关于汽车的外文翻译

Automotive safety systems and technology research and analysis

Abstract: auto parts of good and bad will directly affect the safety of the car, are directly related to the people's life safety and security in wealth. This article mainly from the car's active safety technology and passive safety technology two aspects elaborated the importance of car parts, and how to improve the safety of the car.

Key words: automobile, active safety technology, passive safety technology

As traffic tools of the modernization and absolute number increase sharply, traffic accidents are also increasing. Car accident has become severe global social issues. Undoubtedly, advanced auto safety facilities are the driving safety indispensable safeguard. So, we should start, from technology to research and development of high performance, high safety car, also want to strengthen the regular inspection in cars, so timely maintenance investigation, make cars often in good technical status, so as to improve the safety performance of the car.

Here we introduced active safety technology and automobile car passive safety technology. Auto safety is according to the traffic accident happened before and after the classified. One is in a traffic accident take safety measures, especially before immediately will produce risk condition, drivers manipulate the steering wheel avoid or emergency brake to avoid traffic accidents. In the car, drive in usually to ensure the basic manipulation stability, drivers on the surrounding environment and to ensure the visual recognition sex drive the car itself, developed the basic performance ant-lock braking system (ABS), prevent slippery drive system (ASR), active suspension, power steering and four-wheel drive (4WD), four-wheel steering (4WS), lighting system, wiper, the rearview mirror, prevent from rear-end collision car alarm system and laser radar, etc. These security devices and technology, called active safety system, can also be called preventive security system. On the other hand, in order to reduce traffic accidents and company by personnel directly suffer degree, ensure company take staff and

pedestrian safety, says the security for passive safety, can also be called conflict safety. When after the accident, in order to prevent disasters, including prevent the expansion of fire and make crew from traffic accident can extricate the security devices and systems, called prevent disaster expand security system.

One．Automobile active security technology

1. ABS braking system

Ant-lock Braking System (Braking System, lock do by ABS computers as ABS), hydraulic device, the wheel speed sensors, brake hydraulic pipeline and electrical wiring etc. Their structures are shown below.

ABS tasseled for the car in various driving conditions braking performance and brake safety particularly important, especially is emergency braking, can make full use of the peak between tire and road surface adhesion properties, improve performance and reduce automobile fight sideslip braking distance, give full play to the braking performance, but also increase the automobile braking process control. So as to reduce the possibility of car accidents.

No installation ABS car, if the driving force trample brake pedal, wheel will rapidly lower speed, and finally wheels stop turning, but body because of inertia remains forward sliding. This phenomenon was at the wheel and pavement occur between larger "slip", appear this kind of situation, the car tires of automobile lateral spreads almost disappear, so poor force will appear the following phenomena:

(1) Steering stability fall: the steering wheel is ineffective, vehicle tail manipulation of curl, serious when vehicle circles or appear folding phenomenon;

(2) Handling fall: manipulate the steering wheel and short of steering requirements;

(3) Braking distance extended: more than general braking distance.

So, we can imagine to have installed ABS system of the car safety is very important.

2．the ASR drive torque control system

ABS are used to prevent car braking process wheel lock, will wheel sliding

rate control in ideal range, so as to shorten the braking distance, improve automobile braking direction stability and steering control, so as to improve the safety of the car. Along with the increase of vehicle performance requirements, not only in braking process required to prevent wheel lock, and asked the driver to prevent drive roller skating turn in the process, making cars in the direction stability, driving process steering control ability and acceleration performance, so are improved by the car drive torque steering system ASR (Accelerations Regulation) Slip. ASR is the perfect complement and ABS ASR, but most alone is set with ABS combined together, commonly used ABS/ASR says, called antiskid control system.

ASR is mainly used to prevent car in the beginning, accelerate the wheels, guarantee slip in the car accelerated rate and improve the stability in bad pavement drive attached conditions. It makes no difference speed in the car lock ice roads and muddy road started and to improve its capacity, also can prevent high in speed by turning cars gliding pavement and rear lateral spreads phenomenon.

