数控机床改造外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文文献
The Numerical Control Engine Bed Transforms numerical control system development summary brief history and tendency
In 1946 the first electronic accounting machine was born in the world, this indicated the humanity created has been possible to strengthen and partially to replace the mental labor the tool. It with the humanity these which in the agriculture, the industry society created only is strengthens the physical labor the tool to compare, got up the quantitive leap, entered the information society for the humanity to lay the foundation.
After 6 years, in 1952, computer technology applied to the engine bed , the first numerical control engine bed were born in US. From this time on, the traditional engine bed has had the archery target change. Since nearly half century, the numerical control system has experienced two stages and six generation of development. Numerical control (NC) stage (1952 ~ 1970)
The early computer operating speed is low, was not big to then science computation and the data processing influence, but could not adapt the engine bed real-time control request. The people can not but use numeral logic circuit "to build" to become an engine bed special purpose computer to take the numerical control system, is called the hardware connection numerical control (HARD-WIRED NC), Jian Chengwei numerical control (NC). Along with the primary device development, this stage has had been through repeatedly three generations, namely 1952 first generation of -- electron tube; 1959 second generation of -- transistor; 1965 third generation -- small scale integration electric circuit.
Computer numerical control (CNC) stage (in 1970 ~ present)
In 1970, the general minicomputer already appeared and the mass production. Thereupon transplants it takes the numerical control system the core part, from this time on entered the computer numerical control (CNC) the stage ("which should have computer in front of the general" two characters to abbreviate). In 1971, American INTEL Corporation in the world first time the computer two most cores part -- logic units and the controller, used the large scale integrated circuit technology integration on together the chip, called it the microprocessor (MICROPROCESSOR), also might be called the central processing element (to be called CPU).
The microprocessor is applied to 1974 in the numerical control system. This is because minicomputer function too strong, controlled an engine bed ability to have wealthily (therefore once uses in controlling the Taiwan engine bed at that time, called it group control), was inferior to used the microprocessor economy to be reasonable. Moreover then small machine reliability was not ideal. The early microprocessor speed and the function although insufficiently are also high, but may solve through the multi-processor structure. Because the microprocessor is the general-purpose calculator core part, therefore still was called the computer numerical control.
In 1990, PC machine (personal computer, domestic custom had called microcomputer) the performance has developed to the very high stage, may take the numerical control system core part the request. The numerical control system henceforth entered based on the PC stage.
In brief, the computer numerical control stage has also experienced three generations. Namely 1970 fourth generation of -- minicomputer; 1974 five dynasties -- microprocessor and 1990 sixth generation -- (overseas was called PC-BASED) based on PC.
Also must point out, although overseas already renamed as the computer numerical control (namely CNC).
Also must point out, although overseas already renamed as the computer numerical control (namely CNC), but our country still the custom called the numerical control (NC). Therefore we daily say "numerical control", the materially
already was refers to "computer numerical control".
the numerical control future will develop tendency
1 open style continues to, to develop based on the PC sixth generation of direction
2 approaches and the high accuracy development
3 develops to the intellectualized direction
(1) applies the adaptive control technology
(2) introduces the expert system instruction processing
(3) introduces the breakdown to diagnose the expert system
(4) intellectualized numeral servo drive
engine bed numerical control transformation necessity From on microscopic looked below that, the numerical control engine bed has the prominent superiority compared to the traditional engine bed, moreover these superiority come from the computer might which the numerical control system contains.
1 may process the traditional engine bed cannot process the curve, the curved surface and so on the complex components.
2 may realize the processing automation, moreover is the flexible automation, thus the efficiency may enhance
3 ~ 7 times compared to the traditional engine bed.
3 processings components precision high, size dispersion degree small, makes the assembly to be easy, no longer needs "to make repairs".
4 may realize the multi- working procedures centralism, reduces the components in engine bed between frequent transporting.
5 has auto-alarm, the automatic monitoring, automatic compensation and so on the many kinds of autonomy function, thus may realize long time nobody to safeguard the processing.
6 advantage which derives by above five.
