muslim craftsmen from Baghdad, Shiraz and Bukhara worked on many specialized tasks.

The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.

Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The entire mausoleum (inside as well as outside) is decorated with inlaid design of flowers and calligraphy using precious gems such as agate and jasper. The main archways, chiseled with passages from the Holy Qur’an and the bold scroll work of flowery pattern, give a captivating charm to its beauty. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.

The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it. The large garden contains four reflecting pools dividing it at the center. Each of these four sections is further subdivided into four sections and then each into yet another four sections. Like the Taj, the garden elements serve like

Arabesque, standing on their own and also constituting the whole.

克林顿两届就职演讲稿

克林顿两届就职演讲稿克林顿首任就职演讲稿（中英文）： My fellow citizens : Today we celebrate the mystery of American renewal. This ceremony is held in the depth of winter. But, by the words we speak and the faces we show the world, we force the spring. A spring reborn in the worlds oldest democracy, that brings forth the vision and courage to reinvent America. When our founders boldly declared Americas independence to the world and our purposes to the Almighty, they knew that America, to endure, would have to change. Not change for changes sake, but change to preserve Americas ideals; life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness. Though we march to the music of our time, our mission is timeless. Each generation of Americans must define what it means to be an American. On behalf of our nation, I salute my predecessor, President Bush, for his half-century of service to America. And I thank the millions of men and women whose steadfastness and sacrifice triumphed over Depression, fascism and Communism. Today, a generation raised in the shadows of the

泰姬陵的建筑造型艺术分析

泰姬陵的建筑造型艺术分析，泰姬陵是莫卧尔王朝第五代皇帝沙贾汗为其爱妻泰姬·玛哈尔修建的陵墓。它始建于1631年，每天动用2万名工匠，历时22年才完成。陵墓的四周砌有长576米、宽293米的红砂石围墙，陵园占地17万平方米，其中间有一个十字形水池，中心为喷泉。从陵园大门到陵墓，有一条用红石铺成的直长甬道，甬道尽头就是全部用白大理石砌成的陵墓。陵墓建筑在一座7米高、95米长的正方形大理石基座上，寝宫居中，四周各有一座40米高的圆塔。寝宫高74米，上部为一高耸的穹顶，下部为八角形陵壁。宫内墙上，珠宝镶成繁花佳卉，光彩照人。寝宫分五间宫室，中央宫室里置放着泰姬和沙贾的大理石石棺。陵墓的东西两侧屹立着两座形式相同的清真寺翼殿，用红砂石筑成。泰姬陵建筑的艺术水平很高，集中了印度、中东及波斯的艺术特点。整座建筑体形雄浑高雅，轮廓简洁明丽。由于它坐落在具有一片常绿的树木和草坪的陵园内，在碧空和草坪之间，洁白光亮的陵墓更显得肃穆、端庄、典雅。纯白色的泰姬陵均壮丽无比，造型完美，加上陵前水池中的倒影，就像有两座泰姬陵互相辉映，难怪被誉为世界七大奇观之一。

建筑风格泰姬陵的构思和布局充分体现了伊斯兰建筑艺术庄严肃穆、气势宏伟的特点，整个建筑富于哲理，是一个完美无缺的艺术珍品。所有游客都把印度人民的这一非凡杰作称为印度的奇珍。这座伊斯兰风格的建筑外形端庄宏伟，无懈可击，寝宫门窗及围屏都用白色大理石镂雕成菱形带花边的小格，墙上用翡翠、水晶、玛瑙、红绿宝石镶嵌着色彩艳丽的藤蔓花朵。工艺成就泰姬·玛哈尔的工艺成就首先在于建筑群总体布局的完美。布局很单纯，陵墓是唯一的构图中心，它不象胡玛雍陵那样居于方形院落的中心，而是居于中轴线末端，在前面展开方形的草地，它的构图稳重而又舒展：台基宽阔，和主体约略成一个方锥形，但四座塔又使综轮廓空灵，它的比例和谐：主要部分之间有大体相近的几何关系，陵墓方形的主体和浑圆的穹顶在形体上对比很强，但它们却是统一的：它们都有一致的几何精确性，主体正面发券的轮廓同穹顶的相呼应，立面中央部分的宽度和穹顶的直径相当。同时，主体和穹顶之间的过渡联系很有匠心：主体抹角，向圆接近；在穹顶的四角布置了小穹顶，它们形成了方形的布局；小穹顶是圆的，而它们下面的亭子却是八角形的，同主体呼应。四个小穹顶同在穹顶在相似之外好包含着对比：一是体积和尺度的对比，反衬出大穹顶的宏伟；二是虚实的对比，反衬出大穹顶的庄重。细高的塔同陵墓本身形成最强的对比，它们把陵墓映照得分外端遍地开花宏大。同时，它们之间也是统一的：它们都有相同的穹顶，它们都是简练单纯的，包含着圆和直的形式因互；而且它们在构图上联系密切，一起被高高的台基稳稳托着，两座塔形成的矩形同陵墓主体正立面的矩形的比例是相似的，等等。除了对比着各部分有适当的联系、呼应、相似和彼此渗透之外，它们之间十分明确的主从关系保证了陵墓的统一完整的。