Anyhow, prevent the wheel because ASR slip, can maximize the engine driving moment of cars had enough, ensure the longitudinal force, lateral force and manipulation of power, make cars in starting, steering and accelerate the process, in gliding and muddy road, in a mountain area downhill process can steadily driving, guarantees the safety, reducing tire wear and fuel consumption, and improves the car driving capability.

3．VDC system

ABS/ASR system successfully solves the brake and the car when driven direction stability problem, but cannot solve the vehicle steering stability problem driving direction. For example when steering road, inevitably by lateral and longitudinal force, only local surface can provide full lateral and longitudinal force, the pilot can control vehicles. If the ground adhesion ability lower lateral, will damage cars driving ability predetermined direction. Rainy days cars driving, often high-speed steering lateral sliding out, it is the ground because of insufficient lateral adhesion ability. To resolve the issue, and developed countries automobile industry recently in ABS/ASR system on the basis of the development of dynamic

Control system (into car Dynamics Control, the abbreviation VDC Vehicle). The system of the car brake, driving, suspension, steering, engine and so on various main assembly control system in function, structure organic ground comprehensive together, can make cars in all kinds of bad working conditions, such as ice road pavement, commuting, river bend pavement and took evasive action moving line, braking and acceleration and the downhill for different conditions, such as bearing, different type pressure and different levels of type wear all have good direction stability, to show the best driving performance. VDC applications, in braking, acceleration and steering aspects of driver's fully released request, is the car of active safety driving a new milestone.

VDC of steering control system is mainly by driving for each wheel brake control and engine power output control to realize. For example, if the car turn left front wheel for steering the inadequate capacity tend to slip out of the corner, VDC system can measure imminent, just know lateral spreads left rear brake adopt appropriate measures. If at the same corner, because rear wheel tend to slip out of favor of lateral overmuch, VDC system is proper braking to front-right wheel failure, maintain the stability of the vehicle driving. In extreme cases, VDC system can also take reduce engine to reduce the power output, and to reduce the speed of the demand side adhesion ability to maintain the stability of the vehicle driving. Adopt VDC system, automobile in folio pavement or corner of pavement braking distance still can further reduce.

4．CCS cars cruise control system

Auto cruise Control System (Cruiser Control System, abbreviation for CCS) is can make automobile work in engine favorable speed range, reduce driver's driving manipulate labor intensity, improve the driving comfort the automatic driving device.

Car cruising system (CCS) role is required by the driver: after a normally-closed switch, no speed on the accelerator pedal can automatically keep the speed, make the vehicle with the fixed speed. Using this device, when on the highway after a long time, the driver driving not have to control the accelerator pedal, reduce fatigue, while reducing unnecessary speed change, can reduce save

fuel.

Auto cruise control system is the earliest development of the automotive electronic control system. This system USES another speed sensor, will speed signal input engine control microcomputer, by microcomputer control vacuum system work. This system can make use of the server, speed control switch lever and brake pedal on vacuum lift switches etc, its function and basic system the same.

In this system, electronic control device can accord change of driving resistance, automatic regulation engine throttle Angle, make the speed constant. Such not only reduce unnecessary speed change, which saves fuel, also reduced the driver's burden. The electronic cruise control system which is shown in figure 2.

Two. Automobile passive safety technology

1. Seat belt

Car seat belt is a safety device, it can in car collision or sharp turn, make crew to keep its original position as possible without mobile and rotation, avoid collision with in-car hard parts caused damage. Seat belts and airbags, as modern cars are safety devices, but the long history of the former, popularize the scope.