中文译文
数控机床改造
数控系统发展简史及趋势
1946年诞生了世界上第一台电子计算机，这表明人类创造了可增强和部分代替脑力劳动的工具。它与人类在农业、工业社会中创造的那些只是增强体力劳动的工具相比，起了质的飞跃，为人类进入信息社会奠定了基础。
6年后，即在1952年，计算机技术应用到了机床上，在美国诞生了第一台数控机床。从此，传统机床产生了质的变化。近半个世纪以来，数控系统经历了两个阶段和六代的发展。
数控（NC）阶段（1952～1970年）
早期计算机的运算速度低，对当时的科学计算和数据处理影响还不大，但不能适应机床实时控制的要求。人们不得不采用数字逻辑电路"搭"成一台机床专用计算机作为数控系统，被称为硬件连接数控（HARD-WIRED NC），简称为数控（NC）。随着元器件的发展，这个阶段历经了三代，即1952年的第一代--电子管；1959年的第二代--晶体管；1965年的第三代--小规模集成电路。
计算机数控（CNC）阶段（1970年～现在）
到1970年，通用小型计算机业已出现并成批生产。于是将它移植过来作为数控系统的核心部件，从此进入了计算机数控（CNC）阶段（把计算机前面应有的"通用"两个字省略了）。到1971年，美国INTEL公司在世界上第一次将计算机的两个最核心的部件--运算器和控制器，采用大规模集成电路技术集成在一块芯片上，称之为微处理器（MICROPROCESSOR），又可称为中央处理单元（简称CPU）。
到1974年微处理器被应用于数控系统。这是因为小型计算机功能太强，控
制一台机床能力有富裕（故当时曾用于控制多台机床，称之为群控），不如采用微处理器经济合理。而且当时的小型机可靠性也不理想。早期的微处理器速度和功能虽还不够高，但可以通过多处理器结构来解决。由于微处理器是通用计算机的核心部件，故仍称为计算机数控。
到了1990年，PC机的性能已发展到很高的阶段，可以满足作为数控系统核心部件的要求。数控系统从此进入了基于PC的阶段。
总之，计算机数控阶段也经历了三代。即1970年的第四代--小型计算机；1974年的第五代--微处理器和1990年的第六代--基于PC（也就是为PC-BASED）。数控未来发展的趋势
1继续向开放式、基于PC的第六代方向发展
基于PC所具有的开放性、低成本、高可靠性、软硬件资源丰富等特点，更多的数控系统生产厂家会走上这条道路。至少采用PC机作为它的前端机，来处理人机界面、编程、联网通信等问题，由原有的系统承担数控的任务。PC机所具有的友好的人机界面，将普及到所有的数控系统。远程通讯，远程诊断和维修将更加普遍。
2向高速化和高精度化发展
这是适应机床向高速和高精度方向发展的需要。
3向智能化方向发展
随着人工智能在计算机领域的不断渗透和发展，数控系统的智能化程度将不断提高。
（1）应用自适应控制技术
数控系统能检测过程中一些重要信息，并自动调整系统的有关参数，达到改进系统运行状态的目的。
（2）引入专家系统指导加工
将熟练工人和专家的经验，加工的一般规律和特殊规律存入系统中，以工艺参数数据库为支撑，建立具有人工智能的专家系统。
（3）引入故障诊断专家系统
（4）智能化数字伺服驱动装置
可以通过自动识别负载，而自动调整参数，使驱动系统获得最佳的运行。机床数控化改造的必要性
从微观上看，数控机床比传统机床有以下突出的优越性，而且这些优越性均来自数控系统所包含的计算机的威力。
1 可以加工出传统机床加工不出来的曲线、曲面等复杂的零件。
由于计算机有高超的运算能力，可以瞬时准确地计算出每个坐标轴瞬时应该运动的运动量，因此可以复合成复杂的曲线或曲面。
2 可以实现加工的自动化，而且是柔性自动化，从而效率可比传统机床提高3～7倍。
由于计算机有记忆和存储能力，可以将输入的程序记住和存储下来，然后按程序规定的顺序自动去执行，从而实现自动化。数控机床只要更换一个程序，就可实现另一工件加工的自动化，从而使单件和小批生产得以自动化，故被称为实现了"柔性自动化"。
3 加工零件的精度高，尺寸分散度小，使装配容易，不再需要"修配"。
4 可实现多工序的集中，减少零件在机床间的频繁搬运。
5 拥有自动报警、自动监控、自动补偿等多种自律功能，因而可实现长时间无人看管加工。
6 由以上五条派生的好处。
中英文文献翻译
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机器人外文翻译
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英文文献翻译