泰姬陵及其色彩关系

泰姬陵及其色彩关系一、泰姬陵色彩构成泰姬陵，全称为泰姬·马哈尔泰姬陵，是用从322公里外的采石场运来的大理石建造的。就色彩构成而言，这种大理石呈纯白色，占去了整个建筑色彩的百分之60以上，其宝石和半宝石镶嵌在大理石在表面，在阳光的照耀下泰姬陵的视觉效果更能体现陵墓的神秘与高贵。 1.本体色彩关系：就色彩关系上来看，主色调的白色间有黑色、红色、金黄色、绿色等等纯度很高的色彩的搭配，在白色一统全局的局面下，使得泰姬陵获得了整体的视觉和谐。就正面上看，泰姬陵的主体色调是白色，大面积的白色构成了一种超凡脱俗的视觉感受，从侧面来看，红色占据了很大一部分面积，使得白色中显得更加活跃，严整中流露出一些热情。从建筑内部看来，更能够感觉到整体色调的平衡，虽然在正面和在侧面看有所不同，但是也达到了一种整体效果的统一。 2.自然色与泰姬陵的色彩关系：严格说来，一切视觉表象都是由色彩和亮度产生的，泰姬陵作为人工建筑形式从而构成人工色彩的基础上，与周围自然色也取得了美的平衡，因为，泰姬陵的白色调、背景天空的纯蓝色、以及周围植物的色彩，无论是春、夏、秋、冬、还是刮风下雨，阴晴天气、泰姬陵都和其周边自然色取得了统一，当然这种统一是在视觉上的，并不涉及心理的因素，因为，在阴天的时候看泰姬陵，那么给人的感觉就不会那么畅快，而是深沉的沉默，似乎要将一种悲哀诉诸于世，而这也正是达到了建造这栋建筑者的主要心里诉求。 3.人工色与泰姬陵色彩关系：人工色的布置取决于主体建筑——泰姬陵的主色调配置。它为周围建筑形式提供了一种基调。大而积的白色中融入了少许红色不仅在面积上造成一种强烈的反差，而且也在心理上形成一种张力，一种紧扣心弦的审美意识。从而在视觉上造成了有强有弱、有虚有实的视觉特征。而作为静态建筑的泰姬陵，在和正前面的人工建筑的结合上充分利用了小喷泉和水池的互为观照，一动一静、一虚一实、夸张与含蓄等等特色得以呈现。二、泰姬陵色彩构成的节奏与韵律从音乐学上来看，作为静态艺术的建筑艺术——泰姬陵，以一种冷静的姿态屹立于印度大地上，虽然在地域维度上，它是静止的，但在时间和空间的表现上，泰姬陵的色彩有一种动态的节奏与韵律，而这种节奏与韵律展现了泰姬陵的色彩变化的情感特征，在早晨，它是班得瑞的心境物语。而到了中午时分，它是贝多芬的交响乐，充斥着自由与激情，同样到了傍晚，泰姬陵的心声得以在夜幕降临前诉说，它是舒伯特的小夜曲。因此，静态的建筑演变成了动态的音乐，在时间和空间中唱颂心声。三、泰姬陵建筑形体造型与色彩关系毫无疑问，泰姬陵是世界上完美艺术的典范。其最引人瞩目的是用纯白大理石砌建而成的主体建筑，皇陵上下左右工整对称，中央圆顶高六十二米，令人叹为观止。造型上的工整与用色上的单纯在视觉上营造了一种震撼人心的效果，

美国克林顿总统在北京大学的演讲稿演讲范文

美国克林顿总统在北京大学的演讲稿演讲范文 PRESIDENT CLINTON: Thank you. Thank you, President Chen, Chairmen Ren, Vice President Chi, Vice Minister Wei. We are delighted to be here today with a very large American delegation, including the First Lady and our daughter, who is a student at Stanford, one of the schools with which Beijing University has a relationship. We have six members of the United States Congress; the Secretary of State; Secretary of Commerce; the Secretary of Agriculture; the Chairman of our Council of Economic Advisors; Senator Sasser, our Ambassador; the National Security Advisor and my Chief of Staff, among others. I say that to illustrate the importance that the United States places on our relationship with China. I would like to begin by congratulating all of you, the students, the faculty, the administrators, on celebrating the centennial year of your university. Gongxi, Beida. Applause. As I’m sure all of you know, this campus was once home to Yenching University which was founded by American missionaries. Many of its wonderful buildings were designed by an American architect. Thousands of Americans students and professors have come here to study and teach. We feel a special kinship with you. I am, however, grateful that this day is different in one important respect from another important occasion 79 years ago. In June of 1919, the first president of Yenching University, John Leighton Stuart, was set to deliver the very first commencement address on these very grounds. At the appointed hour, he appeared, but no students appeared. They were all out leading the May 4th Movement for China’s political and cultural renewal. When I read this, I hoped that when I walked into the auditorium today, someone would be sitting here. And I thank you for being here, very much. Applause. I come here today to talk to you, the next generation of China’s leaders, about the critical importance to your future of building a strong partnership between China and the United States.