The seemingly simple seat belt actually not "simple". Attention has been at the forefront of traffic safety, through the analysis of general motors after a car accident found: seat belt not only makes people protect the lives, can be in more than half of the accident to reduce or even eliminate drivers, motorists are the chance of injury. Car collision or unexpected emergency braking force generated great inertia, will allow the driver and passenger and car windscreen, steering wheel, seat, collision happened objects such as secondary to drive is caused extremely easily crew serious damage, even drive occupant seats or threw the apex, seat belts can will ride in the seat. Bondage personnel When has the accident, which can effectively prevent the collision, and its buffer role can absorbs a great deal of kinetic energy, reduce rides personnel extent of the injuries.

Fasten your seat belt airbags play our role is also an important condition. Because the airbag to maximize role for the ride in the impact of the physical

location, sitting instant action have extremely strict and the requirements. Otherwise, the airbag started strong instantaneous wallops to head are fragile site, may cause serious damage, especially for children, this damage can be fatal. Even the most ordinary three belts, try a can timely in crash that lived rides the bundle, ensure the upper part of a ride in the airbag fully extended range, make the airbag most effectively play efficacy. Accordingly, must not because the car is equipped with airbags and feel carefree seat belt fastened, only to reduce or eliminate the traffic accident happen.

2. The airbag

When the front collision happened strong, because inertia, who rides the body forward fast moving, then seat belts and will try to "pull" rides on person the body, absorb some of the impact energy, while the airbag with "the eyepiece trend" inflatable and completely open; Then the rides the upper body will sink to airbags, gas also began from the vent air uniform escaping, and absorbed most of the impact energy; Subsequently, the ride back seat and return to the body. Above the whole process is almost always happens in a flash, who rides the completely in passive situation, in this case, the passive rely on auxiliary occupant protection system is the only option. Airbags development design is based on the protection on seat belt Co., LTD; they cooperate with each other to ride the play the auxiliary protective effect.

Seat belt usage in under the condition of the crew, balloon help reduce chest, head and facial injuries in the seriousness of the collision. When car collision happened before, the first is the car to stop motion, car under the action of inertial force crews to go forward with the original speed still sport. Not wearing a seatbelt crews will and steering dish, front windscreen together, so it can be severely hurt; Wearing a seatbelt as car stop the crew can stop moving forward movement and gradually. If collision violent, crew forward movement of the seat belts, even faster in the complete stop before motion, still and in-car things together. If this fashion in steering the disk or within the popup balloon inflated dash, it can protect the occupant reduce the possibility of car together with things, more uniform dispersion head, chest, absorb the impact energy of movement, thus crew has

added effect of seat belts.

In addition to seat belts and airbags outside car passive safety technology includes car bumper, automobile safety glass, security body, occupant head and neck protection system (WHIPS), etc. These vehicles to improve the safety performance has very important contribution

Three. Automobile active safety new technology

1. Eye Car skills

Eye Car technology can make each driver eyes in the same relative height, guarantee of pavement and the surrounding a six-lane unimpeded sight and best visibility. This technology can also offer a specific driving environment.

Eye Car through the use of first-class motor mobile automatic will different figure driver's eyes tuned to the same height to solve the problem, meanwhile, visibility of steering dish, brake and accelerate pedals and floor and the central adjustment to constitute console to their respective driving conditions. Meanwhile to the former pillar design, will it again from drivers sights removed. Because the bus driver received the most crucial information generally have 90% from outside, acquired through the eyes observe. So, this improvement for vehicle safety is of great significance.

2. Cam Car technology

Cam Car technology aims to help improve the driver of perception. The technical features are:

(1) Installed in the car to camera system on both sides before to make drivers can bypass the large vehicle behind a car or see ahead of pedestrians. In a typical driving situation in the crowded traffic, the pilot of the centre-left cornering could more easily view the opposite of vehicles.

(2) Side after buy video camera provides broader visual profile of vision. The camera coverage than traditional rearview mirror wants wide, especially for the adjacent driveway.

(3) Installed in a car, the four miniatures sectored form to decorate after a camera can obtain the car panoramic perspective. Image via electronic synthesis,

has the zoom and 160 ° wide-angle ability.