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XXX学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院：计算机与软件工程学院 专业：计算机科学技术(软件工程方向) 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：GoyKakus.THE RESEARCH OFCUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT STRATEGY [J]. International Journal of Management Research & Review, 2017, 1(9): 624-635. 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 客户关系管理战略研究 Goy Kakus 摘要 客户关系管理解决方案，通过为你提供客户业务数据来帮助你提供客户想要的服务或产品,提供更好的客户服务、交叉销售和更有效的销售,达成交易,保留现有客户并更好地理解你的客户是谁。本文探讨了客户关系管理模型在获得、保持与发展策略方面的优势。然而,我们对其定义和意义还存在一些困惑。本文通过考察关系营销和其他学科方面的相关文献，解释了客户关系管理的概念基础,从而对客户关系管理的知识作出了贡献。 关键词:客户关系管理模型, 客户关系管理的博弈改变者与关键策略 引言 CRM 是客户关系管理的简称。它的特征在于公司与客户的沟通,无论是销售还是服务相关的。客户关系管理这一术语经常用来解释企业客户关系,客户关系管理系统也以同样的方式被用来处理商业联系, 赢得客户,达成合同和赢得销售。 客户关系管理通常被考虑作为一个业务策略，从而使企业能够: *了解客户 *通过更好的客户体验留住客户 *吸引新客户 *赢得新客户和达成合同 *提高盈利 *减少客户管理成本 *通过服务台等工具软件,电子邮件组织者和不同类型的企业应用程序，企业业务经常寻求个性化的在线体验。 设计精良的客户关系管理包括以下特征: 1．客户关系管理是一种以顾客为中心并以客户投入为基础的服务响应，一对一的解决客户的必需品, 买家和卖家服务中心直接在线互动,帮助客户解决他
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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仪表板外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,
发动机类外文文献翻译(中文)
. 轻型发动机设计方案 摘要： 在过去的一些年里，新一代汽车发动机燃油效率并不是像我们预料中的那样会有所降低。其原因：汽车重量的增加。通过对汽车发动机整车重量以及部分重量的分析知：曲轴箱作为一个单一部件具有潜在的可减少重量的部件，这篇论文讲述的是通过利用轻型材料和现代的设计手段减少发动机重量的方法。 将轻型材料应用于曲轴箱设计构思中包含着广泛的设计理念，这种设计理念就是尽最大可能利用被选材料所具有的可能性去减少汽车重量，以下我将详细的谈论关于直列式和V-型发动机特殊方法的构思，发动机重量减轻也可以利用中小型发动机来代替又大又重的发动机，现代技术以被应用于现存的发动机设计构思中从而增加发动机功率重量比，使发动机性能得到提高因此它的市场价值也得到提高。 新型轻型发动机设计方案中有一个重要方面就是与传统发动机设计理念相比要尽量减小发动机零部件数量，因为这样对于减少整车重量有着非常重要作用。 介绍： 汽车在生态方面和将来继续充当普通交通工具的要求已经显著提高尤其在美国和欧洲。通过合法的要求使那些有压力的顾客在这方面得到缓解。必需考虑到这样的事实，对于燃油的消耗，排放，回收在利用这些中心问题要有一个回应。 在过去的一些年里，汽车发动机的发展取的了进步，使发动机功率得到了显著的提高同时在降低发动机燃油消耗和排放方面已经付出巨大的努力。通过应用直喷，废气涡轮增压和多气门技术于柴油发动机中，使发动机的性能得到显著提高。 新车取代与在它之前所有具有相类似功能车时，其新车发动机工作效率的提高并不是通过对原有车的有效改进。整个交通工具工作效率停滞不前甚至降低的原因是在过去的十五年里增加了15%~20%的车辆（图1）。尽管轻型材料的使用不断增长以及设计者有意识的向轻型结构方面设计但是重量减轻却被其他方面所弥补。读者可以通过以下方面得知：多余的汽车外形 安全方面的改进