泰姬陵赏析

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Taj Mahal Located at the city of Agra in the State of Uttar Pradesh, the Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful masterpieces of architecture in the world. Taj Mahal was born for love. The construction of this marble masterpiece is credited to the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan who erected this mausoleum in memory of his beloved wife. It started in A.D. 1632 and completed at the ended in 1648 A.D. For seventeen years，twenty thousand workmen are said to have been employed on it daily.，for their accommodation a small town，named after the deceased empress- 'Mumtazabad'，now known as Taj Ganj，was built adjacent to it . The building rests on a platform of red sandstone. Four thin white towers, or minarets, rise from the corners of the platform. A large dome rises from the center of the building. Around this large dome there are four smaller domes. The building is made of fine white marble with inlays of colored marble. It has eight sides and many open arches. There is an open corridor just inside the outer walls. From this corridor the visitor looks through carved marble screens to a central room. The bodies of Shah Jehan and his wife lie in a tomb below this room. The entire mausoleum is decorated with inlaid design of flowers and calligraphy using precious gems. The main archways give a captivating charm to its beauty. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque, a guest house, and several other palatial buildings. The large garden contains four reflecting pools dividing it at the center. Each of these four sections is further subdivided into four sections and then each into yet another four sections. A beautiful garden surrounds the Taj Mahal. The green trees make the marble look even whiter. In front of the main entrance to the building there is the reflection of Taj Mahal in the water of a narrow pond. The materials were brought in from all over India and central Asia and white marble from Jodhpur. Precious stones for the inlay came from Baghdad, Egypt, Russia, China, and so on. The unique Mughal style combines elements and styles of Persian, Central Asian and Islamic architecture. The Bageecha, the ornamental gardens through which the paths lead, are planned along classical Mughal char bagh style. Two marble canals studded with fountains, lined with cypress trees emanating from the central, raised pool cross in the centre of the garden, dividing it into four equal squares. In each square there are 16 flower beds, making a total of 64 with around 400 plants in each bed. The feature to be noted is that the garden is laid out in such a way as to maintain perfect symmetry. The channels, with a perfect reflection of the Taj, used to be stocked with colorful fish and the gardens with beautiful birds. Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.

克林顿提名奥巴马英语演讲稿完整版

【克林顿提名奥巴马英语演讲稿完整版】 Former President Bill Clinton's remarks to the Democratic National Convention, as prepared for delivery. Clinton veered from these prepared remarks multiple times throughout his speech. We're here to nominate a President, and I've got one in mind. I want to nominate a man whose own life has known its fair share of adversity and uncertainty. A man who ran for President to change the course of an already weak economy and then just six weeks before the election, saw it suffer the biggest co llapse since the Great Depression. A man who stopped the slide into depression and put us on the long road to recovery, knowing all the while that no matter how many jobs were created and saved, there were still millions more waiting, trying to feed their children and keep their hopes alive. I want to nominate a man cool on the outside but burning for America on the inside. A man who believes we can build a new American Dream economy driven by innovation and creativity, education and cooperation. A man who had the good sense to marry Michelle Obama. I want Barack Obama to be the next President of the United States and I proudly nominate him as the standard bearer of the Democratic Party. In T ampa, we heard a lot of talk about how the President and the Democrats don't believe in free enterprise and indiv idual initiative, how we want everyone to be dependent on the government, how bad we are for the economy. The Republican narrative is that all of us who amount to anything are completely self-made. One of our greatest Democratic Chairmen, Bob Strauss, used to say that every politician wants you to believe he was born in a log cabin he built himself, but it ain't so. We Democrats think the country works better with a strong middle class, real opportunities for poor people to work their way into it and a relentless focus on the future, with business and government working together to promote growth and broadly shared prosperity. We think "we're all in this together" is a better philosophy than "you're on your own." Who's right? Well since 1961, the Republicans have held the White House 28 years, the Democrats 24. In those 52 years, our economy produced 66 million private sector jobs. What's the jobs score? Republicans 24 million, Democrats 42 million! It turns out that advancing equal opportunity and economic empowerment is both morally right and good economics, because discrimination, poverty and ignorance restrict growth, while investments in education, infrastructure and scientific and technological research increase it, creating more good jobs and new wealth for all of us. Though I often disagree with Republicans, I never learned to hate them the way the far right that now controls their party seems to hate President Obama and the Democrats. After all, President Eisenhower sent federal troops to my home state to integrate Little

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