(4) "night eye" (Night Eye) camera can be in low illumination conditions, when the car is in reverse gear, even in a dark cases can also provide car close range after small images.

Four. Automobile passive safety new technology

1. Future airbags

(1) It cans inflatable screen system. This is a new safety design; its basic principle is to protect in-car occupant's head, when that happens it will carry on the air, air after the tent shape is swelling.

(2) Tubular inflatable structure head air sac. This system for supplement current side protection system, still stopover in protecting the chest and abdomen, brachial ministry, to head protection were insufficient. It with rigid body structure, the door body protective just beams, side air sac, can form a complete side safe defend net, this will be the future security protection trend.

(3) Head support system. Head support system generally called the headrest, vehicles which the headrest, with seats, not just for comfortable fact is more important to safety. Vehicle if in an emergency brake, the body will have strong to and fro, because the principle of inertia occupant body swinging, especially neck must follow. If no head support buffer headrest, neck injury caused by damage is very surprising.

(4) The external airbags.

2. Adaptive constraint technology system (ARTS)

New adaptive constraint technology system (ARTS) use a series of sensors to monitor the driver seat, seat belt use, in front of the occupant take quality and location and intensity of the collision of the collisions and collision force direction, then according to the specific information such as the collision of each front airbag characteristics of the crew on regulated. The system can further reduce due to improper airbag for crew on the damage, especially for smaller front row figure crew.

3. Automobile energy-absorbing direction column

Auto absorbing in automobile direction tubing through collisions of redistribution to steering wheel wallop, would wallop path to deliver shunt quickly, making the minimum of load on the steering wheel. The steering column by hollow tubes and steering bearings form. Traditional hollow tubes and the steering column steering bearings is integral, steering shaft top and steering connections, the connecting with direction below. And suck can direction string of characteristic is will the steering column in two, divided into unblock steering column and the steering column under two parts; Inside of the steering shaft also divided into two sections, with outgoing quarter agencies between them connected. Once a collision make direction, outgoing quarter mechanism has displacement bottom tailor-made steering shaft will fold, under the steering column move on the steering column, to achieve "indented within" and thus expand space reduce damage.

Five. The tire pressure monitoring system

In a car's tyros high-speed process, all drivers fault is the most worry and the most difficult to prevent, is also sudden traffic accident happened important reasons. According to statistics, China highway in the traffic accident is caused due to 70% of a flat tire, and in the U.S. this ratio is as high as 80%. How to prevent a blowout has become an important task of safe driving. According to the national quality supervise center of rubber tires in the expert analysis, maintain the standard tire pressure driving and the timely discovery tire is to prevent leakage of key blowout. Tire Pressure and Monitoring System (TPMS) - car Tire Pressure Monitoring System will no doubt is the ideal tool. The system is mainly used in automobile driving to tire pressure real-time automatic monitoring; to a flat tire and depression are the police, in order to ensure safety.

Drivers from the monitors can know each tire pressure value, when tire pressure below the club set pressure limit, monitor will automatically alarm.

Anyhow, car active safety technology and passive safety technology for the safety of automobile driving is very important, and besides, such as environmental factor, artificial factor of the vehicle safety is also very important. Therefore, we

must be prepared to all aspects of requirements and technology, to ensure the safety of vehicle driving.

汽车安全系统技术研究分析

摘要：汽车各部件的好与坏将直接影响汽车行驶的安全性,直接关系着人们的生命安全和产财安全。本文主要从汽车的主动安全技术和被动安全技术两方面来阐述汽车各部件的重要性,并如何改善汽车行驶的安全性。

关键词：汽车、主动安全技术、被动安全技术

随着交通工具的现代化和绝对数量的急剧增长,车祸也不断增加。汽车交通事故已成为严峻的全球性社会问题。毋庸置疑,先进的汽车安全设施是行车安全不可缺少的保障。所以,我们要从技术上入手,努力研究开发高性能、高安全性的汽车,同时也要加强对在用汽车的定期检查,以便及时维修调查,使汽车经常处于良好的技术状况,以提高汽车行驶的安全性能。

这里我们重点介绍汽车主动安全技术和汽车被动安全技术。汽车的安全性是按交通事故发生的前后加以分类的。一方面是在交通事故发生之前采取安全措施,特别当即将发生危险状态时,驾驶者操纵方向盘避让或者紧急制动以避免交通事故发生。汽车在通常的行驶中,为确保驾驶者的基本操纵稳定性,对周围环境的视认性和确保汽车本身的基本行驶性能,开发了防抱死制动系统(ABS)、防滑驱动系统(ASR)、主动悬架、动力转向、四轮驱动(4WD)、四轮转向(4WS)、灯光照明系统、刮水器、后视镜、防止车辆追尾的车距报警系统和激光雷达等。这些安全装置和技术称为主动安全系统,也可称为预防安全系统。另一方面,为了尽量减少交通事故和司乘人员直接受害程度,保证司乘人员和行人的安全,称这种安全性为被动安全,也可称为冲突安全。当事故发生后,为了防止灾害的扩大,包括防止火灾和使乘员能从事故车辆中解脱出来的安全装置和系统,称为防止灾害扩大的安全系统。

一、汽车主动安全技术

1．ABS防抱死制动系统

防抱死制动系统(Anti-lock Braking System,简称ABS)由ABS电脑、液压装置、车轮转速传感器、制动液压管路及电器配线等组成。

ABS系统对于汽车在各种行驶条件下的制动性能及制动安全尤为重要，特是紧急制动，

能够充分利用轮胎和路面之间的峰值附着性能，提高汽车抗侧滑性能并缩短制动距离，充分发挥制动效能，同时增加了汽车制动过程中的可控性。从而减少了汽车事故发生的可能性。

没有安装ABS的汽车，如果在行驶中用力踩踏制动踏板，车轮会急速降低转速，最后车轮停止转动，但车身由于惯性依然保持向前滑动。这种现象在车轮与路面之间发生较大的“滑移”，出现这种状况时，汽车轮胎对路面的侧滑摩差力几乎消失，于是会出现下述现象：

（1）转向稳定性下降：方向盘操纵不灵，车辆尾部上翘，严重时车辆打转或出现折叠现象；

（2）操纵性下降：操纵方向盘而达不到转向要求；

（3）制动距离延长：超过一般的制动距离。

所以，可想而知有无装设ABS系统对汽车行驶的安全性是非常重要的。

2．ASR驱动防滑控制系统

ABS用于防止汽车制动过程中车轮抱死，将车轮的滑移率控制在理想的范围内，以缩短制动距离，提高汽车制动时方向稳定性和转向操纵性，从而提高汽车行驶的安全性。随着对汽车性能要求的提高，不仅要求在制动过程中防止车轮抱死，而且要求在驱动过程中防止驱动轮滑转，使汽车在驱动过程中的方向稳定性、转向控制能力和加速性能都得到提高，因此采用了汽车驱动防滑转向系统ASR（Accelerations Slip Regulation）。ASR是ABS的完善和补充，ASR可单独设置，但大多数是与ABS组合一起，常用ABS/ASR表示，称为防滑控制系统。

ASR主要用来防止汽车在起步、加速时车轮的滑转，保证汽车在加速过程中的稳定性并改善在不良路面上的驱动附着条件。它可以使无差速锁的汽车在冰雪路面和泥泞道路上起步并改善其通行能力，还可以防止在车速较高并通过滑溜路面又转弯时汽车后部的侧滑现象。

总之，ASR由于防止了车轮的滑转，便可最大限度地利用发动机的驱动力矩，保证汽车有足够的纵向力、侧向力和操纵力，使汽车在起动、转向和加速过程中，在滑溜和泥泞路面上、在山区上下坡过程中都能稳定地行驶，既保证了行车安全，减少轮胎磨损和燃油消耗，又改善了汽车的驱动性能。

3．VDC系统

ABS/ASR系统成功地解决了汽车在制动和驱动时的方向稳定性问题，但不能解决汽车

转向行驶的方向稳定性问题。例如当汽车转向行驶时，不可避免地受到侧向和纵向力的作用，只有当地面能够提供充分的侧向和纵向力时，驾驶员才能控制住车辆。如果地面侧向附着能力比较低，就会损害汽车按预定方向行驶的能力。雨天汽车高速转向行驶时，常常侧向滑出,就是地面侧向附着能力不足的缘故。为解决此问题，最近汽车工业发达国家又在 ABS/ASR系统的基础上发展成汽车动态控制系统（Vehicle Dynamics Control，简称VDC）。这个系统把汽车的制动、驱动、悬架、转向、发动机等各主要总成的控制系统在功能上、结构上有机地综合在一起，可使汽车在各种恶劣工况下，如冰雪路面上、对开路面上、弯道路面上以及采取规避动作移线、制动、加速和下坡等工况时，对不同承载、不同轮胎气压和不同程度的轮胎磨损都有良好的方向稳定性，表现出最佳的行驶性能。VDC的应用，在制动、加速和转向方面完全解脱对驾驶员的要求，是汽车的主动安全行驶方面的一个新的里程碑。

VDC系统对转向行驶的控制主要是借助于对各个车轮的制动控制和发动机功率输出控制来实现的。例如汽车左转弯时，若前轮因转向能力不足而趋于滑出弯道，VDC系统即可测知侧滑即将发生，就采取适当制动左后轮的办法。若在同一弯道上，因后轮趋于侧向滑出而转向过多，VDC系统即采取适当制动右前轮的办法，维持车辆的稳定行驶。在极端情况下，VDC系统还可采取降低发动机功率输出的办法降低行驶车速，减少对地面侧向附着能力的需求来维持车辆的稳定行驶。采用VDC系统后，汽车在对开路面上或弯道路面上的制动距离还可进一步缩短。

4. CCS汽车巡航控制系统

汽车巡航控制系统（Cruised Control System,缩写为CCS）就是可使汽车工作在发动机有利的转速范围内，减轻驾驶员的驾驶操纵劳动强度，提高行驶舒适性的汽车自动行驶装置。

汽车巡航系统（CCS）的作用是：按司机所要求的速度闭合开关后，不用踩油门踏板就可以自动地保持车速，使车辆以固定的速度行驶。采用了这种装置，当在高速公路上长时间行车后，司机就不用再去控制油门踏板，减轻了疲劳，同时减少了不必要的车速变化，可以减省燃料。

汽车巡航控制系统是最早开发的汽车电子控制系统之一。这种系统使用另外的车速传感器，将车速信号输入发动机控制微机，由微机控制真空系统工作。这种系统也要使用伺服器、车速控制开关杆和制动踏板上的真空解除开关等，其功能和基本系统相同。

在这个系统中，电子控制装置可根据行驶阻力的变化，自动调节发动机油门开度，使行驶车速保持恒定。这样既减少了不必要的车速变化，从而节省了燃料，同时也减轻了驾

驶员的负担。电子巡航控制系统的方框图如图2所示。

二、汽车被动安全技术

1．安全带

汽车安全带是一种安全装置，它能在汽车发生碰撞或急拐弯时，使乘员尽可能保持原有的位置而不移动和转动，避免与车内坚硬部件发生碰撞而造成伤害。安全带与安全气囊一样，都是现代轿车上的安全装置，但是前者的历史悠久，普及范围广。

看似简简单单的安全带其实并不“简单”。一直处在关注行车安全最前沿的通用汽车公司，通过分析大量意外事故后发现：汽车安全带不但能使人保住性命，更能在超过半数的事故中减低甚至消除驾车者、乘车者受伤的机会。汽车发生碰撞或遇到意外紧急制动时产生的巨大惯性作用力，会使驾驶员、乘客与车内的方向盘、挡风玻璃、座椅靠背等物体发生二次碰撞，极易造成对驾乘员的严重伤害，甚至将驾乘员抛离座位或抛出车外，而安全带能将驾乘人员束缚在座位上。发生意外时，它能有效防止二次碰撞，并且其缓冲作用能吸收大量动能，减轻驾乘人员的伤害程度。

系好安全带也是安全气囊发挥作用的一个重要条件。因为安全气囊要发挥最大作用，对于驾乘者在撞击瞬间的身体位置、坐姿以及动作有着极为严格的要求。否则，安全气囊展开时强大的瞬间冲击力对于头部等较为脆弱的部位，可能造成严重的伤害，尤其对于儿童，这种伤害可能是致命的。即便是最普通的三点试安全带，在撞车瞬间也可及时束住驾乘者的上半身，确保驾乘者处于安全气囊完全展开的范围内，使安全气囊最有效地发挥功效。因此，千万不要因为车中配备了安全气囊而感到高枕无忧，只有系好了安全带才能减轻或消除车祸的发生。

2．安全气囊

当汽车前部发生强烈的碰撞时，由于惯性，驾乘者的身体向前快速移动，这时安全带便会尽力“拉住”驾乘者的身体，吸收部分冲击能量，同时安全气囊以“迅雷不及掩耳之势”充气并完全打开；接着驾乘者的身体上部便沉向安全气囊，气体也开始从气囊的排气口匀速逸出，并吸收了大部分冲击能量；随后，驾乘者身体向后并回到座椅上。以上整个过程几乎都是发生在一瞬间的，驾乘者完全处于被动的局面，在这种情况下，被动的依靠辅助乘员保护系统是唯一的选择。安全气囊的开发设计就是基于安全带有限的保护作用之上的，它们互相配合发挥对驾乘者的辅助保护作用。

在乘员使用安全带的情况下，气囊有助于减轻胸、头和面部在碰撞时受伤的严重性。

当汽车发生前碰撞时，首先是汽车要停止运动，车内乘员的惯性力作用下仍以原速度继续向前运动。不系安全带的乘员将会与转向盘、前挡风玻璃相碰，因而可能受到严重伤害；系安全带的乘员可以随着汽车停止运动而逐渐停止向前运动。如果碰撞剧烈，乘员向前运动更快，即使系了安全带，在完全停止运动前，仍会与车内物相碰。如果此时装在转向盘或仪表板内的气囊充气弹出，它就可以保护乘员减少其与车内物相碰的可能性，更均匀的分散头、胸的碰撞力，吸收乘员的运动能量，从而起到补充安全带效果的作用。

除了安全带和安全气囊外汽车被动安全技术还包括汽车保险杠、汽车安全玻璃、安全车身、乘员头颈保护系统（WHIPS）等。这些对提高汽车行驶的安全性能都有着非常重要的贡献

三、汽车主动安全新技术

1．Eye Car技

Eye Car技术可使每位驾驶员的眼睛处于同样的相对高度上，保证提供一个对路面和周围车道的无阻碍视眼和最好的能见度。这一技术还能提供一个特定的驾驶环境。

Eye Car通过使用电动座椅自动将不同身材驾驶员的眼睛调到同一高度来解决能见度的问题，同时，可对转向盘、制动与加速踏板、地板和中央控制台进行调整，以构成各自适应的驾驶环境。同时对前立柱进行了重新的设计，将它从驾驶员的视线中移开。因为汽车驾驶员所收到的最关键的信息一般有90%以上是从车外通过眼睛观察获得的。所以，这一改进对于汽车的安全性具有重要的意义。

2．Cam Car技术

Cam Car技术旨在帮助提高驾驶员的感知能力。其技术特点是：

（1）安装在汽车两侧的前向摄像系统，使驾驶员能够绕过大型车辆提前看到隐蔽处的汽车或行人。在典型的行驶情景中，驾驶员在拥挤的车流中左转弯时可以更容易地查看对面的车辆。

（2）侧置后视摄像机提供了更广阔的侧面视野。摄像机的覆盖面比传统的后视镜要广，特别是对于相邻的车道。

（3）安装在车后、扇面形布置的四个微型摄像机可以获得车后的全景视野。图像经电子合成，具有变焦和160°广角能力。

（4）“夜眼”（Night Eye）摄像机可在低照度条件下，在汽车处于倒挡时工作，即使在近乎黑暗的情况下也能提供车后近距离内的细小影像。

四、汽车被动安全新技术

1．未来安全气囊

（1）可充气式幕系统。这是一项全新的安全设计，其基本原理是为保护车内乘员的头部，当碰撞发生时其会进行充气，充气后的形状呈幕状。

（2）管状充气结构头部空气囊。此套系统为补足目前侧边防护系统，仍停留于保护人的胸部、腹部、臂部，对于头部的保护较不足。它配合车身刚体结构、车门防护刚梁、侧边空气囊，可构成较完整的侧边安全防护网，这也将是未来的安全防护趋势。

（3）头部支撑系统。头部支撑系统通称为头枕，车辆中座椅所配合的头枕，其实不只是为了舒适,更重要的是为了安全。车辆如果遇到紧急状况刹车时，车身会有强烈的前后摆动，由于惯性原理乘员身躯必然跟着摆动，尤其是颈部。如果没有头部的支撑缓冲的头枕时，颈部受伤所引起的伤害是非常惊人的。

（4）外部安全气囊。

2．自适应约束技术系统（ARTS）

全新的自适应约束技术系统（ARTS）利用一系列传感器来监测驾驶员座椅位置、安全带使用情况、前排乘员乘坐质量和位置以及发生碰撞时的碰撞烈度和碰撞力的方向等信息，再根据具体的碰撞特点对每个前排乘员气囊的展开进行调节。该系统可进一步减少由于气囊展开不当对乘员造成的伤害，特别是对于身材较小的前排乘员。

3．汽车吸能方向管柱

汽车吸能方向管柱通过在汽车发生碰撞时重新分配传到方向盘上的冲击力，将冲击力路径迅速分流，使得传递到方向盘上的载荷最小。转向管柱由空心管和转向轴承构成。传统转向管柱的空心管和转向轴承是整体式的，转向轴上端和方向盘连接,下端与方向器连接。而吸能方向管柱的特点是将整体式转向管柱一分为二，分为上转向管柱和下转向管柱两部分；里面的转向轴也分为两截，它们之间用外向节机构连接。一旦发生碰撞令方向机构产生位移，外向节下端特制的转向轴会折叠，上转向管柱移入下转向管柱内，实现“缩进”，从而扩大空间减低伤害。

五、胎压力监视系统

在汽车的高速行驶过程中,轮胎故障是所有驾驶者最为担心和最难预防的,也是突发性交通事故发生的重要原因。据统计，在中国高速公路上发生的交通事故中70%是由于爆

胎引起的，而在美国这一比例则高达80%。怎样防止爆胎已成为安全驾驶的一个重要课题。据国家橡胶轮胎质量监督中心的专家分析，保持标准的车胎气压行驶和及时发现车胎漏气是防止爆胎的关键。而TPMS（Tire Pressure Monitoring System）----汽车胎压监视系统毫无疑问将是理想的工具。该系统主要用在汽车行驶时实时的对轮胎气压进行自动监测，对轮胎漏气和低气压进行报警，以保障行车安全。

驾驶者从监视器上就可以清楚的知道每个轮胎的气压值，当轮胎的气压低于规定的气压下限时，监视器将自动报警。

总之，汽车的主动安全技术和被动安全技术对汽车行驶的安全性是非常重要的，除此之外，还有环境因数、人为因数等对车辆行驶的安全性也是很重要的。因此，我们必须做好各方面的要求和技术，以保证车辆的安全行驶。